燃煤型砷中毒的最低有效累积暴露剂量初探

以陕南燃煤型砷中毒病区的5个自然村为调查采样点,通过现场流行病学调查和环境样品的分析测定,分析砷暴露人群的砷暴露途径,估算各暴露途径(呼吸、饮水和食物)的暴露剂量及对总暴露的贡献率,探讨引发燃煤型地方性砷中毒发病的最低有效暴露剂量。研究结果表明,除对照村外,采暖季各村的烤火间和卧室空气砷含量均有不同程度的超标,水和粮食未受燃煤砷污染。在采暖季,高砷煤燃烧污染的空气是人群砷暴露的主要来源;在非采暖季消化道砷暴露是各村的主要摄砷途径;提示消化道暴露对累积砷暴露的贡献不容忽视。结合问卷调查和流行病学调查结果,估算陕南病区引发燃煤型砷中毒的最低累积暴露剂量在1 712 mg左右。     

地方性砷中毒地区环境砷暴露健康风险研究进展

自然因素引起的环境高砷暴露及其健康效应,尤其是饮水型地方性砷中毒是砷污染健康风险评估的基础。总结地方性砷中毒在环境砷暴露的风险识别、暴露途径和暴露与健康效应关系研究中的作用基础上,指出了地方性砷中毒研究中仅强调了饮水污染,关注的暴露途径比较单一,因此,人体多途径联合砷暴露的健康风险评估过程存在较大的不确定性。我国是唯一存在饮水和燃煤2种自然环境高砷暴露的国家,是研究2种类型砷暴露异同的天然场地,然而目前环境高砷的暴露及其健康效应的研究均为独立研究,对燃煤型地方性砷中毒在呼吸链砷暴露风险评估中的作用重视不够。因此,通过开展两种环境砷暴露及其健康效应的综合比较研究,建立呼吸链暴露评估和暴露-健康效应模型,可以为人体多途径联合砷暴露的健康风险研究提供新的依据。     

燃煤型砷中毒病区尿砷甲基化代谢和砷致皮肤损伤危险度的关系初探

砷中毒具有特异的皮肤损伤特征。为了研究燃煤型砷中毒病区高砷暴露、人体甲基化代谢能力与皮肤损伤患病风险之间的关系,在陕南典型燃煤型砷中毒村进行了皮肤损伤诊断和流行病学调查,采集尿样并分析总砷及形态砷含量,同时计算了用于表征人体砷甲基化代谢能力的指标包括尿中无机砷、一甲基砷和二甲基砷占总砷的百分含量(i As%、MMA%、DMA%),以及一甲基化率(PMI=MMA/i As)和二甲基化率(SMI=DMA/MMA)。Logistic回归分析结果表明:尿总砷含量(UTAs)是砷致皮肤损伤的危险因素(OR=1.038,95%CI:1.003~1.073),二甲基砷百分含量和SMI是皮肤损伤的保护因素(OR=0.883,95%CI:0.798~0.976;OR=0.724,95%CI:0.535~0.978);且砷致皮肤损伤的危险度随砷暴露水平的增高和甲基化能力的降低而增大。     

燃煤污染型氟中毒病区人体氟通量的测定

燃煤污染型氟中毒病区氟的传输途径较为复杂 ,除燃煤烘烤的粮食和蔬菜外 ,还涉及到水、气及煤炭开采和运输中对外环境所形成的污染等 .但无论以什么渠道进入人体的过量氟 ,它所导致机体生化和病理改变的程度都与环境介质中的氟进入机体的通量有密切关系 .这里的环境介质系指与人体有关的尘土、饮水、空气、粮食、蔬菜等 .近年来 ,我国在燃煤污染型氟中毒的环境流行因素调查和防治科研等方面进行了大量的工作 ,并取得一系列成果 .本文就典型病区生态系统中氟的传输通量予以初步探讨 ,以期为燃煤污染型氟中毒病区环境氟的风险评价和防治重心的…     

中国饮水型砷中毒区的水化学环境与砷中毒关系

中国各饮水型砷中毒区的水化学特点受沉积环境和气候因素所控制,砷中毒的流行和发病程度与其地下水的水化学环境、水中砷的形态和价态有密切联系。在实地考察监测和对台湾、新疆、内蒙古、山西、吉林饮水型砷中毒病区环境和地下水水化学特征总结的基础上,系统分析了饮水水源中总As、As(III)、甲基胂、腐植酸与砷中毒的关系,揭示了不同病区病情差异的原因。研究表明,除台湾外,各砷中毒区均分布在干旱半干旱区;各病区多分布在沉积盆地中心或平原内相对低洼的地带,饮用的地下水均取自中新生代地层;砷中毒病情不仅与总砷含量有明显的剂量-效应关系,还与As(III)和甲基胂的浓度直接相关。台湾、内蒙古和山西病区地下水为富含有机质的复杂还原环境,水中不仅As(III)含量高,且检出有机物、腐植酸和甲基胂,新疆和吉林病区地下水为以无机砷中As(V)为主的氧化环境,吉林病区未检测出甲基胂,这是新疆与吉林病区患病率较低的主要原因。研究成果可为区域防病改水、砷中毒的预报提供重要技术支撑。     

饮水型砷中毒病区人群砷暴露量及尿砷的季节变化

地下水高砷暴露的健康危害是环境与健康领域面临的巨大挑战。水砷含量及暴露人群饮水量参数的季节性变化可能影响饮水砷暴露评估的准确性。本研究选择内蒙古饮水砷中毒病区为研究区,测定丰水期(2013年5月)和枯水期(2013年12月)居民饮用水和尿液各形态砷(三价无机砷iAs~(3+)、五价无机砷iAs~(5+)、一甲基砷MMA~(5+)和二甲基砷DMA~(5+)+)含量,研究砷暴露量和尿砷的季节变化。结果表明,丰水期水砷含量(134.4±25.8)μg·L~(-1)显著低于枯水期的(163.2±38.1)μg·L~(-1),且丰水期水中iAs~(3+)的含量(58.9±51.2)μg·L~(-1)也显著低于枯水期的(100.1±49.0)μg·L~(-1)。研究人群丰水期通过饮水的摄砷量为313.1μg·d~(-1),低于枯水期的378.6μg·d~(-1)。此外,丰水期居民尿液总砷含量(218.6μg·L~(-1))显著低于枯水期(283.1μg·L~(-1))。丰水期女性居民尿液iAs、MMA~(5+)和总砷含量随当季饮水iAs~(5+)含量的升高而显著降低,枯水期女性尿液MMA5+含量随当季饮水iAs~(3+)及iAs含量的升高而显著升高。可见,病区居民饮水砷暴露量与尿砷含量具有明显的季节差异性,饮水砷与尿砷的关系受饮水砷形态、季节变化及性别等因素影响。     

西南某矿区家庭灰尘中重金属的暴露及其健康风险评价

家庭灰尘是人群居住场所的重要环境介质,人群可通过吸入、摄食及皮肤接触等途径摄入灰尘中的污染物,对健康造成一定的损伤。为探索我国西南某矿区周边村庄室内重金属的污染对人群健康的潜在风险,采用2014年3月对我国西南某矿区周边村庄室内灰尘中重金属污染水平调查的数据,结合美国EPA健康风险评价模型对人群健康风险进行分析。结果表明:人群非致癌风险和致癌风险暴露剂量均表现为儿童>成人男性>成人女性,呈现手-口摄食途径>皮肤接触途径>吸入途径,其中儿童、成人男性和成人女性手-口摄食暴露途径占总暴露剂量的98.16%、55.61%和51.5%;儿童以Pb、Cr的暴露为主,成人以Cr的暴露为主;家庭灰尘中单种重金属元素和多途径叠加的非致癌风险在8.81E-03~1.24E-02之间,均小于1,其中儿童以Pb的非致癌风险为主,经手-口摄食暴露占总风险的40%;致癌风险在4.19E-05~3.35E-04之间;A、B、C村儿童的致癌风险均高于US EPA所推荐的可接受水平10-4,其暴露剂量和健康风险均为成人男性和成人女性的5~6倍,且以Cr通过手-口摄食暴露产生的风险最大,占总风险的93%左右。     

汞污染及人体负荷研究进展

汞污染是个全球性的问题,汞在一些厌氧微生物的作用下会生成毒性较大的甲基汞,对人体健康产生威胁.本文综述了汞污染以及人体负荷的一些研究进展,包括汞对人体的危害、生物学指标、普通人群甲基汞暴露的两条主要途径等.之前普遍认为食用鱼贝类等水产品是造成人体甲基汞暴露的主要途径,但最近有研究发现大米中甲基汞含量偏高,食用大米会造成潜在甲基汞暴露风险.目前大米甲基汞暴露研究大多集中在我国贵州地区,未来非常有必要在更多的地区开展大米中甲基汞水平的调查,评价大米中低剂量甲基汞长期暴露的风险,以保障大米的安全性.     

微塑料的人群暴露途径及其健康危害

微塑料污染是近几年来出现的新环境问题,但目前对人群的微塑料暴露途径及其可能的健康危害并不清楚.本文基于现有微塑料研究的相关文献,重点分析了人类通过食物摄取、饮水以及空气接触的微塑料暴露途径,估算了中国人通过海鲜和食盐可能摄取的微塑料量,并对微塑料的多种潜在生理毒性进行了综述.进一步提出了今后需要系统研究微塑料的人体暴露途径、探索自然环境微塑料浓度下的人体健康风险、关注微塑料对人体肠道微生物的影响等优先研究方向,为正确评价微塑料的人体健康风险提供了理论依据.     

多氯联苯的膳食暴露及健康风险评价研究进展

多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)作为一类人工合成的氯代持久性有机污染物,极易通过生物富集作用在食物链中累积和传递,从而对人体健康构成极大的威胁.研究表明,膳食摄入PCBs是普通人群最主要的暴露途径.因此,不少国家陆续开展了针对普通人群的PCBs膳食暴露的调查研究.本文对国内外普通人群的PCBs膳食暴露水平及其健康风险评价的研究进展进行了综述,为后续进一步开展相关研究提供参考.     

土著细菌对江汉平原浅层含水层沉积物中砷迁移的影响

对江汉平原水文地质调查发现,该地区地下水砷含量已远超国家饮用水标准。以沉积物培养的土著细菌混合液为生物材料,以江汉平原高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,在实验室内模拟地下水系统,研究厌氧环境条件下,不同生物量土著细菌和pH值对沉积物中砷迁移转化的影响,以及土著细菌活动下砷在不同沉积物中的迁移转化。结果表明,不同生物量菌悬液都能促进沉积物中As的释放,增加总As和As(III)的浓度,但150mL处理组,在研究后期,总As和As(III)的浓度呈现减缓趋势;在初始生物量一定的条件下,沉积物中As含量越高,细菌活动下总As相对释出量就越低,而且As(III)占所释出总As的比值就越高,但两个高砷含量沉积物组的差异较小;在初始pH值为5、7和9的培养条件下,细菌都能加速砷的迁移,但pH值为5的处理组(简称pH5处理组)最弱,在前8天,pH9处理组较pH7处理组的低,随后超过pH7处理组。研究表明,土著细菌悬液能加速As从沉积物中释出,并且释出的As以As(III)为主;在耐受的弱碱性环境条件下,细菌对砷的迁移和转化随环境的pH值增加而增强。     

抗氧化系统在蜈蚣草细胞砷解毒机制中的作用

砷超富集植物——蜈蚣草体内可以富集高浓度的砷且不表现出受害症状,暗示蜈蚣草细胞具有较强的砷解毒机制.为探讨抗氧化系统在蜈蚣草砷解毒机制中的作用,测定了0、0.5、1和2mmol/L的砷酸盐[As(Ⅴ)]、亚砷酸盐[As(Ⅲ)]和二甲基胂酸盐(DMA)处理下蜈蚣草愈伤组织的丙二醛(Malonyldiadehyde,MDA)含量、非酶类抗氧化物质含量和酶类抗氧化物质的活性.结果表明,0.5mmol/L As(Ⅴ)和DMA就可以诱导氧化胁迫的产生,浓度越高胁迫程度也越严重.而1mmol/L的As(III)仍未使蜈蚣草愈伤组织产生氧化胁迫.在As(Ⅲ)处理下,酸溶性巯基含量增加,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量不变,过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性增加.在As(Ⅴ)处理下,酸溶性巯基含量减少,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量略有上升;CAT和POD活性先增加后减少.在DMA处理下,酸溶性巯基含量减少,叶绿素含量降低而类胡萝卜素含量增加,CAT和POD活性先增加后减少.与As(Ⅴ)和DMA相比,As(Ⅲ)处理下高酸溶性巯基含量、高氧化酶活性和低MDA含量暗示As(Ⅲ)对蜈蚣草的毒性可能比As(Ⅴ)和DMA要小.这些结果表明,酸溶性巯基和酶类抗氧化物质(CAT和POD)在蜈蚣草细胞砷解毒机制中发挥着重要作用.图4参22     

海洋生物体内砷含量及其形态研究进展

砷是一种强毒性化学物质,毒性不但与其在环境中的总量有关,更与其化学形态密切相关。砷在海洋环境中普遍存在,而海洋生物体内砷化合物的含量较高,是海洋环境中的"砷库"。本文结合国内外对海洋生物体内总砷及砷形态的分析,总结了国内外对各类海洋生物,包括海藻、海葵、多毛类、贝类、鱼类和其他高营养级海洋动物体内不同形态砷含量、累积和形态转化等研究概况和进展。针对目前研究工作和技术水平差异,建议我国应在检测技术、样品前处理、标准品制备、砷对生物体的健康效应等方面开展深入研究,以期揭示海洋生物对砷的累积规律、形态转化机制以及在人类体内代谢过程与危害性,为保护海洋生态环境、维护海洋食品安全提供科学依据。     

As(V)-reduction to As(III) by arsenic-resistant Bacillus spp. bacterial strains isolated from low-contaminated sediments of the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon,Italy

Five arsenic-resistant bacterial strains designated MT1, MT2, MT3, V1 and V2 were isolated from sediments of the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon (Italy), which comprises six small lakes whose sediments contain low arsenic concentrations. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences assigned them to the genus Bacillus. Bacillus sp. strain MT3 showed higher tolerance to As(III) and As(V), as indicated by minimum inhibitory concentrations of 14 and 135 mmol^?1, respectively. Bacillus sp. strain V1 showed growth inhibition at 14 mmol^?1 in the presence of As(III) and at 68 mmol^?1 in the presence of As(V), whereas the arsenic resistance of Bacillus sp. strain MT1 was 10 and 27 mmol^?1 for As(III) and As(V), respectively. The strains Bacillus spp. MT2 and V2 showed low levels of As(III) and As(V) resistance, as it was unable to grow at concentrations>7 and 14 mmol^?1, respectively. The isolated arsenic-resistant Bacillus spp. strains were able to reduce As(V) to As(III), especially Bacillus spp. strain MT3. This study suggests that the isolated bacterial strains play a role in the arsenic biogeochemical cycle of arsenic-poor sediments in the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon.     

福建省稻米中的砷水平及其健康风险研究

为更好了解区域水平上水稻(OryzasativaL.)砷所引起的健康风险,在福建省9个地区采集了206份水稻样品并对其总砷和无机砷含量进行了分析,然后在此基础上建立风险评价模型并对其健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,福建省水稻精米中总砷平均含量为(0.105±0.091)mg·kg-1,无机砷平均含量为(0.045±0.019)mg·kg-1。全省所有样品中无机砷含量符合中国国家标准规定的限量标准(MCL)0.15mg·kg-1。通过膳食调查的数据和水稻无机砷含量对每天通过稻米消费无机砷摄入量进行了计算,全省平均每天无机砷摄入量为13.50μg,并且9个地区每天无机砷摄入量均超过了美国国家研究委员会所规定的最大限量标准10μg·d-1。根据无机砷摄入量和癌症斜率因子所构建的癌症风险模型结果表明,福建省稻米无机砷所引起的癌症风险为每100000有37.5人,虽然低于中国的平均水平(每100000有61人),但是超过了美国国家环境保护局所规定的可以接受的癌症风险的上限(每100000人有10人)。因此,需要进一步通过流行病学方面的调查来确定福建省稻米无机砷摄入和健康风险之间的关系。     

Species-level study on arsenic availability from dietary components

Arsenic (As) contaminated water and foodstuffs are of major concern. Samples of drinking–cooking water (n = 50), raw rice (n = 50), common vegetables (eight types), and common pulses (three types) were collected from households in the endemic region. The study found up to 70% As reduction by using safe water for cooking of rice and vegetables. Speciation study reflected more arsenate than arsenite and other organic arsenicals in all the types of samples. Male intake of 293 μg As through drinking water contained 38 μg arsenite and 246 μg arsenate, and female intake of 199 μg As contained 167 μg arsenate and 25 μg arsenite. In cooked rice, 108 μg As contained 69 μg arsenate and 17 μg arsenite with 9 μg dimethylarsonic acid (DMA). Total As consumption from cooked vegetables was 45 μg with 34 and 4 μg of arsenite and arsenate, respectively, and 5 μg of DMA. Data indicate that cooking with As-free water removes arsenic in already contaminated foodstuffs but without interconversion of the As species, from toxic inorganic to less toxic organic forms.     

呼和浩特市某地慢性砷中毒流行因素探讨

１９９０年以来，在呼和浩特某地的６个自然村，查明以特殊皮肤损害为特征的慢性砷中毒病人１９７例。经用流行病学方法研究，从不同角度分析出，天然富砷水为该病的流行因素。     

Environmental geochemistry study of arsenic in Western Hunan mining area,P.R. China

The geochemical characteristics of arsenic in the soil of the Western Hunan mining area of P.R. China were systematically studied. The results show that the strata of Western Hunan are rich in arsenic and that Western Hunan is a geochemically abnormal region for arsenic. The experimental study on speciation in the strata also indicates that the speciation of arsenic in the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian strata are mainly easily transferred speciation (exchangeable, carbonate-bound, sulfides-bound), which are approaching or exceed 60%. Arsenic content in the main soil of Western Hunan is in the range of 8.8–22.8 μg g⁻¹, the mean value is 16.1 μg g⁻¹, which is larger than the arsenic background value of Hunan soil. The distribution of rock with high arsenic content or high easily transferred arsenic speciation is consistent with the distribution of high arsenic content soil. In the mining region, part soils and river/brook waters were polluted by mine tailings and mining/smelting waste water. The arsenic content in polluted paddy soils and river/brook water is 46.26–496.19 μg g⁻¹, 0.3–16.5 mgL⁻¹, respectively. The positive abnormality and pollution of arsenic in the soil and water affects the arsenic content of the crop and the inhabitants’ health.     

Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Soil Increases Urinary Inorganic Arsenic Concentrations of Residents Living in Old Mining Areas

The short term human exposure studies conducted on populations exposed to high concentrations of inorganic arsenic in soil have been inconsistent in demonstrating a relationship between environmental concentrations and exposure measures. In Australia there are many areas with very high arsenic concentrations in residential soil most typically associated with gold mining activities in rural areas. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between environmental arsenic and urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations in a population living in a gold mining area (soil arsenic concentrations between 9 and 9900 mg kg(-1)), and a control population with low arsenic levels in soil (between 1 and 80 mg kg(-1)). Risk factors for increased urinary arsenic concentrations were also explored. There was a weak but significant relationship between soil arsenic concentrations and inorganic urinary arsenic concentration with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.39. When participants with greater than 100 mg kg(-1) arsenic in residential soil were selected, the coefficient increased to 0.64. The geometric mean urinary inorganic arsenic concentration for the exposed group was 1.64 microg L(-1) (相似文献   

Dietary selenium fortification: a potential solution to chronic arsenic toxicity

Selenium (Se), an important micronutrient and antioxidant, also acts as an antagonist of arsenic (As). Se supplementation of diet was investigated in mitigating chronic As toxicity in mammals. Experiments were conducted to determine whether Se supplementation in As-exposed rats might (i) decrease As-induced lipid peroxidation in liver, (ii) increase blood antioxidant status, and (iii) reverse suppression of the secondary antibody response. Male Wistar rats were exposed to As (40 and 80?ppm) in drinking water and received challenge diets with three different levels of Se (deficient: <0.01?ppm, adequate: 0.15 ppm, and fortified: 0.6?ppm) for 16 weeks. Clinical variables including behavior, body weight, and food and water consumption were recorded weekly, and blood sample was collected monthly. Antioxidant status was assessed through glutathione sulfhydryl (GSH) levels in whole blood. Lipid peroxidation in the liver was evaluated using the malondialdehyde (MDA) assay. The antibody response was measured using keyhole limpet hemocyanin as an immunogen. Se deficiency significantly increased hepatic lipid peroxidation and suppressed antibody production relative to the Se-adequate and -fortified groups, confirming that Se deficiency exacerbates the damage produced by As exposure. Se fortification markedly elevated the blood GSH level in both As-exposed groups, indicating protective effects. At adequate Se levels, rats showed signs of counteracting As-mediated toxicity. However, Se fortification produced more pronounced benefits against As-induced toxicity, a pattern that was particularly notable in the 40?ppm As group.