江苏省某市部分农村河道水体和污水处理厂主要工艺环节病毒污染状况调查

为研究江苏省某市农村河道水体和污水处理厂主要工艺环节病毒的污染状况,分析常见理化因素与病毒污染之间的相关性,对江苏省某市部分农村河道水体和污水处理厂主要工艺环节7个水样、1个污泥和2个沉积物样点进行为期9个月的病毒(包括诺如病毒G Ⅰ、诺如病毒G Ⅱ、轮状病毒、札如病毒、腺病毒、星状病毒、肠道病毒)污染状况监测采样(共90份样本),通过阴离子膜吸附-洗脱法进行富集,荧光定量RT-PCR检测法对病毒进行检测,分析病毒污染状况;同时,监测水温、pH、COD(化学耗氧量)、TP(总磷)、TN(总氮)、EC(电导率)和DO(溶解氧)等7个理化指标的变化情况,探讨这些常见理化因素与病毒污染之间的相关性. 结果表明:90份样本中,诺如病毒G Ⅱ检出率为36.67%,肠道病毒检出率为30%,其他病毒检出率均低于诺如病毒G Ⅱ和肠道病毒. 污水处理后出水中有诺如病毒G Ⅱ、肠道病毒和轮状病毒检出,相关性分析显示,水温与诺如病毒G Ⅱ检出率呈显著负相关(P < 0.05). 研究显示,江苏省某市农村河道水体和污水处理厂主要工艺环节存在病毒污染,诺如病毒G Ⅱ为优势毒株;目前的污水消毒处理工艺并不能完全去除病毒,人群在接触外环境水体时,有潜在病毒暴露风险.      

辽东湾沿岸水域甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布

报道了2002年辽东湾3个沿岸海域表层海水中甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布的检测结果。结果显示,5月份表层海水 中没有检出甲肝病毒,粪大肠菌群也符合卫生标准;8月份和10月份表层海水中的甲肝病毒loo％呈阳性,粪大肠菌群均超标。 结果表明,粪大肠菌群指示海水中肠道病毒污染程度仍具有很大程度的可靠性。     

城市污水中人类星状病毒的检测及变化规律

人类星状病毒是典型的水媒病毒,可引起腹泻等疾病. 为了明确污水中人类星状病毒的分布及去除规律,利用常规PCR和定量PCR方法对西安市3个污水处理厂的进水和出水进行了为期1 a的监测;采用特异性引物,确立了人类星状病毒在环境水体中的定性PCR和荧光定量PCR的检测方法. 结果表明,人类星状病毒在进水和未消毒二级出水中呈较高的阳性率,分别为91.5%和36.6%. 经过核苷酸测序鉴定,人类星状病毒的主要血清型为HAst V-1和HAst V-4. 人类星状病毒在进水和未消毒二级出水中的平均浓度分别为1.47×104和1.03×103 copies/mL,污水处理厂对人类星状病毒的去除率为93.15%. 污水处理厂进水中人类星状病毒浓度呈季节性变化,春季和冬季较高,夏季和秋季较低,这一分布规律与该地区历年人类星状病毒的流行规律相似.      

象山港海洋病毒时空分布特征及其环境影响因素

分别于2007年的7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)与2008年的1月(冬季)、4月(春季)采集样品,研究了象山港海域的水样(表层海水和上覆水)中的浮游病毒及沉积物中的底层病毒丰度的时空分布特征,并采用主成分分析及多元逐步回归分析方法研究了影响浮游病毒丰度时空分布的主要因素,结果表明,调查期间象山港海域表层海水、上覆水及沉积物样品中浮游(底层)病毒丰度实测值的变化范围为6.48×104~1.01×108cells/mL,均值分别为1.55×107,1.03×108,1.13×108cells/mL.季节分布特征为秋季 > 夏季 > 春季 > 冬季.病毒丰度垂直分布表现为上覆水均大于表层海水;平面分布均为从港底到港口递减、养殖区高于非养殖区、电厂附近海域出现较高值的趋势.近岸人类活动的陆源污染及水产养殖污染是造成此空间分布特征的主要原因.溶解氧、水温及叶绿素a是制约表层海水浮游病毒丰度的主要影响因素;营养盐含量及浮游细菌丰度是制约上覆水中浮游病毒丰度的主要影响因素,沉积物中的病毒丰度与细菌丰度具有显著正相关性(P < 0.01).     

渤海湾天津沿岸海水中甲肝病毒的检测和定量

甲肝病毒（hepatitis A virus, HAV）是能引起传染性甲型肝炎的单链RNA病毒.用常规RT-PCR（反转录PCR）和SYBR Green实时定量RT-PCR方法,根据甲肝病毒保守的VP1-VP2基因序列设计引物,对渤海湾天津沿岸海水中的甲肝病毒进行了检测和定量分析. 9个样品取自渤海湾天津塘沽以南沿岸海水,取样时间分别是2007年夏、秋、冬季和2008年春季. 海水样品先用小型超滤装置（Millipore Pellicon Mini TFF）或超滤离心管（Millipore Centricon Plus-70）浓缩,然后进行RT-PCR检测.结果表明,从9个海水样品中都能扩增出192 bp的HAV cDNA,这些cDNA的核苷酸序列与GenBank中的同源序列相似性为95%～100%. 用SYBR Green 实时定量RT-PCR检测了春季和冬季的6个海水样品,结果表明,海水中甲肝病毒的浓度范围为5.35×10⁶～4.51×10⁷ virus particles/L.     

饮用水中病毒灭活效果的模拟研究

为了探索饮用水中病毒的灭活效果,我们采用次氯酸钙灭活饮用水中脊髓灰质炎Ⅰ型病毒(polio Ⅰ)的模拟实验研究.结果表明次氯酸钙对 polio Ⅰ病毒具有较强的灭活作用;当饮用水中余氯在0.45mg/L,接触时间为30min 时,次氯酸钙灭活病毒的效率为33.33%;而余氯在0.35mg/L,接触时间为60min,其灭活效率达到66.67%,本研究为饮用水、娱乐用水等水体的消毒处理提供了重要依据.     

黄河口及其附近海域表观Cu络合容量的研究

采用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)对黄河口及其附近海域14个站位表、底层海水的表观Cu络合容量(ACuCC)进行了测定,并计算了条件稳定常数(K)和络合容量指数(CCI).得到该海域海水ACuCC的变化范围在215.1～738.0 nmol/L,平均值为387.3 nmol/L;lgK的变化范围在7.66～8.95,平均值为8.27;CCI的变化范围在82.50%～95.25%,平均值为88.05%.结果表明:调查海域表层海水ACuCC的平均值比底层海水ACuCC的平均值高,南部海区表层海水ACuCC值高,而远离海岸的东北部海区表层海水ACuCC值低.     

北部湾海域表层水体中微塑料分布特征

为了研究北部湾海域表层水体中微塑料形态特性及分布特征,采用孔径为330 μm的Manta网对该区域表层水体12个站位微塑料样品进行采集,通过硫酸亚铁溶液和过氧化氢对海水中的干扰物质进行消解,并用滤膜进行微塑料分离,采用体式显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对微塑料的尺寸、形状、颜色和成分进行分析.结果表明:①北部湾海域表层水体中微塑料的平均丰度为（0.56±1.02）个/m3,与国内外其他海湾相比处于中等水平.②1~2 mm粒径范围内的微塑料数量最多,占全部微塑料数量的30.4%;主要形状为泡沫和薄膜,占比分别为62.7%和15.4%;颜色以白色和半透明为主,占比分别为68.8%和16.4%;微塑料主要成分为聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯和聚乙烯,占比分别为59.8%、20.9%和17.6%.③受人类活动、河流输入、盛行风和海洋环流结构等因素的影响,北部湾海域表层水体中微塑料的空间分布呈现近岸高、远岸低的特征.④根据对微塑料的形状、成分特征的分析,推测北部湾海域表层水体中微塑料的主要来源是海水养殖和海洋渔业捕捞活动.研究显示,北部湾海域表层水体中微塑料污染呈现近岸高于远岸的特征,受海洋渔业活动影响显著,建议加强对北部湾海水养殖和海洋渔业捕捞活动的管控,预防和减少渔业塑料垃圾污染.      

深圳近岸海域全氟化合物的污染特征

为探究深圳近岸海域全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)的污染特征,2013年9月采集了深圳近岸(离岸﹥2km)10份表层海水和7份表层沉积物.采用固相萃取分离、富集,结合高效液相色谱-质谱联用的方法测定了其中16种PFCs的含量.结果表明,表层海水中有10种PFCs不同程度地检出,包括C4、C6和C8全氟磺酸盐(perfluorinated sulfonates,PFSAs)和C5~C11全氟羧酸(perfluorinated carboxylic acids,PFCAs).ΣPFCs质量浓度范围在1.74~14.7 ng·L-1之间,其中PFBS、PFOS和PFOA是主要的PFCs.ΣPFCs质量浓度分布呈西高东低的态势,伶仃洋和深圳湾ΣPFCs质量浓度显著高于大亚湾和大鹏湾(P0.05),距岸越远ΣPFCs质量浓度越低.表层海水中PFCs可能主要来自于近岸污水的排放以及河流入海的输入.表层沉积物中有8种PFCs不同程度地检出,包括C6和C8PFSAs和C5,C6,C8~C11PFCAs.ΣPFCs含量范围在2.22~2.62μg·kg-1之间,其中PFOS是主要的PFCs.ΣPFCs含量变化很小,可能主要来自对上覆海水中PFCs的吸附.沉积物吸附PFCs的能力随碳链长度增加而增强,且相同碳链长度的情况下,PFSAs较PFCAs更易于被吸附.此外,不同近岸海域PFCs质量浓度比较结果表明,深圳近岸海域表层海水PFBS污染较为严重,而沉积物PFOS含量与其他海域相差不大.     

厦门西港表层海水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、组成及来源

通过 3个航次对厦门西港表层海水中 16种优先监控的PAHs的污染状况进行不同季节的连续调查 .结果表明 :表层海水中PAHs的含量与组成具有明显的时间差异 .在 4月和 10月的PAHs含量较 7月高 ;PAHs的组成在 4月以 2环的萘为优势组分 ,在 7月以 3环的苊烯为优势组分 ,10月以 4环的为优势组分 .分析 3个航次的调查结果发现 :厦门西港表层海水中的PAHs主要来源于石油类物质的输入 .厦门西港表层海水中各种PAHs的含量与国际生物学组织或国家制定的评价水生生物暴露于水体的安全食用标准相比虽未超标 ,但个别组分如蒽、苯并 [a]芘的含量已达到生态毒理评价标准 .     

Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment

Viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Determining the minimum dose of virus particles that can initiate infection, termed the minimum infective dose (MID), is important for the development of risk assessment models in the fields of food and water treatment and the implementation of appropriate infection control strategies in healthcare settings. Both respiratory and enteric viruses can be shed at high titers from infected individuals even when the infection is asymptomatic. Presence of pre-existing antibodies has been shown to affect the infectious dose and to be protective against reinfection for many, but not all viruses. Most respiratory viruses appear to be as infective in humans as in tissue culture. Doses of <1 TCID₅₀ of influenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were reported to infect 50% of the tested population. Similarly, low doses of the enteric viruses, norovirus, rotavirus, echovirus, poliovirus, and hepatitis A virus, caused infection in at least some of the volunteers tested. A number of factors may influence viruses’ infectivity in experimentally infected human volunteers. These include host and pathogen factors as well as the experimental methodology. As a result, the reported infective doses of human viruses have to be interpreted with caution.     

Assessment and Evaluation of an Integrated Hybrid Anaerobic–Aerobic Sewage Treatment System for the Removal of Enteric Viruses

The capability of a cost-effective and a small size decentralized pilot wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to remove enteric viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus genogroup I (GGI), norovirus genogroup II (GGII), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), and adenovirus was studied. This pilot plant is an integrated hybrid anaerobic/aerobic setup which consisted of anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), biological aerated filter (BAF), and inclined plate settler (IPS). Both the UASB and BAF are packed with a non-woven polyester fabric (NWPF). Results indicated that the overall log₁₀ reductions of enteric viruses’ genome copies through the whole system were 3.1 ± 1, 3.3 ± 0.5, and 2.6 ± 0.9 log₁₀ for rotavirus, norovirus GGI, and adenovirus, respectively. Reduction efficiency for both norovirus GGII and HEV after the different treatment steps could not be calculated because there were no significant numbers of positive samples for both viruses. The overall reduction of rotavirus infectious units through the whole system was 2.2 ± 0.8 log₁₀ reduction which is very close to the overall log₁₀ reduction of adenovirus infectious units through the whole system which was 2.1 ± 0.8 log₁₀ reduction. There was no considerable difference in the removal efficiency for different rotavirus G and P types. Adenovirus 41 was the only type detected in the all positive samples. Although the pilot WWTP investigated is cost effective, has a small footprint, does not need a long distance network pipes, and easy to operate, its efficiency to remove enteric viruses is comparable with the conventional centralized WWTPs.     

Viral Removal by Wastewater Treatment: Monitoring of Indicators and Pathogens

The discharge of treated civil wastewater into natural waters or their reuse in industry and agriculture involves virological risks for the exposed population. Although European and Italian regulations do not require routine viral analysis of treated wastewater, a better understanding of viral contamination and resistance to treatments is needed to assess and control such risks. To this end, a wastewater treatment plant was monitored by analysing the sewage at the plant entry and exit points in order to quantify the initial presence and eventual reduction of adenovirus, Torque Teno virus, Hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, enterovirus, norovirus genogroups I and II, somatic coliphages, Escherichia coli and enterococci. The results reveal that treated water may still contain infectious human viruses and thereby represent a potential health hazard. No significant correlations were found between bacterial indicators and the viruses considered, confirming their inadequacy for virological risk assessment, while the best indicators for virus inactivation in recycled waters seem to be adenovirus, followed by somatic coliphages.     

Human viral pathogens are pervasive in wastewater treatment center aerosols

Wastewater treatment center(WTC) workers may be vulnerable to diseases caused by viruses, such as the common cold, influenza and gastro-intestinal infections. Although there is a substantial body of literature characterizing the microbial community found in wastewater, only a few studies have characterized the viral component of WTC aerosols,despite the fact that most diseases affecting WTC workers are of viral origin and that some of these viruses are transmitted through the air. In this study, we evaluated in four WTCs the presence of 11 viral pathogens of particular concern in this milieu and used a metagenomic approach to characterize the total viral community in the air of one of those WTCs. The presence of viruses in aerosols in different locations of individual WTCs was evaluated and the results obtained with four commonly used air samplers were compared.We detected four of the eleven viruses tested, including human adenovirus(h Ad V),rotavirus, hepatitis A virus(HAV) and Herpes Simplex virus type 1(HSV1). The results of the metagenomic assay uncovered very few viral RNA sequences in WTC aerosols, however sequences from human DNA viruses were in much greater relative abundance.     

Assessment of a Portable Handheld UV Light Device for the Disinfection of Viruses and Bacteria in Water

Effective individual microbiological water purifiers are needed for consumption of untreated water sources by campers, emergency use, military, and in developing counties. A handheld UV light device was tested to assess if it could meet the virus reduction requirements established by the United State Environmental Protection Agency, National Science Foundation and the World Health Organization. The device was found capable of inactivating at least 4 log₁₀ of poliovirus type 1, rotavirus SA-11 and MS-2 virus in 500 mL volumes of general case test water. But in the presence of high turbidity and organic matter, filtration was necessary to achieve a 4 log₁₀ reduction of the test viruses.     

Survival of Respiratory Viruses on Fresh Produce

In addition to enteric viruses of fecal origin, emerging zoonotic viruses such as respiratory coronaviruses and influenza viruses may potentially be transmitted via contaminated foods. The goal of this study was to determine the recovery efficiencies and the survival of two respiratory viruses, namely, adenovirus 2 (Ad2) and coronavirus 229E (CoV229E), on fresh produce in comparison to the enteric poliovirus 1 (PV1). Adenovirus was recovered with efficiencies of 56.5, 31.8, and 34.8 % from lettuce, strawberries, and raspberries, respectively. Coronavirus was recovered from lettuce with an efficiency of 19.6 % yet could not be recovered from strawberries. Poliovirus was recovered with efficiencies of 76.7 % from lettuce, but only 0.06 % from strawberries. For comparison purposes, the survival of Ad2, CoV229E, and PV1 was determined for periods up to 10 days on produce. The enteric PV1 survived better than both respiratory viruses on lettuce and strawberries, with only ≤1.03 log₁₀ reductions after 10 days of storage at 4 °C compared to CoV229E not being recovered after 4 days on lettuce and reductions of 1.97 log₁₀ and 2.38 log₁₀ of Ad2 on lettuce and strawberries, respectively, after 10 days. Nevertheless, these respiratory viruses were able to survive for at least several days on produce. There is therefore the potential for transfer to the hands and subsequently to the mucosa via rubbing the eyes or nose. In addition, some respiratory coronaviruses (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and adenoviruses are also capable of replication in the gut and there is thus some potential for acquisition through the consumption of contaminated produce.