野生马齿苋种子发芽试验

本文对野生马齿苋种子的发芽特性进行了初步研究,结果表明,马齿苋种子发芽受温度、浸种时间、种子贮藏时间等因素影响.温度低于20℃时,不发芽,20℃时开始发芽,发芽适温为25～30℃,温度超过35℃时发芽受到抑制,在25℃下催芽,其发芽时间集中在24～48h内.温水浸种有利于发芽,浸种时间以12～24h为宜.马齿苋种子存在3～4个月的生理休眠期,用清水浸种可打破休眠,野外播种马齿苋时覆盖塑料小拱棚可明显提高发芽率和出苗率.     

4个岷江柏种群的球果和种子形态特征及其地理空间差异

研究了我国四川和甘肃地区特有珍稀濒危植物岷江柏(Cupressus chenggiana S.Y.Hu)的4个地理种群球果和种子的形态特征，分析了不同生境条件下岷江柏的地理差异．结果表明：岷江柏球果呈椭球形，长(l)为1．5～2．5cm，宽(6)为1．5～2．0cm，重(m)为1．5～4．5g，球果鳞片数为8～11片，球果内种子粒数为40～70粒．在调查的4个岷江柏种群中，小金县种群的球果最大、球果内种子数最多，马尔康县种群和金川县种群的球果重量、球果内种子数居中，理县种群的球果最小、球果内种子数最少．讨论认为，4个种群球果和种子大小特征存在极显著差异，不同种群球果和种子的形态差异与岷江柏的种群遗传特征、气候特征和生境特征有着密切的关系．图3表7参25     

蓝白龙胆种子萌发影响因素分析

采用室内控制实验研究了蓝白龙胆种子萌发对种子贮藏时间、萌发温度、土壤水分、光照强度、土层厚度的响应.结果显示:贮藏时间、萌发温度、土壤水分、光照强度和土层厚度均影响种子萌发.(1)种子成熟后0~30 d萌发率最高,之后随贮藏时间增加其萌发率开始下降,180 d后萌发率不足3%;(2)种子萌发温度幅较宽,10~30℃均能使其萌发;(3)随土壤含水量的增加,种子萌发率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,20%~25%土壤含水量是种子萌发的最佳湿度;(4)光照促进种子萌发,但黑暗抑制其萌发;(5)随土层厚度的增加,萌发率显著降低.实验结果说明蓝白龙胆种子萌发受许多因素影响,是长期适应生境的结果.     

聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱胁迫对干旱河谷5种木蓝种子萌发的影响

以川西干旱河谷地区的5种木蓝属植物的种子为材料,观测其形态特征以及聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫对种子萌发的影响.实验结果表明,供试木蓝属植物种子的物理特征(大小、千粒重)与萌发特性之间无显著相关性,而种子硬实率与发芽率则显著相关;不同浓度的PEG胁迫对种子的萌发均有一定的延缓作用,并且种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈现下降趋势。综合比较5种木蓝植物种子的抗旱性,在PEG浓度低于150g/L的轻度干旱胁迫下抗旱性由强到弱依次为:刺序木蓝河北木蓝≈灰色木蓝≈四川木蓝多花木蓝;与采自茂县岷江河谷的刺序木蓝相比,来源于泸定大渡河河谷的刺序木蓝的种子萌发对土壤水分的要求较低,并且相同水分条件下后者发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数也显著高于前者,这可能与各自的种源地在气候、水分及土壤条件上的差异有关.     

赤霉素浓度对色木槭(Acer mono Maxim.)种子萌发的影响

岷江上游彩叶林生态系统是我国西南地区特有的关键生态系统类型,具有水源涵养、水土保持和气候调节等重要的生态功能,而且具有显著的景观美学价值,是区域特色生态旅游经济的重要基础.由于受到自然灾害破坏和水电站的修建等人为干扰,目前岷江上游彩叶林系统毁坏严重且残存量不多,亟待恢复和重建.色木槭(Acer mono Maxim.)是川西地区彩叶林生态系统的代表性树种,探究其种子萌发特性对岷江上游彩叶林系统的恢复重建具有重要意义.种子萌发实验在人工气候箱内进行,采用0、100、200、300、400、500 mg/L 6个赤霉素浓度对色木槭种子进行浸种处理,在25℃条件下进行萌发,统计种子萌发率、发芽势和发芽指数,并测定色木槭种子在萌发过程中内部贮藏物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和淀粉酶活性的变化.结果显示,色木槭种子在200 mg/L浓度赤霉素浸种24 h后,其萌发率为29.33%±1.89%,发芽势为9.66%±1.25%,发芽指数为8.69±8.32,均显著高于对照水平.本研究表明赤霉素浓度对色木槭种子的可溶性蛋白含量、淀粉含量和淀粉酶活性影响显著,对可溶性糖含量无显著性影响;种子内部贮藏物质含量在不同的萌发时期有显著差异.色木槭种子的最适赤霉素浓度为200 mg/L,在生产中使用200 mg/L赤霉素浸种能有效增加色木槭的萌发率.上述结果可为色木槭的快速繁育和亚高山彩叶林恢复重建提供技术支持.(图3参25)     

不同温度处理对金钟藤种子萌发的影响

主要研究了恒温25、28、30℃不同处理下温度对金钟藤种子荫发的影响，并采用发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、芽长和胚根长等指标对金钟藤种子发芽效果进行了评价。结果表明，随着温度的升高，金钟膝种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均上升。此外，随着温度的升高，芽和胚根出现不同的生长趋势，芽生长增加而根生长减少，进一步显示其地上部分受温度影响会加快生长，预示其入侵危害可能加剧。鉴于金钟膝日前在广州的危害情况，文章提出应将金钟滕列为潜在的入侵植物，加强研究，尽早开展预防和控制措施。     

长期施肥潮土土壤呼吸的温度和水分效应

温度和水分是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素.利用室内培养试验研究因长期施用不同肥料造成有机质含量存在差异的土壤在不同土壤水分含量(30%WFPS、45%WFPS、60%WFPS、75%WFPS 和90%WFPS)和培养温度(5 ℃、15 ℃、25 ℃、35 ℃)下的土壤呼吸.结果表明,土壤水分含量和培养温度对土壤呼吸既表现出相互制约作用,在一定范围内又具有相互促进作用.施肥影响着土壤呼吸所需的最适水分含量,不均衡施肥处理的土壤呼吸所需最适土壤水分含量高于均衡施肥处理的土壤.培养温度也影响土壤呼吸的最适水分含量,土壤呼吸所需最适水分随培养温度升高而升高.土壤水分含量的增加可增加土壤呼吸的Q10.施肥特别是施有机肥而增加的土壤有机碳的释放速率是最快的.因此,气温升高和降水增加等气候变化趋势下,不利于通过施用有机肥来增加农田土壤有机碳储量.     

不同环境温度条件对脱水污泥堆肥效果的影响研究

为明确不同环境温度对脱水污泥堆肥效果的影响,试验采用双层反应器进行水浴保温模拟不同环境温度,分别设置10℃(CT10)和25℃(CT25)两个处理并运行30 d,通过分析污泥堆肥过程中温度、pH、总氮、C/N比值、腐殖酸含量等指标变化特征,比较两个处理的污泥腐熟效果。结果表明:CT25堆肥处理进入55℃高温期并维持8 d,较CT10处理提前3 d达到高温期并多维持3 d;两个处理堆体的pH值变化范围为7.10~7.91,呈先升后降趋势,且CT25处理pH值的升高、降低幅度更大;两种堆肥处理有机质和总氮含量呈降低趋势,且同一时期CT25处理低于CT10,其中18 d取样时两处理有机质含量呈显著性差异(P0.05),两处理总氮在堆肥各时期没有呈现显著差异(P0.05);整个运行期间,堆体腐殖酸含量呈增加趋势,堆肥结束时,CT25处理的腐殖质含量达24.18%,较CT10处理提高5.52%;通过T值(T=(C/N)终/(C/N)始0.6)判断两处理的污泥腐熟程度,结果显示,第18天时CT25处理的T值为0.59,堆体达到腐熟,CT10处理在第30天时才达到腐熟。上述结果表明,利用该反应器进行脱水污泥堆肥,较高温度启动可以实现污泥更快速、充分腐熟。通过对脱水污泥堆肥反应器启动温度的控制,可为低温条件下脱水污泥的快速腐熟控制提供参考。     

金沙江干热河谷地区不同含油量麻疯树种子的差异性

根据金沙江干热河谷地区麻疯树种子的含油量,将麻疯树种子分为组Ⅰ(26%~30%)、组Ⅱ(30%~34%)、组Ⅲ(34%~38%)、组Ⅳ(38%~42%).该地区种子体积介于1.544~1.680 cm3之间;其中组Ⅱ的种子最大(1.680 cm3),组Ⅳ的种子最小(1.544 cm3).组Ⅱ种子的百粒重同样为最高(69.367 g),组Ⅲ的种子最轻(62.313 g).出仁率从低到高依次为:组Ⅰ(61.752%)<组Ⅲ(63.352%)<组Ⅱ(64.132%)<组Ⅳ(65.192%).百粒种子产油量从组Ⅰ到组Ⅳ逐渐升高(17.731~25.342 g).1H-NMR图谱分析发现,各组种子之间的脂肪酸组成无明显差异,而脂肪酸成分的含量存在显著差异.种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数随含油量的增加而升高,种子的吸胀速率则相反.种子含油量与种子大小的相关性不显著,与种子质量、出仁率、种子产油量、脂肪酸组成、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和吸胀速率之间则都有着极显著的相关性.图3表4参30     

浙江舟山北草蜥的野外活动体温及体温调节

在自然条件下测定浙江舟山北草蜥的夏季活动体温和环境温度,在实验室条件下测定其生理体温调节能力和喜好体温,旨在揭示北草蜥的体温调节机制.结果表明野外北草蜥的活动体温显著高于空气温度和基质温度;尽管环境温度存在显著日变异,但活动体温相对恒定.实验室恒温箱内测定的北草蜥体温与环境温度接近在20~30℃范围内,体温与环境温度基本一致;而当环境温度超过该范围,体温与环境温度存在差异,且这种差异随温度的升高或降低而增大.北草蜥的喜好体温平均为30.7℃.以上结果说明,北草蜥生理调温能力较弱,行为热调节是其体温调节的主要方式.图1表1参15     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central     

The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

Behavior and ecology of Old World Luperini beetles of the genusAulacophora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Summary The attraction of Old World leaf beetles in the genusAulacophora to kairomones and parakairomones which are effective lures for New WorldDiabrotica andAcalymma were investigated. Beetles captured on sticky traps baited with single and multicomponent lures were no different from the control traps for two species ofAulacophora. Yellow colored traps and squash blossoms are attractive toAulacophora beetles which detect sub-microgram quantities of cucurbitacins on silica gel. Leaf feeding behavior and flight activity data are correlated with varietal preference of threeAulacophora species. The common response byDiabrotica andAulacophora to cucurbitacins reinforces the two groups' coevolutionary association with the Cucurbitaceae. The apparent lack of a common response toCucurbita blossom volatiles suggests recent evolutionary pathways are substantially different for these two groups of beetles.     

Importance of greater interdisciplinarity and geographic scope when tackling the driving forces behind biological invasions

Invasive non-native species are important drivers of ecosystem change, yet the driving forces of biological invasions themselves are poorly understood. Such information is essential to ensure policies focus on the most relevant drivers, and that future scenarios capture the full range of potential outcomes for invasive non-native species. I carried out a bibliometric analysis of articles published from 2000 to 2020 that address either invasive non-native species or biodiversity and ecosystem services and that also mention 1 or more drivers of ecosystem change. I examined 5 indirect drivers (demographic, economic, governance, sociocultural, and technological) and 6 direct drivers (climate change, invasive non-native species, land-use or sea-use change, natural hazards, pollution, and resource extraction). Using the Web of Science core collection of citation indexes, I undertook searches of article titles and keywords and retrieved 27,462 articles addressing invasive non-native species and 110,087 articles dealing with biodiversity or ecosystem services. Most research to date on biological invasions as well as on biodiversity and ecosystem services has focused on anthropogenic direct drivers of ecosystem change rather than indirect drivers. Yet currently, less than 18% of articles addressing biological invasions examined drivers of ecosystem change, a similar level to that found over 20 years ago for biodiversity or ecosystem services. Knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions is limited, emphasizes tractable drivers over those that require an interdisciplinary approach, and is biased toward developed economies. Drivers generally deemed important for biological invasions, such as governance and resource extraction, accounted for less than 2% of research effort. The absence of a systematic understanding of the forces that drive invasive non-native species and how they interact means that attempts to mitigate or forecast biological invasions are likely to fail. To address biological invasions requires a much better orientation of national and international research on drivers in relation to both their actual importance as well as their policy relevance.