生物接触氧化物净化微污染原水的机理研究

在姚江水质为ｐＨ６．８￣７．４、浊度９￣２０ＮＴＵ、色度２５￣３７度、ＮＨ４＾＋－Ｎ１．０￣９．０ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎｏ０．０７５￣０．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ和ＣＯＤＭｎ８￣１８．９ｍｇ／Ｌ的条件下，进行了生物接触氧化法预处理微污染原水的除污染作用机理研究。结果表明，生化池进水处填料层生物膜厚度为０．３￣０．５ｍｍ，出水处填料层膜厚为０．１￣０．３ｍｍ，仅为污水处理中普通生物膜厚的１／１０左右。当水中溶     

无火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定海洋气溶胶中铜,铅,镉

介绍了用高流量大气采样器和瓦特曼滤膜采集样品，以硝酸－高氯酸消化，无火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定海洋气溶胶中铜、铅、镉。对高流量大气采样流量校准、滤膜选用，仪器测试条件及消化方法进行试验和讨论。本方法检测限分别为铜１．８ｎｇ／ｍ３、铅１．４ｎｇ／ｍ３、镉０．７ｎｇ／ｍ３，变异系数分别为铜９．６％、铅８．９％、镉１８．０％。     

微电解杀藻研究

研究表明，用杀藻器进行微电解杀灭湖泊中藻类的效果显著，当进水流量１ｍ＾３／ｈ，电流密度为８．９－１１．８ｍＡ／ｃｍ６２以及当进水流量０．５ｍ＾３／ｈ，电流密度在５．９－８．９ｍＡ＝ｃｍ＾２时，杀藻效果均极好，明显破坏藻类细胞中叶绿体的结构，使藻类的光合使用明显减弱。     

上海市大气中人工放射性水平调查及评价

为掌握上海市大气中人工放射性本底水平，于１９８９年９月－１９９１年１１月进行了调查。调查结果，大气气溶胶采样后１天和采样后７天的总β放射性（包括人工的和天然的）浓度分别为９．３×１０＾－２Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３和２．６×１０＾－３Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３，其中＾９０Ｓｒ浓度＜１．８×１０＾－６Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３，＾１３７Ｃｓ浓度＜１．３×１０＾－５Ｂｑ／ｍ＾３；雨水沉降物总β放射性（包括人工的和天然的）沉降率为０．７８Ｂｑ／     

生物接触氧化法净化微污染原水的机理研究

在姚江水质为ｐＨ６．８～７．４、浊度９～２０ＮＴＵ、色度２５～３７度、ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ１．０～９．０ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮＯ－２－Ｎ０．０７５～０．２５ｍｇ／Ｌ和ＣＯＤＭｎ８～１８．９ｍｇ／Ｌ的条件下,进行了生物接触氧化法预处理微污染原水的除污染作用机理研究．结果表明,生化池进水处填料层生物膜厚度为０．３～０．５ｍｍ,出水处填料层膜厚为０．１～０．３ｍｍ,仅为污水处理中普通生物膜厚的１／１０左右．当水中溶解氧控制在７～９ｍｇ／Ｌ时,填料上生物膜全是好气层,无厌氧层存在．生物接触氧化法净水过程是一个高度综合、高度好氧的生物作用过程,包括生物膜吸附,生物絮凝,有机物的生物降解及氨氮的显著硝化等作用．生物膜上的细菌主要是高好氧贫营养性微生物     

饮用水中NO3去除

研究了粒状滤床生化反应柱对ＮＯ３去除特性，结果表明，当容积负荷范围为每日１．９２－３．８ｋｇ（ＮＯ３－Ｎ）／ｍ＾３时，反硝化率为９５．７－１００％，相应ＣＨ３ＯＨ消耗量为每日４．９－９．８ｋｇ／ｍ＾２，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除负荷为每日７．３－１４．６ｋｇ／ｍ＾３。进水ＮＯ３浓度越征，达到完全反硝化所需的Ｃ／Ｎ值越高，投加的Ｃ／Ｎ值越高，实际消耗的Ｃ／Ｎ值越高，当投加的Ｃ／Ｎ值低时，其消耗的Ｃ／Ｎ值也低，越     

水解酸化--AB生物法处理抗生素废水的试验研究

进行了多品种抗生素工业废水处理的试验研究，采用水解酸化——ＡＢ生物法新工艺。试验废水ＣＯＤｃｒ ３２８３．９ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＯＤ５　１３４８．９ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３—Ｎ ２２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度３２５（倍），处理后出水分别为２８７．８ｍｇ／Ｌ，２１．３ｍｇ／Ｌ，２．６ ｍｍ／Ｌ和 ７０（倍），各项去除率为９１． ２％、９８． ４％、８８． ２％和 ７８． ５％。容积有机负荷 Ａ级 ２．３ＫｇＣＯＤｃｒ／ｍ３．ｄ、Ｂ级 ３． ３ＫｇＣＯＤｃｒ／ｍ３．ｄ。出水达到国家规定的（ＧＢ９６７８—８８）生物制药行业废水排放标准。比报导的化学絮凝—生物法处理同 种废水的运行费用要低。     

热重分析技术研究石灰石脱硫特性

采用热重分析仪对徐州地区的贾汪、长山、铜山３种石灰石进行了脱硫反应试验,得到了石灰石品种、脱硫温度、ＳＯ２浓度和粒度等对ＣａＯ转化率的影响规律,同时,计算了化学反应速度常数Ｋ和反应速度系数ｂ。当粒度小于０．５ｍｍ时,Ｋ值范围是９．４×１０－４－２２×１０－４ｍ／ｓ;当粒度为０．５—１．０ｍｍ时,ｂ＝１２５４ｍｉｎ－１。当粒度为１．０—２．０ｍｍ时,ｂ＝１１０３ｍｉｎ－１。     

硼泥复合混凝剂处理铸钢废水的研究

硼泥复合混凝剂处理大连机车车辆厂含８ｇ／Ｌ左右硅酸根的铸钢废水，最佳投加量为６．６ｇ／Ｌ，去除硅酸根适宜，ＰＨ值为７．２－９．０，当沉降２０ｍｉｎ，硅酸根悬浮物去除率大于９８％，ＰＨ值为８．０－８．５处理费用低，操作简单 。     

载银活性炭法处理含汞废气

对工业生产作业车间中的含汞废气，采用气相导流－纤维体过滤－载银活性炭吸汞净化工艺，可使车间操作空间的含汞浓度０．１０～０．７０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，降低到＜０．０７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，治理效率＞９５％，经处理后的空气中含汞浓度低于国家标准允许排放的浓度值。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.