天津市污水以及再生水处理过程中的雌/孕激素干扰效应（Estrogen and Progesterone Interference Effect of Sewage and Reclaimed Water Treatment Process in Tianjin）

应用重组基因酵母检测了天津市4个污水处理厂以及2个再生水厂13个水样的雌/孕激素干扰效应.其中3个污水处理厂的进水检出了雌激素诱导活性,最高检测值为10.7ngEEQ·L-1;所有水样均未检测出孕激素诱导活性,但都检测出不同程度的孕激素抑制活性,其中检出了雌激素诱导活性的污水处理厂的进水具有相对较强的孕激素抑制活性.4个污水处理厂均不能完全去除孕激素抑制活性物质,去除率在44%～78%之间.微滤和臭氧氧化两种工艺结合对孕激素抑制活性物质的去除效率略优于MBR反应器.2个再生水厂出水加氯后孕激素抑制活性均有所增强.     

氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的毒性效应

为探明氰戊菊酯对鱼类不同生命阶段的毒性效应,以斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫为测试生物,评价了氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的急性毒性差异。研究发现,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫胚胎的96 h-LC50值分别为0.901(0.664~1.22)和0.636(0.233~1.74)mg·L~(-1)。氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化有明显的促进作用,染毒48 h后,0.188和0.375 mg·L~(-1)氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率分别为88.9%和100%。氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为0.00340、0.0183、0.00487 mg·L~(-1),氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为0.0520、0.00277、0.00345 mg·L~(-1)。因此,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼不同生命阶段的毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼成鱼幼鱼胚胎,氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的毒性为幼鱼成鱼仔鱼胚胎。试验结果表明,斑马鱼仔鱼对氰戊菊酯的敏感性高于稀有鮈鲫相应的生命阶段,相对于斑马鱼,稀有鮈鲫胚胎、幼鱼以及成鱼对氰戊菊酯的毒性作用更为敏感,说明氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的毒性效应差异较大。     

三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生长阶段的急性毒性比较

为探明三唑酮对鱼类不同生长阶段的毒性效应,以斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫为测试生物,检测了三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生长阶段的急性毒性差异。研究发现,三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫胚胎为低毒,其96 h-LC50值分别为21.1(14.4~31.0)和14.2(9.65~20.9)mg·L~(-1);高浓度的三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化有明显的抑制作用,染毒96 h后,23.7 mg·L~(-1)三唑酮组斑马鱼胚胎的孵化率为4.17%,22.5 mg·L~(-1)三唑酮组稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率为33.3%。三唑酮对斑马鱼仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼为低毒,其96 h-LC50值分别为24.8、21.3、13.1 mg·L~(-1),三唑酮对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼为中毒,其96 h-LC50值分别为9.96、7.89、6.89 mg·L~(-1)。因此,三唑酮对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生长阶段的毒性效应排序一致,毒性从高到低顺序依次为:成鱼幼鱼仔鱼。试验结果表明,相对于斑马鱼,稀有鮈鲫对三唑酮的毒性作用更为敏感,三唑酮对稀有鮈鲫不同生长阶段的毒性均高于斑马鱼相应生长阶段的毒性。     

毒性鉴别评价方法对城镇污水处理厂去除水中有毒物质的分析实例

以江苏省常州市城北污水算处理厂的进水、活性污泥处理系统的出水以及A^2O处理工艺的出水为研究对象，对进出水进行Daphnia magna急性毒性试验。结果表明，进水对Daphnia magna具有24h急性毒性，经过活性污泥处理工艺处理及A^2O处理工艺处理，两股出水均不显示24h急性毒性，采用毒性鉴别评价（Toxicity Identification Evaluation,TE）方法对进水进行监测和评价，发现曝气可去除进水的毒性，C18固相提取亦可去除进水毒性，进水中存在的主要毒物为易挥发的非极性有机化合物，进一步检测可知，进水中的关键毒物主要为邻丙基甲醛肟、1，1－甲基乙基－2－甲氧基苯酚、2－氮，氮二甲基苯甲醇等，此外，对2个处理系统出水进行GC／MS分析，可知出水中关键毒物基本被去除。     

低浓度五氯酚暴露对稀有鮈鲫体内SOD活性、GSH和HSP70含量的影响

为筛选检测低浓度五氯酚(PCP)对水生生物毒性效应较敏感的指标,将稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)暴露于浓度分别为0.5、1.5、5.0、15和50μg·L-1的PCP中2、7、14、21d,同时设乙醇对照组,检测稀有鮈鲫体内(整体匀浆)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、热激蛋白70(HSP70)含量等生化指标.结果表明,相同暴露时间下,随着PCP暴露浓度的升高,SOD活性均表现为先抑制后激活趋势,GSH和HSP70含量无明显变化;相同暴露浓度下,随着PCP暴露时间的延长,SOD活性均表现为先激活后抑制趋势,GSH和HSP70含量无明显变化.初步认定相对于GSH、HSP70含量,SOD活性的变化可以更有效地反映低浓度PCP对稀有鮈鲫的毒性效应.     

三氯酚暴露致稀有鮈鲫肝脏损伤的比较蛋白质组研究(Proteomic Analysis of Hepatic Protein Profiles in Rare Minnow （Gobiocypris rarus） Exposed to Trichlorophenol （TCP）)

为探讨2,4,6-三氯酚（2,4,6-TCP）暴露致鱼类肝脏损伤的毒性效应,以稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）为模式生物,TCP暴露浓度为1、10、100μg·L-1,进行流水暴露实验（28d）,利用二维凝胶电泳方法（2-DE）,结合质谱分析技术（MALDI-TOF-MS）,对TCP致稀有鮈鲫肝脏损伤的蛋白表达谱进行了研究. 结果显示,共发现35个差异蛋白点,其中11个蛋白被成功鉴定（C.I.>95%）. 对鉴定的蛋白根据GO Terms 进行功能分类,发现它们主要参与脂类代谢与转运、氧化应激以及蛋白修复和氧化磷酸化等生物学过程。以上结果表明,TCP对稀有鮈鲫具有明显的肝脏毒性效应.     

磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯阻燃剂对稀有鮈鲫的毒性效应

为研究新型阻燃剂磷酸三(2,3-二氯丙基)酯(TDCPP)的毒性效应,以稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)为实验生物,采用半静态实验方法,分别进行96 h和28 d的染毒,研究TDCPP对稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性和慢性毒性效应,并通过对稀有鮈鲫脑组织中与神经纤维的生长、发育、轴突再生等相关基因mRNA表达量的检测,初步探讨了TDCPP的神经毒性作用。结果表明：TDCPP对稀有鮈鲫的96 h-LC₅₀为2.99(2.20～3.38) mg·L^-1,根据化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准TDCPP属于剧毒性。经0.9、1.5、2.1和2.7 mg·L^-1 TDCPP染毒28 d,与对照组相比,暴露组稀有鮈鲫肝脏及脑组织中SOD和GSH-Px的活性均受到抑制,且随着TDCPP的暴露浓度增加,其抑制作用显著增强;暴露组稀有鮈鲫脑组织中与神经纤维的生长、发育相关的微管蛋白α/β、神经丝NF-M以及关键蛋白GAP-43等基因的mRNA表达量,与对照相比均发生显著下调。可知,TDCPP暴露可以诱发稀有鮈鲫神经毒性作用。     

两种典型氯酚类化合物暴露致稀有鮈鲫肝细胞的损伤效应（Toxicity Effects of Two Kinds of Typical Chlorophenols on Hepatocytes of Gobiocypris Rarus）

为探讨两种典型氯酚类化合物——三氯酚(Trichlorophenol,TCP)、五氯酚(Pentachlorophenol,PCP)单独和混合暴露对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocyprisrarus)肝脏细胞的毒性效应,实验建立了稀有鮈鲫肝细胞原代培养模型,通过噻唑蓝实验(MTT法)和单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)实验分别研究了TCP、PCP及其混合暴露对稀有鮈鲫肝细胞存活率的抑制作用,以及对DNA的损伤作用.结果显示:与对照组相比,TCP和PCP单独和混合暴露均对肝脏细胞的正常生长产生了抑制作用.低剂量暴露时(如0.5、2.5μg·L-1)具有显著的抑制作用(p<0.05);高剂量暴露时(如25、50μg·L-1)具有极其显著的抑制作用(p<0.01).SCGE实验结果显示:与对照组相比,暴露剂量高于12.5μg·L-1的TCP、PCP及其混合暴露均能引起稀有鮈鲫肝细胞DNA的显著损伤(p<0.05,p<0.01).以上结果提示,TCP和PCP具有肝细胞毒性,可以引起稀有鮈鲫肝细胞DNA损伤.     

复合型人工湿地模型对污水厂尾水的深度净化效果

采用由一级垂直流湿地、连续的4级沉水植物氧化塘和二级垂直流湿地组成的复合型人工湿地处理小城镇污水处理厂尾水。结果表明,在0.13 m3.m-2.d-1水力负荷条件下,模型出水仅ρ(CODCr)和ρ(氨氮)(以NH4+-N计)达到地表Ⅲ类水标准(GB 3838—2002);但当进水ρ(TP)达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级B标准时,出水ρ(TP)亦达到地表Ⅲ类水标准。当二级垂直流湿地水力负荷调整为0.06 m3.m-2.d-1时,出水ρ(TP)和ρ(TN)最终都达到地表Ⅲ类水标准。认为水体中TN主要通过一级垂直流湿地的过滤吸附和二级垂直流湿地的反硝化作用去除,而TP则主要以一级垂直流湿地中石灰石的吸附沉降方式来去除。     

城镇污水二级处理和再生水三级处理过程的雌激素活性变化

环境雌激素污染与野生动物性别比例和繁殖密切相关,是人体生殖功能紊乱、发育异常、心血管疾病和癌症发生等的重要因素之一。针对污水处理厂排水造成的环境雌激素污染,采用重组酵母菌方法研究大连、沈阳、哈尔滨和天津的5个典型城市污水厂和再生水厂水处理过程中雌激素活性的变化规律,分析二级处理和再生水厂三级处理对环境雌激素的削减效率。4个采用活性污泥法和紫外消毒工艺的污水厂出水的雌激素当量(EEQ)为0.5～1.5 ng·L~(-1)。再生水厂三级处理工艺的出水雌激素活性低于检测限(0.02 ng·L~(-1))。分级组分测试结果显示,污水雌激素活性主要由强极性组分和弱极性组分引起,紫外消毒后强极性组分雌激素活性升高。4个城市污水处理厂一级处理和活性污泥处理对环境雌激素的削减率为46%～81%,紫外消毒的削减率为5.2%～22%。某再生水厂混凝、微滤和反渗透对环境雌激素的削减率分别为63%、16%和98%。研究表明,活性污泥法二级处理排水回用仍造成一定程度环境雌激素污染,三级处理工艺可有效提高环境雌激素污染物削减率。     

二段生物接触氧化法处理含硫废水的中试研究

用二段生物接触氧化法探索炼油过程中所产生的含硫废水的处理新方法． 结果表明：经此工艺处理后的出水 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ、氨氮、硫化物和酚的质量浓度ρ分别为２６６ ．９ ｍｇ／ Ｌ、８２ ．８５ ｍｇ／ Ｌ、１ ．１８ ｍｇ／ Ｌ 和１ ．４３ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,相应的去除率分别为８６ ．３ ％ 、４０ ％ 、９２ ．７ ％ 和９９ ．３ ％ ,出水水质达到国家三级排放标准． 进出水水质的变化曲线表明,生物接触氧化法处理含硫废水对进水水质变化的适应能力比较强,出水水质比较稳定,显示了二段接触氧化法处理含硫废水的可行性     

A/O-MBR处理某经济区市政污水的效能

采用A/O-MBR法处理某经济区市政污水,对其进、出水的水质进行连续监测,考察系统稳定性和处理效果。结果表明,在水力停留时间12小时,污泥龄30天,回流比75%,好氧段DO浓度1.3～8.5 mg/L的条件下,系统对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均去除率分别为92.04%、93.66%、78.04%、91.06%。反硝化...     

Evaluation of the performance of rural wastewater treatment plants using chemical measurements in combination with statistical techniques: a case study

The performance of a wastewater treatment plant was assessed statistically using multivariate cluster and principle component analysis. This was after measuring some physico-chemical properties in the influent, effluent, downstream, and upstream waters over a 4-month period. The cluster analysis grouped the sampling sites into three clusters: relatively non-polluted (upstream), medium polluted (downstream), and polluted (influent and effluent). The polluted water was further subdivided into very highly (influent) and highly (effluent) polluted. The grouping of influent and effluent into one cluster was due to some water quality parameters such as amount of copper, lead, and phosphates that are not efficiently removed by the plant. Using principal component analysis, samples from the same site taken over a period of 4 months were scattered, indicating inconsistencies in the performance of the plant. This was more pronounced during the rainy season, suggesting that increased water volumes from open sewers make the already poorly performing plant worse. The major loading factors found by principle component analysis were phosphate, lead, iron, zinc, copper, pH, and conductivity. Generally, the wastewater treatment system was found to be efficient in removing heavy metals and these were found in the sludge, but not anions. The mean percentage metal removal could be arranged in the following decreasing order: iron (85%)?>?zinc (57%)?>?copper (40%) and lead (38%) following the concentrations (mg?kg^?1) found in the sludge: iron (11,300)?>?zinc (820)?>?copper (180)?>?lead (20)?>?cadmium (3). Phosphate and iron concentrations in the effluent were found to be above the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) recommendations. The major cause of poor performance is the high volume of the wastewater, exceeding the capacity of the plant 10 times.     

曝气生物滤池处理采油废水过程中有机物的降解

在曝气生物滤池(BAF)系统中,按水力停留时间(HRT)4h,对盐度为0.5% (W/V)的采油废水进行处理,并利用GC-MS对废水中有机物的构成进行分析,结果表明:采油废水中有机污染物的主要构成是9种支链烷烃和18种直链烷烃,分布范围从正十三烷(C13H28)到正三十二烷(C32H66).由于降解中间产物的累积,出水中烷烃类物质所占比例降低,而芳香族物质比例上升.在采油废水中烷烃的存在下, PAHs中最易被微生物降解的是含有4个苯环、脂溶性强的,降解效率达98.0%;而降解效果最差的为含有二个苯环、脂溶性较差的萘,降解效率仅为66.4%.     

Combined process of biofiltration and ozone oxidation as an advanced treatment process for wastewater reuse

The effluent of a wastewater treatment plant was treated in a pilot plant for reclaimed water production through the denitrification biofilter (DNBF) process, ozonation (O₃), and biologic aerated filtration (BAF). The combined process demonstrated good removal performance of conventional pollutants, including concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (27.8 mg·L⁻¹) and total nitrogen (9.9 mg·L⁻¹) in the final effluent, which met the local discharge standards and water reuse purposes. Micropollutants (e.g., antibiotics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals) were also significantly removed during the proposed process. Ozonation exhibited high antibiotic removal efficiencies, especially for tetracycline (94%). However, micropollutant removal efficiency was negatively affected by the nitrite produced by DNBF. Acute toxicity variations of the combined process were estimated by utilizing luminescent bacteria. Inhibition rate increased from 9% to 15% during ozonation. Carbonyl compound concentrations (e.g., aldehydes and ketones) also increased by 58% as by-products, which consequently increased toxicity. However, toxicity eventually became as low as that of the influent because the by-products were effectively removed by BAF. The combined DNBF/O₃/BAF process is suitable for the advanced treatment of reclaimed water because it can thoroughly remove pollutants and toxicity.     

Tracking Cryptosporidium in urban wastewater treatment plants in a cold region: Occurrence,species and infectivity

• Cryptosporidium in WWTPs in a cold region was investigated in different seasons. • The overall removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium in WWTPs was over 84%. • The infectivity rate declined below 53% in effluents mainly due to disinfection. • The infectivity of Cryptosporidium increased with a seasonal drop in temperature. • Low temperature promotes binding protein retention and virulence genes expression. This study investigated the occurrence, species, infectivity and removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium spp. across typical wastewater treatment train. Samples from different process units were collected seasonally and synchronously from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Northeastern China. Live Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in most samples from both influent (97.50%) and effluent (90.00%) wastewaters of the four WWTPs, at an average density of 26.34 and 4.15 oocysts/L, respectively. The overall removal efficiency was 84.25%, and oocysts were mainly removed (62.01%) by the modified secondary sedimentation process. Ten Cryptosporidium species were identified in the effluent samples. C. andersoni, C. bovis, and C. ryanae were the three most prevalent species. Oocyst viability assays indicated no reduction of excystation rate during the primary and secondary wastewater treatments (varied in the range of 63.08%–68.50%), but the excystation rate declined to 52.21% in the effluent after disinfection. Notably, the Cryptosporidium oocysts showed higher infection intensity in the cold season (winter and spring) than that in summer and autumn. The influences of environmental temperature on virulence factors of Cryptosporidium were further examined. It was observed that more extracellular secretory proteins were bound on the oocyst surface and several virulence genes were expressed relatively strongly at low temperatures, both of which could facilitate oocyst adhesion, invasion, and host immune evasion. This research is of considerable interest since it serves as an important step towards more accurate panoramic recognition of Cryptosporidium risk reduction in WWTPs, and especially highlights the potential health risk associated with Cryptosporidium in cold regions/seasons.     

广州大坦沙污水处理厂挥发有机物的去除及其向空气中的排放

对广州大坦沙污水处理厂各工艺阶段污水中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的测试表明,进水中主要有害VOCs为苯系物和卤代烃;进水和出水比较,苯 甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(合称BTEX) 的去除率接近100%,污水中几种主要卤代烃的去除效率范围为79%—89%.VOCs主要的去除作用发生在生物反应池,特别是厌氧阶段,本研究还对污水处理厂几种典型挥发有机物排放到周围空气中的量进行了理论估计,计算表明卤代烃进入空气中的比例高于BTEX.     

生物快滤池深度处理城市污水的性能及pH值变化规律

采用生物快滤池对城市污水厂二级出水进行深度处理的试验表明,生物快滤池对进水水质变化有很大的适应性,除卫生学指标外,其它指标出水绝大部分时间可满足生活杂用水水质标准(CJ25.1-89)中的洗车标准。随着进水水质的不同,生物快滤池中生化反应类型也随之变化,相应地滤池出水pH值也有不同的变化规律。可以通过生物快滤池进出水pH值的变化情况来判断滤池内生化反应类型和COD或氨氮指标的去除效果。     

滤层厚度对慢滤池深度处理污水的性能影响

将慢滤池用于污水二级出水的深度处理,并利用小试装置研究了滤层厚度对慢滤池性能的影响。选取浊度、COD和色度三个指标,在滤层不同深度处多次取样,分析各指标沿滤层厚度的变化。结果表明,采用粒径为0．4～0．6mm,滤层厚度为800mm的石英砂做滤床时,慢滤池对二级出水具有较好的净化效果：当进水浊度、COD和色度分别为1.3～6．9NTU、30．4～70．0mg·L^-1和20．6°～57．6°时,平均去除率分别达到86．5％、45．0％和46．3％。从试验结果可以看出,慢滤池类似一个微缩的污水二级处理系统,滤层表面的粘性滤膜起到类似初沉池的作用,可以对各指标实现较好的去除,58．6％的浊度、52．7％的COD和45．7％的色度是在滤层上部去除的;慢滤池中部起到类似曝气池的作用,下部起到类似二沉池的作用,对水质指标也能实现一定的去除。     

印染废水处理过程及排放水对草履虫遗传毒性评价

草履虫作为指示生物评估印染废水处理过程及排放水的毒性效应。急性毒性结果显示,原水、厌氧工段印染废水、好氧工段印染废水对草履虫的半数致死浓度(24h-LC₅₀)分别为54%、41%、98%;遗传毒性结果显示,印染废水原水、经处理的排放水在6.25%、12.25%稀释梯度下对草履虫造成的DNA损伤较对照组呈显著升高(p<0.01),而排放水对草履虫的DNA损伤较原水无显著性差异;草履虫增殖速率结果显示,印染废水排放水50%稀释梯度下对草履虫增殖速率有抑制作用。暴露于印染废水排放水中10%的草履虫其游动行为发生改变。以上结果表明,印染废水在经过处理后,理化指标均达到国家印染废水行业排放标准,但排放水仍对草履虫产生急性毒性,且遗传毒性较原水没有显著降低。水生生物毒性测试能有效补充理化指标评价,为印染废水行业全面达标排放提供依据。