环境中有机紫外防晒剂残留及其生态毒性研究进展

有机紫外防晒剂被广泛添加在个人护理品中,随着日常使用源源不断地进入环境中,成为一类新兴污染物。环境介质中有机紫外防晒剂的检测及其生态毒理是目前的研究热点。概述了个人护理品中常用的有机紫外防晒剂,总结了有机紫外防晒剂在各类地表水、沉积物和生物体等不同介质中的浓度水平,详细分析了有机紫外防晒剂对鱼类的内分泌干扰效应和对水生无脊椎动物的急性毒性,为今后深入研究和科学评价这类新兴污染物提供重要参考。     

城市再生水生产工艺中典型紫外防晒剂的去除

随着紫外防晒剂在个人护理用品中的大量使用,其环境及健康风险效应开始得到人们的关注.采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(SPE-GC-MS)技术对天津某再生水厂不同处理单元中4种典型紫外防晒剂4-甲氧基肉桂酸-2-乙基己基酯(ethylhexylmethoxycinnamate,EHMC),羟苯甲酮(benzophenone-3,BP-3),3-(4-甲苯基亚甲基)-d-1-樟脑(4-methylbenzylidene,4-MBC),2-氰基-3,3-二苯基丙酸-(2-乙基)己基酸(octocylene,OC)的分布及去除情况进行了检测.结果表明,污水处理厂二级出水中4种目标化合物的浓度范围在34ng·L-1￣2128ng·L-1之间;4种物质在夏秋季(7月和9月)的浓度普遍高于冬季(2月).污水处理厂二级出水中的这4种紫外防晒剂在经过混凝-絮凝处理、连续膜过滤和臭氧氧化处理后出水中的浓度呈下降趋势,总去除率为28.3%￣43.1%,其中臭氧氧化阶段对目标物的去除率最大(16%￣29%),而连续膜过滤阶段去除率最小(3.6%￣8.5%),混凝-絮凝阶段去除率介于2者之间(8%￣21%).由此可见,紫外防晒剂在再生水处理过程中并未得到完全去除,因此再生水的使用需经周密规划,以免对人体健康和生态环境造成威胁.     

长江江苏段有毒有机污染物的残留特征及来源分析

长江是江苏省重要的饮用水源地,同时也是污水废水的受纳场所,大量污染物排入水体,尤其是工业废水中含有大量有毒有机污染物,对健康和生态具有潜在危害.因此,有必要对长江水体展开有毒有机污染物的调查,了解这些污染物在长江中的污染水平、分布特征和来源.     

紫外-氯联合消毒处理及副产物生成特征研究进展

消毒处理是杀灭水中病原微生物的最关键环节,经过上百年的发展,已研发出几十种消毒处理技术.紫外-氯联合消毒技术在杀灭病原微生物方面兼具紫外线消毒和氯消毒的优点,但因水中存在为数众多的化学物质,紫外线和氯的联合处理可能导致该过程比单独的紫外处理或氯化处理发生更加复杂的化学反应,生成种类更多、毒性较强的消毒副产物.本文在大量文献资料调研的基础上,对紫外-氯联合消毒的原理、主要毒性消毒副产物的生成机制、影响因素及消毒处理方法的优化等方面进行了比较全面的综述,并分析了当前紫外-氯联合消毒处理中存在的问题和面临的挑战.     

评介《紫外吸收光谱法及其应用》

紫外吸收光谱法是许多有机物和无机物分析的很方便的一种手段。可用于定性和定量分析,其中定量分析是最重要的用途之一。 哈尔滨建筑工程学院黄君礼教授编著的《紫外吸收光谱法及其应用》,从实际应用出发,除了详细介绍了紫外吸收光潜的基本方法外,还介绍了紫外分光光度法在有机污染物监测、无机物测定、药品检验、农药制剂、添加剂、防腐剂、作物提取物等测定方面的大量应用实例,同时列出了几百个化合物的谱图,有重要的使用价值。     

利用eXtended Performance(XP)色谱柱改进美国药典(USP)噻康唑有机杂质分析方法

全世界的制药企业在日常工作中都需要对仿制药中的有机杂质进行分析.使用较为陈旧的仪器和色谱柱技术进行有机杂质分析,需要长时间并消耗大量的溶剂,既耗时又增加成本.然而通过使用显著     

颗粒物上十溴联苯醚的光降解反应

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类全球性的有机污染物,由于其持久性、毒性和潜在的生物累积性而备受关注.商业上主要使用的是十溴联苯醚(BDE-209),但是环境中检测出大量的较低溴代联苯醚,有可能来源于环境中BDE-209的光化学降解.研究在自行设计的光降解反应装置中,以太阳光和紫外灯(主波长为365 nm)为光源,对负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209进行照射实验.光照6 h后发现,负载在硅胶上的BDE-209(0.2 mg·g-1)在太阳光照射下,半衰期为35 min,而在紫外灯下仅为10 min;在紫外灯照射下负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209(0.4 mg·g-1)的半衰期为18 min.在不同光源或颗粒物中,BDE-209都发生了脱溴反应,生成较低溴代产物.暗反应表明,负载在硅胶和氧化铝上的BDE-209都没有发生光降解.这些结果表明,吸附在颗粒物气溶胶上BDE-209的光降解反应,可能是环境中BDE-209的一个重要归趋,同时,其产物可能是环境中低溴代联苯醚的一个重要来源.     

龙眼生长素受体基因TIR1的克隆及其与miR393互作关系

为了解龙眼生长素受体基因TIR1的功能,以龙眼胚性愈伤组织为材料,在转录水平上对TIR1(命名为Dl TIR1-3)及其启动子进行克隆和分析,并在转录后水平上研究TIR1与mi R393的相互调控关系.结果表明,Dl TIR1-3 c DNA全长2196 bp,包含ORF 1 716 bp,编码571个氨基酸(Gen Bank登录号:KR558761);生物信息学分析发现,Dl TIR1-3属于不稳定蛋白,不含有信号肽,含有跨膜螺旋结构,具有F-box保守结构域和富含异亮氨酸重复结构,且Dl TIR1-3与碧桃TIR1保持较高的同源性.染色体步移法克隆获得Dl TIR1-3启动子序列2909 bp(Gen Bank登录号:KR558763),该启动子不存在Cp G岛但含有大量光反应、激素应答、组织特异性调控、胁迫响应以及其他生长发育相关的作用元件.ps RNAtarget结合改良RLM-RACE验证表明mi R393能够裂解Dl TIR1-3从而抑制其m RNA转录;q PCR结果显示,Dl TIR1-3与mi R393相互平衡能够调节龙眼体胚形态建成及响应激素调控.由此可见,Dl TIR1-3通过转录水平的调控作用在龙眼生长发育、激素应答、组织分化及胁迫响应等过程中发挥重要功能,而在转录后水平上mi R393通过裂解Dl TIR1-3参与相关调控过程.     

潜流人工湿地中有机污染物降解机理研究综述

人工湿地是一种完整的生态系统,它是利用系统中发生的物理、化学和生物等多重协同作用实现对污水的净化功能.开展潜流人工湿地中废水处理的机理、湿地内部有机污染物的迁移转化、湿地工艺设计及其水力学、动力学参数的研究,对环境废水中有机污染物的去除及生态安全具有重要意义.文章主要从化学、生物、设计参数等方面论述了人工湿地废水处理中有机污染物的降解及其机理研究进展.化学因素主要包括溶解性有机质(DOM)对有机污染物的迁移转化、氧化还原环境(Redox)及废水中电子受体的存在对有机质的分解状况、不同溶解氧(DO)水平为厌氧、好氧细菌对有机物的生物降解及湿地内反应动力学模型建立等因素对废水中有机污染物降解的作用及影响;生物因素主要涉及植物和微生物的作用,湿地中的生物降解是有机污染物的主要去除方式;在工艺参数方面,主要就水流特性、孔隙度、停留时间(HRT)、水力负荷(HLR)和水位等因素对湿地中有机污染物去除的影响进行了探讨.     

在线固相萃取-液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱法快速筛查水体中60种有机毒物

采用在线固相萃取-液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间质谱(online SPE-LC-QTOF)对水体中农药、激素和抗生素等60种有机毒物进行快速筛查、定性识别和准确定量.样品经在线固相萃取小柱萃取吸附后,被流动相反冲出萃取小柱,进入C18色谱柱进行分离,正、负离子模式分别扫描测定.结果表明,60种化合物在一定浓度范围内呈良好的线性相关性,相关系数均大于0.998.各目标物的方法检出限为0.2—4.8 ng·L-1,在低、中、高的3个添加水平下,各化合物的平均回收率为70.5%—129%,相对标准偏差为1.4%—15.4%.该方法利用自建标准谱库检索,实现有机毒物的快速筛查,并使用二级特征碎片离子进行确证,具有快速高效等优点.太湖流域水体筛查结果阐明了太湖流域新型污染物的分布状况和污染规律.     

室内环境中持久性卤代有机污染物的人体暴露及潜在生殖健康影响

卤代持久性有机污染物(Hal-POPs),如多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、滴滴涕(DDT)等是环境中广泛存在的全球性有机污染物,同时它们又是内分泌干扰物,是威胁人类生殖健康的重要因素之一。由于人们每天约有80%以上的时间在室内度过,且室内环境是Hal-POPs人体暴露的主要来源之一,因此室内环境中Hal-POPs对人体内分泌系统的干扰作用及其机理等问题亟待研究,但目前这方面的研究很有限。本文通过综述Hal-POPs在室内环境中的赋存水平和在人体体内的负荷水平及其半衰期,探讨了其对人体内分泌系统尤其是男性生殖健康的影响情况及其可能的机理,并分析了目前研究的不足之处及研究前景,为进一步开展这方面的研究提供借鉴。     

Acute toxicity of benzophenone-type UV filters and paraben preservatives to freshwater planarian,Dugesia japonica

Fourteen benzophenone-type UV filters and four paraben preservatives were selected to examine their acute toxicities on Dugesia japonica. The 48-h LC₅₀ values for planarians exposed to benzophenone-type UV filters can be ranked as oxybenzone?>?mexenone?>?5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzophenone?> 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone?>?2-hydroxybenzophenone?>?dioxybenzone?>?benzophenone?>?2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone?>?4-hydroxybenzophenone?> 3-hydroxybenzophenone?>?4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone?>?2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone?>?2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone?>?sulisobenzone with a range from 0.9 to 145?mg?L^?1 with a similar sequence for the 96?h LC₅₀ values, ranging from 0.5 to 77?mg?L^?1. The 48 and 96?LC₅₀ values for planarians exposed to paraben preservatives can be ranked as butylparaben?>?propylparaben?>?ethylparaben?>?methylparaben. Among all the tested chemicals, oxybenzone was the most toxic and sulisobenzone the least toxic chemical to planarian at each exposure period. Most benzophenone-type UV filters are toxic to aquatic animals with 48?h LC₅₀ values less than 10 mg?L^?1, except for 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone, and sulisobenzone. Because of their common occurrence in aquatic environment, more studies on aquatic toxicities of benzophenone-type UV filters and paraben preservativs are needed to provide important information to adequately assess their ecological risk.     

Plant extract reduces tobacco smoke harmful effects on alveolar macrophage immune responses

Tobacco smoke is a major factor responsible for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although the best solution to reduce the incidence of these diseases is to quit smoking, there are still a large number of smokers. Thus, given the immunoregulatory properties of plant extracts, their capacity to reduce tobacco smoke harmful effects on alveolar macrophage (AM) functions was investigated. AM were treated with tobacco smoke extract and parenchymata tissue extract (PTE), or mesophyll cell extract (MCE) of Spinacia oleacea. The effects of tobacco smoke extract from PTE and MCE-treated cigarette filters were also investigated. AM production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and AM cytotoxicity were measured. Tobacco smoke extract significantly inhibited TNF, IL-10, and MCP-1 release, and AM cytotoxicity. The addition of PTE and MCE to tobacco smoke extract abrogated the inhibition of AM mediator release. However, only MCE restored AM cytotoxicity. Interestingly, tobacco smoke extract of PTE and MCE-treated cigarette filters showed reduced effects on AM functions. Tobacco smoke extract from MCE-treated (0.25%) cigarette filters did not inhibit TNF, IL-10, and MCP-1 release in contrast to tobacco smoke extract from buffer-treated cigarette filters. AM cytotoxic activity was not inhibited by the treatment with tobacco smoke extract from MCE-treated cigarette filters. Our data suggest that the presence of plant extract in cigarette filters reduces the inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke on AM functions. Thus, MCE-treated cigarette filters may help reducing lung diseases associated with smoking.     

邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的体外细胞毒性评价

邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalate esters, PAEs)是环境介质中的一类典型的有机污染物。已有研究表明,PAEs具有明显的内分泌干扰毒性,并会对动物和人体的生殖发育与神经系统造成损伤。体外细胞评价模型因具有高通量、测试周期短、成本低和毒性效应易于探明等技术优点,被广泛应用到PAEs毒理学效应的研究中。本文从内分泌干扰毒性、胚胎发育毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、遗传毒性以及致癌作用等方面,对PAEs的一些体外细胞毒性评价模型进行了分类和总结,并对其相应的研究进展进行了综述。本文旨在为体外细胞毒性评价模型的有效利用提供借鉴,并对PAEs毒性作用机制的深入研究提供思路和依据。     

UV wavelengths make female three-spined sticklebacks (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gasterosteus aculeatus</Emphasis>) more attractive for males

Numerous fishes possess UV vision and show UV patterns, which often play a role in social communication, especially during courtship. UV light is scattered strongly in water and thus might be used for intra-specific close-range communication without being detected by predators. In addition to the red-belly colouration and blue-coloured iris, male three-spined sticklebacks possess UV reflectance on their skin, and females prefer males presented with UV light rather than without. To investigate whether UV also influences male visual preference for females in this species, we used a dichotomous mate choice design in which one female could be viewed by a male in two visual conditions. Courting male sticklebacks preferred females that were presented in full-spectrum conditions including UV to the same females presented in conditions lacking this light component. Furthermore, control trials with neutral-density filters indicated that male preference in the UV treatment was not affected by a difference in achromatic brightness between the UV+ and UV− stimuli. Reflectance measurements of gravid females suggest an enhanced UV contrast between the dark bar pattern, which is characteristic of gravid females, and silvery body parts.     

The rise of glyphosate and new opportunities for biosentinel early‐warning studies

Glyphosate has become the most commonly used herbicide worldwide and is reputedly environmentally benign, nontoxic, and safe for use near wildlife and humans. However, studies indicate its toxicity is underestimated and its persistence in the environment is greater than once thought. Its actions as a neurotoxin and endocrine disruptor indicate its potential to act in similar ways to persistent organic pollutants such as the organochlorines dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dioxin. Exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides for both wildlife and people is likely to be chronic and at sublethal levels, with multiple and ongoing exposure events occurring in urban and agricultural landscapes. Despite this, there has been little research on the impact of glyphosate on wildlife populations, and existing studies appear in the agricultural, toxicology, and water‐chemistry literature that may have limited visibility among wildlife biologists. These studies clearly demonstrate a link between chronic exposure and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, cell damage, and immune suppression. There is a strong case for the recognition of glyphosate as an emerging organic contaminant and substantial potential exists for collaborative research among ecologists, toxicologists, and chemists to quantify the impact of glyphosate on wildlife and to evaluate the role of biosentinel species in a preemptive move to mitigate downstream impacts on people. There is scope to develop a decision framework to aid the choice of species to biomonitor and analysis methods based on the target contaminant, spatial and temporal extent of contamination, and perceived risk. Birds in particular offer considerable potential in this role because they span agricultural and urban environments, coastal, inland, and wetland ecosystems where glyphosate residues are known to be present.     

偏电压对Ti/TiO2光电催化氧化富里酸的影响

采用光电催化反应器对水中天然有机物富里酸(FA)进行降解试验,考察了外加阳极偏电压对光电催化反应器降解富里酸的影响.结果表明,当外加电压为1.2V时,具有最佳的UV254和有机碳TOC去除率,当反应时间为2h时,富里酸的UV254和总有机碳TOC的去除率分别为77.4%和45.4%.另外,在反应初期(前1h内)富里酸光电催化反应动力学常数主要受外加偏电压的影响.     

珠江流域野生淡水鱼中有机紫外线吸收剂的组织分布、生长稀释和物种特异性生物蓄积

以华南珠江流域9种野生淡水鱼为材料,本文研究了12种有机紫外线吸收剂（UVA）的组织分布、个体体型依赖性和物种特异性生物蓄积。鱼组织样品中12种UVA的浓度为109～2320 ng/g脂质重量（lw）。在超过一半的鱼组织样本中检测到2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮（BP-3）、八甲基丙烯（OCR）、UV531和5种苯并三唑类紫外线稳定剂（UVP、UV329、UV234、UV328和UV327）。UV531在野生淡水鱼体内具有明显的生物蓄积潜力,其生物蓄积因子（Log BAF）和生物沉积物蓄积因子（BSAF）分别为4.54±0.55和4.88±6.78。一般来说,肝脏（989±464 ng/g lw）的UVA含量最高,其次是腹部脂肪（599±318 ng/g lw）、膀胱（494±282 ng/g lw）、背肌（470±240 ng/g lw）和卵（442±238 ng/g lw）。淡水野生鱼体内UVA的生物积累表现出物种特异性和化合物依赖性。摄食杂食性鱼类的底栖食碎屑者含有明显较高的UVA浓度,表明摄食碎屑/沉积物是野生淡水鱼暴露于UVA的重要途径。UV531和BP-3表现出生长稀释的潜力。代谢可能在消除鱼组织中的UVA方面发挥重要作用,其中肝脏的代谢率最高。在珠江流域的淡水生态系统中,UVA没有显示出明显的营养级放大作用。有必要进行更多的研究来阐明UVA在生物体内的母体转移。