水中N-亚硝胺的富集及色谱分析测试技术

N-亚硝胺化合物是一类新发现的饮用水消毒副产物,因其具有强致癌性而成为研究热点.本文以水体中痕量N-亚硝胺为对象,综述了近年来的富集及色谱分析测试方法,比较了不同富集技术如液液萃取、固相萃取和固相微萃取技术的优缺点及应用现状.其中GC技术灵敏度高、适用水体范围广,其灵敏度完全满足常见8种N-亚硝胺的分析检测;该方法的缺点是不适于直接分析挥发度低、热不稳定的N-亚硝胺.LC技术可直接分析某些气相色谱难以分析的极性强、挥发度低、分子量大及热不稳定的N-亚硝胺如N-亚硝基二苯胺(NDPh A),缺点是对质谱仪的灵敏度要求较高,当采用低分辨率的串联质谱仪检测复杂水体中亚硝胺时易出现假阳性结果.通过阐述气相色谱(GC)及液相色谱(LC)技术在水体N-亚硝胺测试中的应用,为精确分析水中N-亚硝胺含量提供方法参照.     

饮用水中卤代硝基甲烷的分布特点、来源及毒性研究进展

卤代硝基甲烷（HNMs）是饮用水消毒过程中常见的一类含氮消毒副产物（N-DBPs）,相比已受监管的消毒副产物（DBPs）具有更强的细胞毒性和遗传毒性.本文简述了HNMs在水中分布特点和来源,并从致突变性、细胞毒性、遗传毒性、致癌性等方面总结了其毒性效应和毒性机制,以期引起广大人群对HNMs的关注,为饮用水安全保障和HNMs控制提供科学参考依据.     

饮用水中消毒副产物的消减措施

为了去除水中的病毒和细菌等有毒物质,在饮用水中添加氯是最常用的一种消毒方法.但是由于加入的氯会与水中的天然有机物(NOM)反应,产生包括三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)在内的各种氯化消毒副产物.这些消毒副产物的去除对饮用水的安全是一个值得关注的问题.     

新型含氮消毒副产物的生成机制及毒性研究进展

含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)具有很高的生物毒性和致癌性,近年来受到广泛关注。本文对目前N-DBPs的研究进展进行了概述,重点总结了典型N-DBPs包括卤乙腈(HANs)、卤代硝基甲烷(HNMs)、卤代乙酰胺(HAcAms)和亚硝胺(NAs)的生成机制;并归纳了N-DBPs的毒性效应和毒性机制。根据N-DBPs的生成途径,应该重点控制水中含胺类氮源前体物,并优化设计消毒剂种类和投加方式,在控制病原体的前提下,尽量削减高毒性N-DBPs的生成。本研究旨在为控制消毒副产物生成、提高饮用水水质提供理论参考。     

超高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪分析消毒副产物——卤乙酸

目前,大多数自来水的消毒主要是采用氯消毒法,该法便捷、经济,目的是控制水中致病菌,使其满足人类的健康要求,然而,氯消毒会产生副产物,如三卤甲烷(THMs)、卤乙酸(HAAs)等.这使得饮用水的致癌风险明显增加,研究表明:饮用氯消毒水使患膀胱癌、直肠癌和结肠癌的危险增加,早期消毒副产物的毒理学研究偏重于三卤甲烷类,最近对卤乙酸的致癌性研究逐渐增加,目前,消毒副产物问题是国际给水界的热点问题之一.     

二氧化氯与氯联合消毒对饮用水中消毒副产物的影响

为了研究二氧化氯与氯联合消毒工艺过程中消毒副产物的形成规律以及特点,探讨二氧化氯对氯化消毒副产物的控制效果,对我国北方某市使用同一水源的4家水厂消毒工艺进行全面的采样与检测,并对各项消毒副产物检测结果进行了全面的分析.结果表明,二氧化氯与氯联合消毒比单纯液氯消毒形成的三卤甲烷平均降低74.39%,卤乙酸平均降低40.6...     

离子色谱法测定饮用水中亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴酸盐、二氯乙酸及三氯乙酸

消毒副产物(Disinfection by-products,DBPs)是指用消毒剂对饮用水消毒时,消毒剂与水中含有的天然有机物反应生成的化合物.随着水处理技术的发展,对水处理中产生的各类消毒副产物的研究也日益关注.氯气、漂白粉和臭氧在消毒过程会产生少量对人体健康不利的副产物,如亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐等.其中溴酸盐是饮用水中臭氧消毒的副产物,已被世界卫生组织和美国EPA列为潜在的致癌物,甚至在含量低至1μg.L-1也有致癌的作用.美国环境保护署(USEPA)和世界卫生组织(WHO)在最新的饮用水法规中规定饮用水中溴酸盐的含量不得超过10μg.L-1.我国最新的饮用水规范中也建议生活饮用水中溴酸盐的最高含量不允许超过10μg.L-1.卤代乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs)是饮用水加氯消毒时氯与水中存在的天然有机物反应生成的一类消毒副产物,通     

饮用水氯化消毒新副产物2,2,4-三氯-5-甲氧基-环戊-4-烯-1,3-二酮(TCMCD)的测定

自上个世纪70年代发现饮用水消毒副产物(Disinfection byproducts,DBPs)三卤甲烷(THMs)以来,已有近600种DB-Ps被发现和鉴定.最新的研究发现,一些新检出的DBPs如二甲基亚硝胺、卤代硝基甲烷较常规的DBPs三卤甲烷、卤代酸等具有更大的细胞毒性及基因毒性,开展对未知DBPs的研究对于保障人类的饮水安全有着重大的意义.     

生活饮用水中消毒副产物卤乙酸的UHPLC-MS/MS分析

采用Agilent UHPLC1290-6460QQQ建立了自来水中消毒副产物9种卤乙酸的高效快速分析方法.本方法采用Zobax Plus Eclipse C8和甲醇-水流动相体系在4 min实现一氯乙酸（MCAA）、二氯乙酸（DCAA）、三氯乙酸（TCAA）、一溴乙酸（MBAA）、二溴乙酸（DBAA）、三溴乙酸（TBAA）、一氯一溴乙酸（BCAA）、一氯二溴乙酸（CDBAA）和一溴二氯乙酸（BDCAA）的分析;在1—100μg.L-1浓度范围内,9种卤乙酸的相关系数（R2）均大于0.99;50μg.L-1浓度下,连续进样6针,RSD在1.98%—4.04%范围内.其中二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸在1μg.L-1浓度下,信噪比（S/N）分别为：315和50.本方法完全满足生活饮用水卫生标准要求,可以作为消毒副产物卤乙酸类物质的监测方法.     

饮用水中高分子量消毒副产物的检测识别方法

消毒是饮用水处理过程中的重要步骤,但普遍采用的氯系消毒剂在杀灭细菌病毒的同时,能产生大量具有“三致”效应的卤代消毒副产物（DBPs）,严重威胁了饮用水的化学安全.研究人员已在饮用水中陆续检测并识别出700多种DBPs,但这些已知DBPs均为分子量小于800 Da的低分子量DBPs,目前对高分子量DBPs的认识还较为有限.本研究建立了基于基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF MS）的高分子量DBPs检测方法,发现在基质为2,5-二羟基苯甲酸,阳离子化试剂为三氟乙酸钠,使用三明治法点靶,反射-正离子模式,90%激光强度时,信噪比和信号重现性达到最优,信噪比之和达到了136.2,变异系数（CV）则为4.77%.利用上述方法,在模拟饮用水中检测到5种新的高分子量DBPs.在此基础上,通过同位素模式分析、TOF/TOF串联质谱和数据库验证,建立了针对未知高分子量DBPs的分子式/结构式识别方法,确定新的高分子量DBPs为寡糖羧酸类物质.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.