涕灭威等三种农药在土壤中的移动性

涕灭威、呋喃丹和拉索三种农药在土壤中的淋溶结果表明，经过３０ｃｍ土柱下渗到收集器中的涕灭威为８８．０％，呋喃丹为６９．１％，拉索为１．８４％；农药在四种土壤中的淋溶速度，砂土＞砂壤土＞粘壤土＞粘土；土壤性质对农药移动的影响比农药自身性质的影响要小。     

不同含水量细砂介质中挥发苯的有效扩散系数研究

挥发性有机污染物在土壤多孔介质中的有效扩散系数是土壤气相抽提(soil vapor extraction,SVE)传质过程中的一个重要参数.笔者以苯为研究对象,采用土柱扩散试验,对不同含水量条件下挥发苯在细砂介质中的有效扩散系数和扩散规律进行研究.结果表明,对于吸附型矿物含量少的细砂介质,含水量大小在一定程度上影响了挥发苯的扩散过程.含水量在50 g·kg-1时,扩散最快;低于50 g·kg-1时,随含水量增大扩散能力增强;高于50 g·kg-1时,扩散能力则随含水量增大而减弱.同一扩散柱中,随着扩散距离增加,挥发苯的有效扩散系数增大,这可能与其蒸汽分压降低有关.     

有机质和游离铁对湘南红壤表面电荷性质的影响

用双氧水破坏土壤有机质和用DCB（连二亚硫酸钠／柠檬酸钠／重碳酸钠）脱铁等方法研究湘南第四纪红粘土及其发育的土壤的表面电荷性质．结果表明：去除土壤有机质．使红壤胶体表面的阴离子交换量（AEC）增加、可变负电荷量（CECV）降低，在多数情况下其永久负电荷量（CECP）增加；脱游离氧化铁使红壤AEC减少、CECp增加，CECV增减不一．笔者认为，这与土壤胶体组分之间的相互作用有关．     

VOC及醛酮分析解决方案

近年来.挥发性有机化合物(VOC)及醛酮对环境的污染愈发严重.由于其对人体键康有巨大影响.已经越来越引起入们关注。而致力于使世界变得更健康、更请洁.更安全的赛默飞对于VOC及醛酮的分析检测.则有着丰富的经验和完善的解决方案.不论是GC.GC/MS.HPLC,还是……GC/MS在VOC检测方面的应用:     

内蒙古半干旱草原某铅锌矿区土壤性质及重金属污染生态风险评价

半干旱草原地区是我国重要的生态脆弱区,频繁的矿业活动会对草原土壤造成一定程度的污染.本文以位于内蒙古半干旱草原的某铅锌多金属矿区土壤为研究对象,对其土壤性质和重金属含量及赋存形态进行了调查研究,并利用单因子指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和RAC风险评价法对土壤受污染程度进行了评价.结果显示,研究区土壤偏中碱性,矿物组成以石英、长石和粘土矿物为主.矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量(分别为51.2 mg·kg~(-1)和226.4 mg·kg~(-1))远高于背景土壤,分别为内蒙古土壤几何均值的3.4和4.7倍;矿区土壤Cu含量和背景区土壤含量相当.元素赋存形态分析表明,Cu主要以残渣态和有机质结合态形式存在,Pb和Zn则以残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机质结合态为主,3种元素可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量均较低.单因子指数法评价结果表明,矿区41%和35%土壤受到严重的Pb、Zn污染;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,矿区土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数RI为29.40,属于轻微生态危害,Pb是综合潜在生态风险主要的贡献因子;RAC风险评价表明,矿区土壤中生态风险系数由大到小为ZnCuPb,Zn的生态风险相对较大.综合来看,Pb、Zn的污染控制是该矿区需要关注的重点.     

气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应影响的模拟

为了揭示气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应的影响,用生物物理/动态植被模型SSiB4/TRIFFID与流域地形指数水文模型TOPMODEL的耦合模型SSiB4T/TRIFFID模拟了西南山区长江上游梭磨河流域森林水文效应对气温变化的响应,分析了气温变化对植被不同演替阶段的流域总径流和总蒸发以及冠层截流蒸发、植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明,（1）梭磨河流域森林（常绿针叶林）蒸腾与草和灌木差异小,森林蒸腾潜热比草和灌木仅高1~4 W.m-2,森林冠层截留蒸发高于草和灌木,但土壤蒸发明显低于草和灌木覆盖,森林覆盖流域总蒸发低于草和灌木覆盖甚至低于裸土蒸发,因此增加了流域总径流量,但森林增加径流的作用随土壤蒸发的减小而减小。（2）气温减小1℃将通过减小森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加流域总径流量的作用增加;相反,气温增加将增加森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加总径流量的作用减小。（3）当温度增加4℃,由于森林总蒸发较草和灌木明显增加,对于较高的土壤蒸发,森林增加总径流量的作用已不明显;对于较低的土壤蒸发,森林减小了流域总径流量。     

焚烧源挥发性重金属的排放对周边土壤和植被污染的研究进展

城市生活垃圾是一种成分复杂的混合废物,其中含有数量相当可观的重金属,采用焚烧法处理城市生活垃圾时,会有大量重金属因为高温而挥发进入烟气,一部分富集于焚烧飞灰中,而有少部分重金属因其挥发性较大而排放于大气中,最终随大气及雨水沉降而进入土壤和植被中,从而会对焚烧厂周边生态环境造成严重的危害。为了了解焚烧源挥发性重金属（汞（Hg）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）和砷（As））的排放对焚烧厂周边土壤和植被生态环境的污染状况,对近年来国内外学者在相关方面的研究状况进行了详细的文献综述,结果发现：国内学者对于焚烧源挥发性重金属的研究多限于焚烧中挥发性Hg对焚烧厂周边土壤的污染的调查研究,而对于焚烧源Cd、Pb、As对周边土壤和植被污染的调查研究相对较少;而国外学者已有的关于垃圾焚烧源重金属（Hg、Cd、Pb、As）对土壤和植被的污染研究只停留在重金属在土壤中的总的浓度和存在形态的研究,而对于挥发性重金属在焚烧源周边土壤和植被中的迁移转化规律方面的研究很缺乏,对于重金属污染物在土壤和植被中的蓄积及迁移转化规律研究较少。文章指出今后的研究应加强对挥发性重金属在焚烧厂周边土壤中的污染特征及其在土壤层以及植被中的蓄积总量和迁移转化机理的研究,这对于焚烧源挥发性重金属的污染防治以及对已被挥发性重金属污染的土壤和植被的生态修复具有重要的意义。     

环境因素对密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳和全氮含量影响的通径分析

土壤是全球重要的碳库和氮库,在全球碳氮循环中具有重要地位。密云水库是华北地区最大的水库和北京市最重要的地表水水源地,其上游流域山地广布,地形复杂,气候变化明显,土壤类型和植被类型多样,影响土壤碳氮库的环境因素具有较强的变异性。为揭示环境因素对密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）和全氮（total nitrogen,TN）含量的作用效应,采用野外采样、实验室分析与逐步回归分析和通径分析相结合的方法,研究了气候（温度和降水）、地形（海拔和坡度）、土壤理化性质（土壤容重、含水量、pH值和粘粒含量）等环境因素对流域SOC和TN含量的影响。结果表明：温度、土壤容重、含水量、pH值和粘粒含量对SOC含量的影响显著（P＆lt;0.001）,其中各因子的直接通径系数依次为：土壤含水量（0.439）＞土壤容重（-0.324）＞pH值（-0.238）＞温度（-0.209）＞土壤粘粒含量（0.092）,间接通径系数依次为：土壤容重（-0.425）＞土壤粘粒含量（0.305）＞土壤含水量（0.287）＞pH值（-0.179）＞温度（-0.043）,因此,土壤含水量、pH值和温度主要通过直接作用影响SOC含量,而土壤容重和粘粒含量则主要通过其它因子的作用间接影响SOC含量。海拔、土壤容重、含水量、pH 值和粘粒含量对 TN 含量的影响显著（P＆lt;0.001）,其中各因子的直接通径系数依次为：土壤含水量（0.456）＞海拔（0.234）＞土壤容重（-0.228）＞pH 值（-0.190）＞土壤粘粒含量（0.094）,间接通径系数依次为：土壤容重（-0.484）＞土壤粘粒含量（0.301）＞海拔（0.247）＞土壤含水量（0.257）＞pH 值（-0.202）,因此,土壤含水量主要通过直接作用影响TN含量,而土壤容重和粘粒含量主要通过土壤含水量的作用间接影响TN含量,海拔和土壤pH值的直接作用与间接作用     

氮输入对纳帕海沼泽湿地土壤氨挥发和反硝化的影响

选取纳帕海常见湿地植物茭草（Zizania caduciflora）和水葱（Scirpus validus）]及其生长土壤为对象,通过培养实验,研究了3个不同氮输入水平[0g-m^2（对照,NO）、20g-m^2（N20）、40g-m^2。（N40）]对茭草和水葱湿地土壤氨挥发和反硝化的影响。结果表明：氮输入促进了茭草和水葱湿地土壤氨挥发化作用,增加了湿地土壤氨挥发的累积量。适量的氮输入对湿地土壤氨挥发促进显著。在培养前期适量氮输入下的氨挥发积累量高于高水平氮输入的,随着培养时间的延长,后期适量氮输入下的积累量明显下降;而高水半氮输入处理下氨挥发积累量的明显增加,适量氮输入下茭草氨挥发积累大于水葱。氮输入增强了菱草和水葱湿地土壤反硝化作用,加快了反硝化N2O的排放。适量的氮输入促进茭草反硝化作用和反硝化损失量增加明显,培养的前期的适量氮输入处理下的反硝化作用和反硝化N2O的排放增强不明显,随着培养时间的延长,高水平氮输入处理下的反硝化损失量越明显,并且水葱较茭草更为明显。后期适量氮输入下的反硝化损失速率和反硝化损失量高于高水平氮输入,适量氮输入较高水平氮输人促进明显,高水平的氮输入限制了反硝化损失,反硝化N2O的排放总量下降,土壤中氮富集增大。     

低硒带土壤中硒的挥发过程研究

本文探讨了低硒带土壤中(黑龙江富裕县,河北丰宁县)硒的挥发程度及影响因素。经过干燥-再湿润的土壤样品,利用超微量硒的分析技术能够直接测出挥发性硒。土壤中硒的挥发程度与土壤湿度、温度及培养时间有关。当对土壤添加营养物质时,观察到添加含硒置较高的牛肉膏-蛋白胨营养液时硒的挥发程度显著提高。添加不同形态的硒,发现硒代蛋氨酸,硒代胱氮酸及含硒植物蛋白的土壤中硒的挥发程度显著高于对照组。而添加无机硒酸盐对土壤中硒的挥发程度影响不大。研究结果表明土壤中硒的挥发过程主要由微生物活动和硒的生物可利用度所决定。     

有机污染物在土壤和地下水中迁移建模

地下水有机污染是由人类活动引起的各种物理、化学和生物等干扰过程造成有机污染物自土壤表面迁移至地下含水层的结果。为了解有机污染物如何自土表经过不饱和层（包气带）进入含水层，需要对不饱和层中所进行的各种物理、化学和生物等过程进行较准确的定量描述。本文就不饱和层和含水层中水分和有机污染物迁移建模的一些基本概念和方法进行综述，并列举了一些经典的和新颖的建模方法。     

Isolation of a strain that degrades 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and characterization of its degradative plasmid

The genetic information encoding metabolic pathways for xenobiotic compounds in bacteria often resides on catabolic plasmids. The aim of the present work was to know the location of the genes for degrading 1,2,4-trichlorobenzen. In this paper a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene-degrading strain THSL-1 was isolated from the soil of Tianjin Chemical Plant using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the sole carbon source. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri through morphologic survey and 16S rDNA sequence determination. A plasmid was discovered from strain THSL-1 by using the alkali lysis method. When the plasmid was transformed into E. coli. JM109 by the CaCl2 method, the transformant could grow using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the sole carbon source and had the degradation function of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Therefore, it could be deemed that the plasmid carried the degradative genes of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The average size of the plasmid was finally determined to be 40.2 Kb using selectively three kinds of restricted inscribed enzymes (HindIII, BamHI, and XholI) for single cutting and double cutting the plasmid pTHSL-1, respectively.     

Isolation of a Pseudomonas Stutzeri strain that degrades 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and characterization of its degradative plasmid

The genetic information encoding metabolic pathways for xenobiotic compounds in bacteria often resides on catabolic plasmids. The aim of the present work was to know the location of the genes for degrading 1,2,4-trichlorobenzen. In this paper a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene-degrading strain THSL-1 was isolated from the soil of Tianjin Chemical Plant using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the sole carbon source. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri through morphologic survey and 16S rDNA sequence determination. A plasmid was discovered from strain THSL-1 by using the alkali lysis method. When the plasmid was transformed into E. coli. JM109 by the CaCl₂ method, the transformant could grow using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the sole carbon source and had the degradation function of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Therefore, it could be deemed that the plasmid carried the degradative genes of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The average size of the plasmid was finally determined to be 40.2 Kb using selectively three kinds of restricted inscribed enzymes (HindIII, BamHI, and XholI) for single cutting and double cutting the plasmid pTHSL-1, respectively.     

华南滨海小流域降雨入渗对地下水的补给分析

以华南滨海小流域——中山大学滨海水循环试验基地（试验基地）作为研究区,在对该流域地下水和雨水分别进行采样、实验分析的基础上,利用氯量平衡法（CMB）与地下水动态法计算了该流域的降雨入渗补给系数与给水度。研究发现,试验基地地下水主要受降雨补给,地下水埋深在雨季（4—9月）、旱季（10—3月）的变动范围大致为0～1.5 m与0～0.5 m。根据CMB计算结果,补给区、中间区雨季降雨入渗补给系数分别为旱季的1.3～1.6倍和1.3～2.0倍,且补给区大于中间区（M5井除外）。利用地下水动态法计算次降雨入渗补给系数,所得雨季、旱季的均值（7.6%和4.6%）与CMB计算结果（7.7%和5.3%）较为接近。给水度、雨强与入渗补给系数均存在一定的线性关系。将地下水埋深分别与降雨入渗补给量及潜水蒸发量进行多项式拟合对比,发现降雨入渗对地下水的最大入渗补给埋深约为2.3 m,当埋深为3.1 m时,地下水可获得最大净补给量。     

香港大气中有毒挥发性有机物研究

用吸附／热脱除－ＧＣ＝／ＭＳ方法研究了香港不同功能区大气中挥发笥有机物的组成。分析结果表明，香港大气中存在６０多种ＶＯＣＳ，其主要成分是苯系物，烷烃和卤代烃。在检出物中有１７种是有毒挥发性有机物，其主要成分是苯系物和氯代烃。其中氯仿，苯，甲苯，四氯乙烯，三氯乙烯和１，２－二氯乙烷是含量最高的组分。     

Chemical speciation and anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during summer in Beijing, 2004

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at six sites in Beijing in August, 2004. Up to 148 VOC species, including C₃ to C₁₂ alkanes, C₃ to C₁₁ alkenes, C₆ to C₁₂ aromatics, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were quantified. Although the concentrations differed at the sites, the chemical compositions were similar, except for the Tongzhou site where aromatics were significantly high in the air. Based on the source profiles measured from previous studies, the source apportionment of ambient VOCs was preformed by deploying the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results show that urban VOCs are predominant from mobile source emissions, which contribute more than 50% of the VOCs (in mass concentrations) to ambient air at most sites. Other important sources are gasoline evaporation, painting, and solvents. The exception is at the Tongzhou site where vehicle exhaust, painting, and solvents have about equal contribution, around 35% of the ambient VOC concentration. As the receptor model is not valid for deriving the sources of reactive species, such as isoprene and 1,3-butadiene, other methodologies need to be further explored.     

Assessment of future climate change impacts on water-heat-salt migration in unsaturated frozen soil using CoupModel

• A model coupling water-heat-salt of unsaturated frozen soil was established. • Future temperature, precipitation, and evaporation increase in freeze–thaw period. • Soil water, heat, and salt transport are closely coupled during freeze–thaw period. • Freeze–thaw cycles and future climate change can exacerbate salinization. The transport mechanisms of water, heat, and salt in unsaturated frozen soil, as well as its response to future climate change are in urgent need of study. In this study, western Jilin Province in north-eastern China was studied to produce a model of coupled water-heat-salt in unsaturated frozen soil using CoupModel. The water, heat, and salt dynamics of unsaturated frozen soil under three representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios were simulated to analyze the effects of future climate change on unsaturated frozen soil. The results show that water, heat, and salt migration are tightly coupled, and the soil salt concentration in the surface layer (10 cm) exhibits explosive growth after freezing and thawing. The future (2020–2099) meteorological factors in the study area were predicted using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM). For RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, future temperatures during the freeze–thaw period increased by 2.68°C, 3.18°C, and 4.28°C, respectively; precipitation increased by 30.28 mm, 28.41 mm, and 32.17 mm, respectively; and evaporation increased by 93.57 mm, 106.95 mm, and 130.57 mm, respectively. Climate change will shorten the freeze–thaw period, advance the soil melting time from April to March, and enhance water and salt transport. Compared to the baseline period (1961–2005), future soil salt concentrations at 10 cm increased by 1547.54 mg/L, 1762.86 mg/L, and 1713.66 mg/L under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, respectively. The explosive salt accumulation is more obvious. Effective measures should be taken to prevent the salinization of unsaturated frozen soils and address climate change.     

An enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system based on fuzzy-set approach: I. Theoretical framework and model development

Multimedia environmental modeling is extremely complex due to the intricacy of the systems with the consideration of many related factors. Traditional environmental multimedia models (EMMs) are usually based on one-dimensional and first-order assumptions, which may cause numerical errors in the simulation results. In this study, a new user-friendly fuzzy-set enhanced environmental multimedia modeling system (FEEMMS) is developed, and includes four key modules: an air dispersion module, a polluting source module, an unsaturated zone module, and a groundwater module. Many improvements over previous EMMs have been achieved through dynamically quantifying the intermedia mass flux; incorporating fuzzy-set approach into environmental multimedia modeling system (EMMS); and designing a user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI). The developed FEEMMS can be a useful tool in estimating the time-varying and spatial-varying chemical concentrations in air, soil, and groundwater; characterizing the potential risk to human health presented by contaminants released from a contaminated site; and quantifying the uncertainties associated with modeling systems and subsequently providing robustness and flexibility for the remediation-related decision making.     

1,2,4-三氯苯对3种海洋微藻的毒性效应

1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2种,4-TCB)是环境中普遍存在的持久性有机污染物之一,而1,2,4-TCB对藻类的毒性作用报道很少。以1,2,4-TCB处理后,3种海洋微藻(金藻Isochrysis Zhanjiangensis、角毛藻Platymonas Subcordiformis和扁藻Chaetoceros miielleri)的生长状况、蛋白质质量分数和叶绿素质量分数的改变来检测1,2,4-TCB对海洋微藻的毒性效应。结果表明:1,2,4-TCB对3种海洋微藻的生长均有一定的抑制作用,该效应表现出一定的浓度和时间依赖性;1,2,4-TCB处理4d后,3种海洋微藻细胞蛋白质质量分数和叶绿素质量分数下降,呈现一定的浓度—效应关系,这表明1,2,4-TCB对3种海洋微藻产生毒害效应,其作用机制可能与藻类光合作用功能降低和蛋白质功能受损有关。1,2,4-TCB在一定程度上降低了藻类饵料的利用价值,而且对食物链下游生物具有潜在的危害性。     

土壤优先水流及污染物优先迁移的研究进展

土壤优先水流是非平衡管道流。土壤优先水流具有优先穿透、侧向入渗、穿透曲线不对称性和拖尾等特征。因其与土壤的作用较弱，并可携带溶质快速穿透土壤，造成土壤水分和养分利用率下降，同时导致地下水污染。向下移动的ＮＯ_３~－农药和其它溶质造成的地下水溶质浓度的变化远高于期望值。本文从土壤优先水流的产生机理出发，综述了土壤优先水流的特征、土壤优先水流的研究方法、土壤优先水流对环境的影响和土壤优先水流的研究进展，并对该领域研究的发展趋势进行了探讨。