新型两相一体厌氧消化反应器处理餐厨垃圾中试研究

针对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程易发生挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）的积累,系统难以稳定高效运行等问题,本研究设计制造了一套中试规模的新型双环嵌套式两相一体厌氧反应器,采用双环嵌套式结构,在反应器内部将内环的产酸阶段与外环的产甲烷阶段分离.反应器共运行184d,初始负荷为60kg/d,运行阶段阶梯式提高负荷,最高达到180kg/d.结果表明,该新型反应器产气与有机固体去除效率高,稳定性好.在稳定运行阶段,有机负荷为3.0kgVS/（m³·d）,容积产气率平均达到1.69m³/（m³·d）,最高为2.72m³/（m³·d）,平均负荷产气率为0.57m³/（kgVS·d）,有机固体去除率达77.2%;由于内外环相分离作用,外环pH值相比内环高约0.3~0.4,外环挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）和溶解性化学需氧量（sCOD）平均浓度相比内环分别降低25%和23%.双环嵌套式反应器实现了产酸和产甲烷阶段分离的作用,内环产酸相很好地完成了水解和酸化步骤,同时减轻产甲烷相受到酸积累的冲击,对反应器稳定运行起到关键作用.     

Determination of the archaeal and bacterial communities in two-phase and single-stage anaerobic systems by 454 pyrosequencing

2-Phase anaerobic digestion (AD), where the acidogenic phase was operated at 2 day hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the methanogenic phase at 10 days HRT, had been evaluated to determine if it could provide higher organic reduction and methane production than the conventional single-stage AD (also operated at 12 days HRT). 454 pyrosequencing was performed to determine and compare the microbial communities. The acidogenic reactor of the 2-phase system yielded a unique bacterial community of the lowest richness and diversity, while bacterial profiles of the methanogenic reactor closely followed the single-stage reactor. All reactors were predominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens, mainly Methanolinea. Unusually, the acidogenic reactor contributed up to 24% of total methane production in the 2-phase system. This could be explained by the presence of Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter, and their activities could also help regulate reactor alkalinity during high loading conditions through carbon dioxide production. The enrichment of hydrolytic and acidogenic Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and unclassified Bacteroidetes in the acidogenic reactor would have contributed to the improved sludge volatile solids degradation, and ultimately the overall 2-phase system''s performance. Syntrophic acetogenic microorganisms were absent in the acidogenic reactor but present in the downstream methanogenic reactor, indicating the retention of various metabolic pathways also found in a single-stage system. The determination of key microorganisms further expands our understanding of the complex biological functions in AD process.     

乙酸型顶极群落的内平衡与反馈调节机制研究

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐有机废水的连续流试验，从“动态”角度考察COD／SO4^2-比改变引起的pH值、氧化还原电位（ORP）、碱度（ALK）和末端产物（VFAs）等的变动及生态因子的叠加效应引发的优势种群变迁，分析了乙酸型顶极群落的稳定性及其发生定向性生态演替的规律，进而阐明了乙酸型顶极群落抵抗环境压力的内平衡与反馈调节机制，并指出乙酸型代谢和乙酸型顶极群落是产酸脱硫生态系统的典型特征。     

产酸脱硫反应器中碳硫比对群落生态特征的影响

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度含硫酸盐废水的连续流试验,从群落动态的角度研究碳硫比(COD/SO₄^2-)从4.2降低到2.0的过程中,pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、碱度(ALK)和末端产物(VFAs)组成、优势种群分布等群落生态特征的变化规律试验证明,在此过程中ORP和ALK提高,而pH值和VFAs中乙酸的分布比例降低,群落类型由高碳硫比稳定型转化为低碳硫比亚稳定型,但仍未改变乙酸型顶极群落的典型特征.     

Effects of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid accumulation and process performance in the anaerobic digestion of two typical bio-wastes

The effect of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid(VFA)accumulation and process instability was studied using a lab-scale anaerobic digester fed by two typical bio-wastes:fruit and vegetable waste(FVW)and food waste(FW)at 35°C with an organic loading rate(OLR)of 3.0 kg VS/(m~3·day). The inhibitory effects of free ammonia on methanogenesis were observed due to the low C/N ratio of each substrate(15.6 and 17.2,respectively). A high concentration of free ammonia inhibited methanogenesis resulting in the accumulation of VFAs and a low methane yield. In the inhibited state,acetate accumulated more quickly than propionate and was the main type of accumulated VFA. The co-accumulation of ammonia and VFAs led to an "inhibited steady state" and the ammonia was the main inhibitory substance that triggered the process perturbation. By statistical significance test and VFA fluctuation ratio analysis,the free ammonia inhibition threshold was identified as 45 mg/L. Moreover,propionate,iso-butyrate and valerate were determined to be the three most sensitive VFA parameters that were subject to ammonia inhibition.     

pH值调控柠檬酸污泥厌氧发酵产酸及碳源潜力研究

以柠檬酸废水厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物,在不同pH值调控条件下开展柠檬酸生产废水剩余活性污泥厌氧发酵产酸研究。通过对发酵液挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、有机质、氮磷和污泥脱水性能的分析,探讨了柠檬酸污泥厌氧产酸机制。结果表明,pH³10的碱性条件更有利于有机质的溶出从而促进VFAs的产生。三维荧光光谱分析发现在恒定pH值下腐殖酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)会大量溶出降低VFAs的产量。初始pH=10是柠檬酸污泥厌氧产酸的最佳pH值,发酵4d的VFAs浓度最高达(6681.47±126.82)mg COD/L,是文献报道中市政污泥产酸量的近2倍,其中乙酸占比49.8%,发酵后产酸功能菌Chloroflexi、Bacteroidota的相对丰度分别由初始的9.52%、10.87%增至16.84%、14.39%,污泥归一化毛细吸水时间(n_CST)为(11.34±0.27)s×L/g,脱水性能良好,发酵液TP浓度为(20.45±0.33)mg/L。研究表明,利用柠檬酸剩余活性污泥碱性厌氧发酵产酸作为污水处理过程中的外加碳源具有较大潜力。     

微氧水解酸化工艺处理高浓度抗生素废水

试验研究了高浓度难生物降解抗生素废水微氧水解酸化效果.结果表明,微氧环境提高了兼性水解酸化菌的生理代谢功能,曝气搅拌改善了水力条件,在最短HRT为10h ,最大OLR为20kg/(m³·d)条件下,酸化率为58.64%,出水VFA为4825mg/L ,极大地改善了废水的生物降解性能,BOD₅/COD升高了17%左右,为后续好氧生物处理提供了良好的基质准备.在进水水质波动较大的情况下,出水水质相对稳定,出水COD和SS浓度分别为7000～8000mg/L和150～300mg/L ,COD和SS去除率分别为15%～30%和90%～95%.出水VFA的变化滞后于酸化率的变化,酸化率能更好地表征水解酸化系统的效果.反应器底部的污泥床层是VFA生成的主要反应区,随着OLR的升高,达到稳定VFA浓度的反应器高度逐渐增加.填料区功能主要在于截留出水中的SS.污泥以粒径为0.5～1.0mm之间的小颗粒污泥和絮状污泥为主.     

电化学预处理对餐厨垃圾-污泥耦合厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸的影响

利用餐厨垃圾-污泥耦合厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（volatile fatty acids,VFAs）具有广泛的经济和应用价值。本实验考察了在1 V电化学预处理条件下,研究餐厨垃圾占比（空白对照,0%,5%,10%,质量分数）对厌氧发酵生成VFAs产量的影响,从而得出产VFAs的最优条件。研究表明:经过60 min 1 V电化学预处理后,随着餐厨垃圾占比从0%增加到10%,水体中溶解性COD浓度随时间变化迅速增加,最高可达到969~1266 mg/L,随着厌氧发酵的进行转化成VFAs。其中,当餐厨垃圾占比为10%时,VFAs在15 d内最高浓度可达到132.2 mg/L。实验结果表明,电化学预处理可改善餐厨垃圾-污泥特性,加快厌氧发酵过程,同时餐厨垃圾可增加污泥中有机质含量,增加VFAs产量,实现餐厨垃圾-污泥产VFAs的资源化利用途径。     

城镇污水厂剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸工程示范研究

鉴于污泥厌氧发酵产酸技术的生产规模性研究较少,为深入了解城镇剩余污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）工程的长期运行特征,基于0.3 t/d规模的生产线平台进行了为期240 d的稳定运行研究,考察了长期运行条件下的污泥预处理效果、产酸水平、VFAs回收和经济可行性.结果表明:污泥经热-混碱预处理后溶解性有机物浓度〔ρ（SCOD）,以溶解性COD计〕比原污泥提高了29倍,水解率达到56%.当ρ（TSS）（TSS为总悬浮固体）分别为30和70 g/L时,污泥预处理水解率分别为56%和59%;厌氧发酵产酸率〔以每g污泥有机物生产多少mg VFAs计,R_VFAs〕分别为277和256 mg/g;ρ（TVFAs）（TVFAs为总挥发性脂肪酸）最高可达9.1 g/L,其中乙酸占61.6%.采用聚合氯化铝（PAC）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）联合调理能够有效提高发酵污泥的脱水性能,与对照组相比,泥饼的含水率由84.8%降至64.0%,发酵液的回收率由33.7%升至75.7%.经济效益分析表明,设置处理规模为100 t/d时,运行成本为346.6元/t,收益为451.4元/t.研究显示,城镇污水厂剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸生产线运行稳定,能够实现较好的有机物生物转化与资源化效果,经济可行,具有显著的应用前景.      

厌氧折流板反应器处理糖蜜酒精废水的研究

为探究厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)对糖蜜酒精实际废水的处理效果,该实验采用已成功处理人工模拟糖蜜酒精废水的ABR,研究了该反应器处理糖蜜酒精工业废水过程中COD和SO42-的去除效果,以及各隔室VFA、pH和S2-的分布规律。实验结果表明,反应器处理糖蜜酒精工业废水,在30 d内达到稳定,COD和SO42-负荷分别为4.8 kg/(m3.d)和0.32 kg/(m3.d),COD和SO42-的去除率分别为83%和98%。反应器内各隔室挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度变化规律与pH值变化规律一致,各隔室硫化物(S2-)浓度较低,其中第4、5隔室的S2-浓度低于40 mg/L。反应器内微生物菌群仍能保持处理模拟废水时形成的多相(产酸硫酸盐还原相和生成硫单质产甲烷相)分离特征,保证了ABR对实际工业废水的处理效率。     

Anaerobic digestion in mesophilic and room temperature conditions: Digestion performance and soil-borne pathogen survival

Tomato plant waste(TPW) was used as the feedstock of a batch anaerobic reactor to evaluate the effect of anaerobic digestion on Ralstonia solanacearum and Phytophthora capsici survival. Batch experiments were carried out for TS(total solid) concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6% respectively, at mesophilic(37 ± 1°C) and room(20–25°C) temperatures. Results showed that higher digestion performance was achieved under mesophilic digestion temperature and lower TS concentration conditions. The biogas production ranged from 71 to 416 L/kg VS(volatile solids). The inactivation of anaerobic digestion tended to increase as digestion performance improved. The maximum log copies reduction of R. solanacearum and P. capsici detected by quantitative PCR(polymerase chain reaction) were 3.80 and 4.08 respectively in reactors with 4% TS concentration at mesophilic temperatures. However, both in mesophilic and room temperature conditions, the lowest reduction of R. solanacearum was found in the reactors with 6% TS concentration, which possessed the highest VFA(volatile fatty acid) concentration. These findings indicated that simple accumulation of VFAs failed to restrain R. solanacearum effectively, although the VFAs were considered poisonous. P. capsici was nearly completely dead under all conditions. Based on the digestion performance and the pathogen survival rate, a model was established to evaluate the digestate biosafety.     

城市生活有机垃圾各组分的厌氧消化产甲烷能力

通过生化产甲烷能力(BMP)测定实验确定了葡萄糖、大米、蔬菜、纸张、动物油、植物油和瘦肉等7种城市生活有机垃圾(BOFMSW)组分的生化产甲烷能力,并研究了抑制动物油、植物油和瘦肉厌氧消化过程的影响因素.实验结果表明,葡萄糖、大米、蔬菜和纸张在发酵过程中没有消化抑制发生,4种原料的生化产甲烷能力分别为241、210、147和244mL·g-1,相应地占理论产甲烷能力的64.5%、56.3%、32.6%和67.9%.瘦肉的厌氧消化过程停止产气后,消化液的总挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度为15800mg·L-1,其中丙酸浓度为2509mg·L-1;消化液中氨氮浓度为13892mg.L-1;较高的VFAs和氨氮浓度共同作用形成消化过程的"抑制型稳态",抑制了产甲烷菌的产甲烷代谢,导致酸化率较高而生物气转化率却很低.猪油和花生油等脂类原料的厌氧消化,由于水解和酸化细菌受到长链脂肪酸(LCFAs)的抑制而影响了原料的降解和酸化,酸化率仅分别为11.5%和10.O%.     

Degradation of phenol in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperatureKE

A synthetic wastewater containing phenol as sole substrate was treated in a 2.8 L upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor at ambient temperature. The operation conditions and phenol removal efficiency were discussed, microbial population in the UASB sludge was identified based on DNA cloning, and pathway of anaerobic phenol degradation was proposed. Phenol in wastewater was degraded in an UASB reactor at loading rate up to 18 gCOD/(L·d), With a 1:1 recycle ratio, at 26(1℃, pH 7.0-7.5. An UASB reactor was able to remove 99% of phenol up to 1226 mg/L in wastewater with 24 h of hydraulic retention time(HRT). For HRT below 24 h, phenol degradation efficiency decreased with HRT, from 95.4% at 16 h to 93.8% at 12 h. It further deteriorated to 88.5% when HRT reached 8 h. When the concentration of influent phenol of the reactor was 1260 mg/L(corresponding COD 3000 mg/L), with the HRT decreasing(from 40 h to 4 h, corresponding COD loading increasing), the biomass yields tended to increase from 0.265 to 3.08 g/(L·d). While at 12 h of HRT, the biomass yield was lower. When HRT was 12 h, the methane yield was 0.308 L/(gCOD removed), which was the highest. Throughout the study, phenol was the sole organic substrate. The effluent contained only residual phenol without any detectable intermediates, such as benzoate, 4-hydrobenzoate or volatile fatty acids(VFAs). Based on DNA cloning analysis, the sludge was composed of five groups of microorganisms. Desulfotomaculum and Clostridium were likely responsible for the conversion of phenol to benzoate, which was further degraded by Syntrophus to acetate and H2/CO2. Methanogens lastly converted acetate and H2/CO2 to methane. The role of epsilon-Proteobacteria was, however, unsure.     

Degradation of phenol in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor at ambient temperature

IntroductionPhenolistherawmaterialforthecommercialproductionofawidevarietyofresins ,includingphenolicresinsasconstructionmaterialsforautomobilesandappliances,expoxyresinsasadhesives ,andpolyamideforvariousapplications.Inaddition ,phenolsareoftenfoundinwas…     

不同电解质对电化学预处理剩余污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸的影响

电化学预处理剩余污泥(waste activated sludge, WAS)厌氧发酵(anaerobic fermentation, AF)产挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids, VFAs)具有良好的应用价值和环境效益,然而不同电解质对电化学预处理剩余污泥以及厌氧发酵的效果具有较大影响。因此,实验考查了不同电解质(空白对照,NaCl,Na₂SO₄和CaCl₂)在电流强度为1 A、预处理时间为60 min的电化学处理条件下,对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产VFAs的影响。结果表明:当0.05 mol/L NaCl作为电解质时,在电化学预处理阶段污泥有机质(溶解性COD、多糖、蛋白质等)溶出效果较其他电解质更好。在厌氧发酵阶段,该条件下VFAs最大累积量可达到2625.8 mg COD/L,相比空白对照组提升了51.6%,表明NaCl作为电解质的电化学预处理不仅能够有效促进剩余污泥中有机质溶出,而且有利于产酸微生物(如Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes)的富集,从而促进厌氧发酵产VFAs,达到提高污泥资源化利用率的目的。     

利用剩余污泥水解酸化液合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯的研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥水解酸化产物为原料,研究了罗氏真养菌(Ralstonia eutropha)H16在水解酸化液中的生长规律和聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)积累特性,同时分析了H16对水解酸化液中各种有机酸组分的利用规律. 结果表明,以剩余污泥52℃中温水解酸化48h的水解酸化液为培养基,在HAc水解酸化液(C/N/P=100/10/1, TOC＝2881mg/L,乙酸占总有机酸含量36.1%)中,H16最先利用乙酸和正丁酸来进行自身的生长和PHAs的合成,合成的主要产物是聚羟基丁酸酯(PHB);随后开始利用丙酸和正戊酸,在此过程中聚羟基戊酸酯(PHV)的含量也逐步上升,菌体量同步增长, H16在40h左右处于平稳期,并且达到最大积累率为12.51%(占菌体干重);最后利用的是异丁酸和异戊酸,但是此时H16已经进入衰亡期,菌体量和PHAs合成率都在下降.当以HVa水解酸化液(C/N/P=100/10/1, TOC＝2358mg/L,异戊酸占总有机酸含量29.0%)为培养基时, H16在18h达到生长的峰值,24h达到PHAs合成率的最大值为32.14%(占菌体干重),PHV为PHAs的主要形式.     

基于仿生学的一体式两相厌氧反应器的运行研究

反刍动物瘤胃对纤维素类物质具有强大的消化能力,在厌氧发酵领域备受关注.为了增加秸秆等物质的资源化利用途径,本文基于仿生学的原理,设计了一体式两相新型厌氧反应器,并以秸秆、猪粪和河道底泥为底物进行干式共发酵,研究了该反应器的水解酸化和产甲烷性能.结果表明：反应器在1～6 d的产气速率较快,单位体积累积产气量的增长速率为366.87 mL/d,最快产气速率为22.3 mL/(g·d)(以每g挥发性固体每天产生的沼气体积计);发酵过程挥发性固体的产气量为0.13 L/g;发酵过程中pH在7.3～8.2之间变化,p H与挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度整体上呈现相反的变化趋势,说明反应器内未发生氨抑制现象;第1～21天,主反应室产生的溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)在次反应室中被充分利用,实现了水解过程和水解产物利用过程的分离;厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是反应器中最丰富的两个菌门,均具有水解和产酸能力.基于瘤胃设计的反应器既具有不同水解程度底物分层和持续吸收VFAs的效果,又有上部水解和产酸、下部产甲烷的一体式两相厌氧发酵效果.研究显示,该反应器可有效延长...     

ABR启动期运行效能及互营产甲烷菌群的分布特征

为探讨厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）启动期运行效能和互营产甲烷菌群的空间分布特征,考察了ABR反应器处理制糖废水启动期的运行特征,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术分析了互营产甲烷菌群在ABR各格室的分布规律.结果表明,在污泥驯化阶段,ABR的COD去除率为61.5%,出水挥发酸总量高达1808mg/L.经过2个阶段的调控运行后,ABR出水挥发酸明显降低,甲烷含量增加至55%以上,COD去除率达到了94.8%.而且ABR第2~4格室形成了沉降性能良好的颗粒污泥.PCR-DGGE检测结果表明,该ABR系统中的主要产氢产乙酸菌为Syntrophobacter和Pelotomaculum,主要分布在ABR系统第3,4格室.ABR第1,2格室的产甲烷菌主要为耐酸的氢营养型产甲烷菌（Methanoregula和Methanosphaerula）,而乙酸营养型产甲烷菌（Methanosaeta和Methanothrix）主要分布在第3,4格室.ABR系统中产甲烷菌的多样性要明显高于产氢产乙酸菌,说明当系统受到冲击时,产氢产乙酸作用比产甲烷作用更易成为限速步骤.     

The effect of continuous Ni(Ⅱ) exposure on the organic degradation and soluble microbial product(SMP) formation in two-phase anaerobic reactor

A two-phase anaerobic reactor fed with glucose substrate (3 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L) was used to investigate the effects of toxic metals on the degradation of organics and the soluble microbial product (SMP) formation. Low concentrations of Ni(II) (5 and 10 mg/L) promoted the acid phase, whereas high concentrations (15, 20, and 25 mg/L) exhibited an inhibitory effect on, but did not alter the fermentative method, which mainly involved the fermentation of propionic acid. The methanogenic microorganism exhibited a strong capability adapting constantly increased Ni(II) levels. The acid phase was an accumulation stage of SMP. In the absence of Ni(II), the high-molecular-weight material in the effluent SMP mainly contained polysaccharide, tryptophan, and casein. Methanogens metabolized most of the polysaccharide, the whole tryptophan content, and part of the casein, leading to the presence of humic acid and protein in effluent. After Ni(II) dosage, the protein and polysaccharide of the acid phase increased, and tryptophan changed, while casein remained stable. More protein than polysaccharide was produced, suggesting the prominent function of protein when addressing the negative effect of toxic metals. The analysis of DNA confirmed the change of bacterial activity.     

Microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic bioreactor fed by fruit vegetable wastes and wheat straw

The microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic reactor（ITPAR）were investigated by 16 S r DNA clone library technology. The 75 L reactor was designed with a 25 L rotating acidogenic unit at the top and a 50 L conventional upflow methanogenic unit at the bottom, with a recirculation connected to the two units. The reactor had been operated for 21 stages to co-digest fruit/vegetable wastes and wheat straw, which showed a very good biogas production and decomposition of cellulosic materials. The results showed that many kinds of cellulose and glycan decomposition bacteria related with Bacteroidales,Clostridiales and Syntrophobacterales were dominated in the reactor, with more bacteria community diversities in the acidogenic unit. The methanogens were mostly related with Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus, Methanospirillum and Methanobacterium; the predominating genus Methanosaeta, accounting for 40.5%, 54.2%, 73.6% and 78.7% in four samples from top to bottom, indicated a major methanogenesis pathway by acetoclastic methanogenesis in the methanogenic unit. The beta diversity indexes illustrated a more similar distribution of bacterial communities than that of methanogens between acidogenic unit and methanogenic unit. The differentiation of methanogenic community composition in two phases, as well as pH values and volatile fatty acid（VFA） concentrations confirmed the phase separation of the ITPAR. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the special designing of ITPAR maintained a sufficient number of methanogens, more diverse communities and stronger syntrophic associations among microorganisms, which made two phase anaerobic digestion of cellulosic materials more efficient.