湖南桃江锰矿对溶液中As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)的去除及迁移行为对比

锰氧化物对砷的去除有着环境和地球化学现实意义,本文通过批实验和柱实验研究湖南桃江锰矿对溶液中As(Ⅴ/Ⅲ)的去除行为差异和迁移行为.Langmuir吸附等温线结果表明,锰矿对As(V)和As(Ⅲ)的理论最大吸附量分别为1.32 mg·g~(-1)和0.30 mg·g~(-1).As(Ⅴ/Ⅲ)在锰矿表面的动力学符合拟二阶动力学模型,表明锰矿吸附As(Ⅴ/Ⅲ)均属于化学吸附,受化学反应速率控制;反应吸附速率常数K_(2[As(Ⅴ)])K_(2[As(Ⅲ)]),表明锰矿对As(Ⅴ)的吸附速率更快.锰矿在氧化As(Ⅲ)时,溶液中As(Ⅲ)减少速率与溶液中Mn浓度变化非常一致,表明砷的氧化行为与锰矿相关.CDE和Thomas吸附模型拟合As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)的迁移行为表明,Mn~(2+)、Al~(3+)、PO■和SiO■均会降低锰矿的最大吸附量和滞留因子,其中Al~(3+)对As(Ⅲ)的吸附具有较强的拮抗作用,最大吸附量下降至0.002 mg·g~(-1),对As(Ⅴ)的拮抗作用相对较弱,而PO■和SiO■对As(Ⅴ/Ⅲ)在柱实验中的拮抗作用相近.研究为就地处理湖南地表和地下水砷污染提供了新的处理矿物.     

高指数晶面二氧化钛对砷、锑的共吸附去除

砷(As)和锑(Sb)作为有毒元素,造成的环境污染严重威胁人类健康.目前,由于缺乏对共存体系下砷锑表面化学性质的研究以及高效的吸附材料,砷、锑的共去除是环境领域面临的一大挑战.本文以高指数晶面{201}二氧化钛(HTi O_2)为吸附剂,研究砷锑在其表面的吸附行为.Langmuir吸附等温线结果表明,As(Ⅲ)、Sb(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)在HTi O_2表面的最大吸附量分别为0.407、0.861、0.197、0.181 mmol·g~(-1).砷、锑在HTi O_2表面的吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,说明化学吸附是控制吸附速率的关键因素.p H边共吸附实验表明,HTi O_2对As(Ⅲ)的吸附基本不受p H的影响;对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附随p H的升高先增大后减小;对As(Ⅴ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附随p H的升高逐渐降低.Zeta电位结果表明,砷锑吸附后HTi O_2表面带负电,说明砷、锑在HTi O_2表面形成带负电的稳定内层配合物.本研究为水体中砷锑的共吸附去除提供了新信息.     

Sb(Ⅲ)在蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿表面的吸附:pH值和离子强度的影响

研究蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同pH值与离子强度的条件下对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附及解吸行为.结果表明,随pH值的升高,Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附减弱,离子强度对Sb(Ⅲ)在三种矿物表面的吸附影响较弱,而矿物表面吸附的Sb(Ⅲ)不易解吸.三种矿物对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附能力差别较大,蒙脱土的吸附量远大于针铁矿和高岭土,针铁矿的吸附量稍高于高岭土.     

温度和砷酸根对砖红壤中Cd(Ⅱ)吸附动力学的影响

土壤中砷和镉同时存在的现象普遍存在,但目前对砷酸根与Cd(Ⅱ)在可变电荷土壤表面协同作用的机制还了解不多.用一次平衡法研究了288 K和308 K温度条件下Cd(Ⅱ)在昆明砖红壤表面的吸附动力学,比较了加入砷酸根对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附动力学的影响.结果显示,加As(V)和升高温度均不仅增加Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量,而且提高了吸附反应的速率.Cd(Ⅱ)在砖红壤表面的吸附反应进行的特别快,几乎在30 min内达到准平衡,假二级动力学方程能很好拟合30 min内的吸附动力学数据(r2》0.9995).从反应速率常数计算得到的活化能的结果表明,加As(V)显著降低了Cd(Ⅱ)吸附反应的活化能,这是As(V)促进可变电荷土壤吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的根本原因.     

基于纳米凹凸棒@CTS(壳聚糖)的砷离子印迹聚合物吸附特性

以三价砷为模板离子,纳米凹凸棒土为印迹载体,CTS(壳聚糖)为功能单体,KH-560为偶联剂,利用水合法制备了纳米凹凸棒表面砷离子印迹聚合物As-CAI,系统研究了该聚合物材料对于水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附特性.结果表明,该材料对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附量高达39.04 mg·g~(-1),比相同条件下的空白印迹材料提高了1.53倍.反应最佳的酸碱环境为pH=5.0.吸附热力学及动力学研究结果表明,Langmuir方程能够更好地描述As(Ⅲ)在该印迹聚合物表面的吸附过程,反应属于自发进行的无序吸热反应,高温更有利于吸附反应的发生,吸附反应符合二级反应动力学模型.此外该印迹材料8次洗脱后吸附量仅降低13.7%,具有良好的重复再生利用性能.     

铁锰结核对As(Ⅲ)的吸附和氧化特性研究

研究As(Ⅲ)在土壤中的铁锰结核上的吸附和氧化特征,对理解土壤中As(Ⅲ)的含量变化和制定有效的治理措施有至关重要的作用.以东北地区代表性土壤-棕壤中提取的铁锰结核作为试验材料,采用一次平衡法,对As(Ⅲ)在铁锰结核上的吸附和氧化特性,及其动力学特征进行了研究.研究结果表明,反应是包括吸附和氧化反应的复杂过程.初始质量浓度在1～15 mg·L~(-1)的范围内时,随着初始质量浓度的提高,吸附量随之增大,Mn的释放量增加,初始质量浓度在15～30 mg·L~(-1)的范围内时,吸附量的增加缓慢,Mn的释放量也接近平衡,吸附曲线可用Langmuir方程及Freundlich方程拟合(r>0.97),铁锰结核对As(Ⅲ)具有较强的吸附性能,最大吸附量达到了3 000 mg·kg~(-1).动力学实验中,反应在24 h内趋于饱和,可用Freundlich模型描述.氧化反应后释放到溶液中的As(V)质量浓度随时间变化先升高后降低,大多数的As(V)都被吸附在了铁锰结核表面,说明铁锰结核对砷具有很好的吸附和解毒作用.Mn的释放量在6 h时基本达到平衡.释放到溶液中的Mn质量浓度与时间符合Elovich动力学方程.     

Fe（Ⅲ）—邻氯苯基荧光酮络合吸附波的研究

研究Fe(Ⅲ ) -邻氯苯基荧光酮络合吸附波发现 ,Fe(Ⅲ )与邻氯苯基荧光酮在pH为 10 .7的氨 -氯化氨缓冲溶液中形成紫色络合物 ,并于 - 0 .70V左右产生灵敏的络合吸附波。研究表明 ,Fe(Ⅲ )与配位体络合比为 1∶2 ,K稳 为 5 .4× 10 12 ,Fe(Ⅲ )浓度在 0 .8- 2 4μg/L和 2 4- 72 μg/L分段呈线性关系。应用电化学分析手段对其机理进行了研究 ,并将此法用于头发中微量铁的测定     

腐殖酸对As(V)在覆铁砂介质中吸附行为的影响

对腐殖酸(HA)进行了成分分析及红外表征,并从HA浓度、pH值、As(Ⅴ)初始浓度等方面,研究了HA对As(Ⅴ)在覆铁砂介质中吸附行为的影响.结果表明,随着HA浓度的升高,总砷去除率逐渐降低.当HA浓度增加到25mg.l-1时,与不存在HA条件下相比,总砷去除率降低了12%左右.溶液pH值影响As(Ⅴ)的去除,pH值从6升高到8时,总砷去除率从52.1%降到了39%.其中的作用机理主要是HA与As(Ⅴ)在覆铁砂表面形成竞争吸附,HA争夺了As(Ⅴ)的吸附点位.此外,HA与Fe(Ⅲ)的络合作用也是导致覆铁砂对砷的去除率降低的一个重要原因.     

蒙脱石、铁氧化物及其复合体对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附效果

利用蒙脱石、FeCl_3·6H_2O制备出改性蒙脱石复合体,并对蒙脱石、铁氧化物及其改性复合体吸附水中As(Ⅲ)的效能进行对比试验。结果表明:这3者对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren速度模型,且均属于Freundlich等温吸附。复合体的沉降效率明显优于其他2种吸附剂,且对含As(Ⅲ)溶液的pH值具有很好调节能力。SO_4~(2-)和Mg~(2+)浓度对As(Ⅲ)的去除基本无影响,Ca~(2+)能促进As(Ⅲ)的吸附,NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)与As(Ⅲ)存在较强的竞争吸附。     

磁性Fe3O4@Mg(OH)2去除水中络合态三价铬

本实验采用一步水热法合成了Fe_3O_4@Mg(OH)_2材料,并将其用于吸附水中络合态的Cr(Ⅲ)-EDTA,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、比表面积(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重(TGA)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等来表征材料的结构和表面特性.结果表明,Mg(OH)_2已经成功的负载到了Fe_3O_4的表面,对水中络合态Cr(Ⅲ)-EDTA有较好的吸附能力,最大吸附量为15.52 mg·g~(-1),吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温线,吸附动力学可用拟二级动力学拟合,随着pH的增加吸附量不断减少,水中高浓度的阳离子对吸附产生促进作用,并且脱附实验证明材料有很好的可循环利用能力.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.