TMA改性粘土矿物对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附

用短链季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子（ＴＭＡ）改性膨润土和凹凸棒土,研究它们对模拟地下水中苯系物的吸附作用。二种ＴＭＡ改性粘土矿物均可以有效地吸附模拟地下水中的苯系物,吸附机理较复杂,主要以表面吸附为主。     

双阳离子有机膨润土对菲的吸附性能及机理研究

用长碳链季铵盐溴化十六烷基三甲胺（ＣＴＭＡＢ）与短碳链阳离子表面活性剂（ＴＭＡＢ）按不同配比改性膨润土。制得一系列双阳离子有机膨润土。研究了双阳离子有机膨润土吸附水中菲的适宜条件、性能及机理，结果表明，双阳离子有机膨润土的层间距、有机碳含晡对菲的吸附性能与改性时表面活性剂的加入量成正相关；菲等温吸附曲线呈线性，是菲在水－双阳离子有机膨润土之间分配作用的结果。     

有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中苯酚的研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵为改性剂制备有机膨润土，研究了有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中典型有机污染物苯酚的性能、条件及改性条件对吸附效果的影响。结果表明，有机膨润土对苯酚有很好的吸附效果，实验条件下对苯酚的去除率可达90％以上，pH值是影响有机膨润土吸附能力的主要因素，绘制了不同初始浓度的苯酚溶液在平衡浓度达国家工业废水的第二类污染物三级排放标准时，改性膨润土的用量曲线及吸附等温线，并得到投样量方程：y＝0．1959x－0．2458，R^2＝0．9751。     

胶原纤维固化黑荆树单宁吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

研究了胶原纤维固化黑荆树单宁对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附．采用不同温度、pH值等条件进行吸附研究，并进一步探讨了固化黑荆树单宁的吸附动力学和吸附柱动力学及其吸附机理．结果表明，该材料对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附平衡符合Freundlich方程，温度对吸附平衡的影响不明显；吸附动力学可用拟二级速度方程来描述，该材料同时具有良好的柱动力学特性；Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附过程可能存在3个反应，即Cr（Ⅵ）与吸附剂之间发生氧化还原反应生成Cr（Ⅲ），Cr（Ⅲ）和-COOH之间发生离子交换反应，以及Cr（Ⅲ）与单宁的邻位羟基发生螯合．图8表2参10     

Cr3+改性膨润土对苯胺的吸附性能研究

研究了Cr^3 改性膨润土吸附苯胺的性能及适宜条件．结果表明，Cr^3 改性膨润土对苯胺具有很好的吸附效果，吸附过程很快达到平衡，酸性和中性环境均有利于吸附过程的进行．绘制了不同初始浓度下苯胺溶液在平衡浓度达国家工业废水第二类污染物三级排放标准和二级排放标准时，Cr^3 改性膨润土的用量和吸附等温线，并将吸附效果与原钙基膨润土、钠化膨润土和有机改性膨润土进行了对比。     

有机膨润土对苯胺的吸附性能及应用研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵为改性剂制备有机膨润土，利用正交实验研究了有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中极性有机污染物苯胺的性能、条件及改性条件对吸附效果的影响。结果表明，有机改性膨润土对苯胺有很好的吸附效果，实验条件下对苯胺的去除率可达90％以上，绘制了有机膨润土吸附苯胺的吸附等温线，通过与吸附苯酚效果的比较，总结了有机膨润土吸附极性有机污染物的一般规律。     

除草剂苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附

对除草剂苯噻草胺在6种不同土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明,土壤对苯噻草胺有较强的吸附性。在试验浓度范围内,苯噻草胺的土壤吸附行为可用线性吸附模型表征。土壤有机质是影响苯噻草胺吸附行为的重要因素,其吸附系数有随土壤有机质含量增高而增大的趋势。通过在线性吸附系数（Kd)和土壤有机质含量（OM％）之间构建的回归方程：Kd=2.6120 OM% 1.0746,可以预测苯噻草胺的Kd值,其预测的可靠性通过蒙特卡洛模拟得以检验。     

粘土改性条件的研究Ⅰ.膨润土的改性

考察了改性膨润土的致孔剂加入量、溴化十六烷基三甲胺 (CTMAB)加入量、CTMAB溶液浓度和吸附时间对CTMAB吸附量的影响 .测得加工后的膨润土对CTMAB的饱和吸附容量为 34 0 0± 30 0mg·1 0 0g- 1膨润土 .膨润土对CTMAB的吸附表现出Lang muir吸附特征 .6 0℃ ,当CTMAB的加入量为膨润土饱和吸附容量的 1 3— 1 5倍 ,CTMAB溶液浓度≥ 2mg·ml- 1,吸附时间超过 2 0h时 ,膨润土基本达到饱和吸附 .并考察了有机膨润土对于水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯 (BTEX)的去除效果 .     

PDMDAAC-膨润土对对硝基苯酚吸附特性的研究

以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为改性剂,对天然钙基膨润土进行有机改性,比较PDMDAAC-膨润土与膨润土对对硝基苯酚废水的处理性能,研究了改性剂用量以及对硝基苯酚浓度、pH值、反应时间等因素对膨润土吸附去除率的影响．结果表明：PDMDAAC改性膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附效果比膨润土有较大提高,吸附去除率达84％;吸附后的PDMDAAC-膨润土可用酸进行再生,再生后对对硝基苯酚的吸附去除率没有明显下降;PDMDAAC-膨润土对对硝基苯酚的吸附行为可用Freundlieh型吸附等温线较好地进行拟合．     

沉积物不同天然有机组分对氨氮吸附特征的影响

为估算沉积物不同天然有机组分吸附态氨氮携载量．采用平衡吸附法研究西辽河沉积物不同天然有机组分对氨氮吸附特征的影响。结果表明,去除有机质后的沉积物对氨氮的吸附能力大大降低,其碳标化饱和吸附量（Гmoc）和吸附分配系数（Koc）分别为重组的55．30％和69．49％,说明有机质是影响氨氮在沉积物上吸附特征的主要因素。氨氮在轻组有机组分上的吸附以分配作用为主（Koc=85．57）;稳结态和紧结态腐殖质是形成沉积物疏松多孔团聚体结构的重要胶结物质,氨氮在重组有机组分上的吸附除分配作用外,还存在孔隙填充方式的吸附;重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质（胡敏素）对氨氮吸附起关键作用（Гmoc,=5857．78mg·kg-1）。轻组有机质、稳结态腐殖质和紧结态腐殖质携载的吸附态氨氮可分别按重组（Гmoc=3477．81mg·kg-1）的0．32、1．21和1．68倍估算。关键词：沉积物;天然有机组分;氨氮;吸附;碳标化吸附分配系数;碳标化饱和吸附量     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.