欧盟健康风险评估技术概述

1993年欧盟议会首次通过了已有物质的健康风险评估和危险物质对人类健康危害的风险评估2个指令,继而发布了技术指导文件并沿用至今,欧盟还据此颁布了以《化学品的注册、评估、授权和限制》(Regulation Concerning the Registration,Evaluation,Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals,REACH)为代表的一系列化学品管控法规,促进了化学生产、使用与管控技术的革新。本文综述了欧盟健康风险评估的发展历程、主要步骤方法及其应用进展。欧盟的健康风险评估主要从化学品的释放源和全生命周期入手,对化学品进行综合全面管控。其风险评估技术指导手册架构完整、内容详尽,整体上从危害识别、剂量-效应关系、暴露评估和风险表征4个部分进行了介绍,对健康风险评估中的标准方法、数据来源、参数选择与模型应用做出规定。并以此导则中的办法为基础,对141种化学品进行评估,推出一系列化学品管理办法,实现了优先控制化学品的筛选,值得我国化学品研究与管理工作者借鉴。     

进出口工业化学品风险管理与风险评估进展

我国是世界化学品生产和贸易的大国。大量化学品的生产和进出口贸易给我国化学品风险管理和风险评估带来了巨大挑战。在借鉴发达国家和经济组织对化学品风险管理经验和评估技术的基础上,我国在近年来也逐步开展了化学品的管理和控制,以应对当前日益突出的化学品环境安全和健康安全事故。本文从我国化学品管理与国外化学品风险管理之间的对比出发,在梳理化学品管理政策发展的过程中,重点就我国环境保护部门对有毒和进口化学品、新化学物质和废弃危险化学品以及质检部门对进出口工业化学品的管理和控制措施,以及化学品的评估技术进行了综述。通过与发达国家就化学品风险管理与评估技术的对比,指出我国目前化学品管理和评估的不足与欠缺,并提出一些可行的应对措施与办法,为完善我国化学品风险管理和评估提供一定的参考。     

化学品足迹法筛查电镀行业潜在高风险化学品

现代工业化学品带来了大量潜在的生态环境风险。目前,国内对工业化学品的风险识别、评估及管理等严重缺乏。本研究利用化学品足迹理想模型(USEtox),计算电镀行业化学品不同生命周期排放产生的生态毒性影响,筛选电镀行业潜在高风险化学品。结果显示,电镀行业使用的有机化学品中十二烷基硫酸钠的生态毒性足迹(chemical footprint,Ch F)分值最高,为2.30×10-2PAF·km3·a;在重金属中Cu2+的生态毒性足迹分值最高,为4.20 PAF·km3·a。重金属生态毒性足迹显著高于有机化学品(2个数量级)。因此,重金属是电镀行业主要高风险化学品,也是电镀行业最主要环境风险源。USEtox可用于定量表征行业化学品带来的区域环境风险,为以行业为单位开展工业化学品区域生态环境风险评估提供新思路。     

化学品环境风险管理需求与战略思考

在广泛调研收集化学品环境风险与污染危害等资料基础上,结合化学品环境管理的国内外形势与现状,针对我国目前存在的化学品环境管理体制不完善、环境风险防控工作滞后和技术支撑能力不足等问题,从国家战略层面分析了我国化学品全生命周期环境与健康风险管理需求,提出了我国化学品环境风险管理中长期发展目标及行动计划。行动计划涵盖了健全化学品法律法规和制度体系、系统开展化学品危害筛查和风险评估、推动有毒有害化学品的限制与淘汰、加强有毒有害化学品环境污染防治、提升化学品风险评估与管理能力和促进产业绿色发展等方面建议,对于我国加快构建完善的化学品风险管控制度和技术体系具有重要的参考和借鉴意义。     

多组学技术应用于化学品风险评估的研究进展

随着进入到环境中的化学品种类和数量日益增加,化学品风险评估面临着越来越大的挑战.传统的化学品风险评估方法依赖于动物实验,无法对大量化学品的毒性进行高效检验与预测,并且缺少对机制的研究.多组学技术是多种高通量组学技术的联合应用,主要包括基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学等,可以更加快速、准确地分析化学品毒性,预测化学品潜在风险.随着毒理机制研究的不断深入,生物信息数据的大量收集,以及数据处理软件的持续改进,多组学在化学品风险评估中必将起到越来越重要的作用.本文综述了应用于化学品风险评估中的主要组学技术、研究现状以及所面临的挑战,为未来的研究和发展方向提供参考.     

人物介绍

环境中的有毒污染物主要来自药品食品,农药兽药,以及包括石油化工、橡胶塑料、纺织皮革、电子产品等在内的大量工业化学物质.然而,化学物质带来的益处不能以牺牲人类健康和生态环境为代价,例如人类长期暴露于有毒化学品诱发癌症、代谢紊乱等各种职业病和慢性病,内分泌干扰物大量进入环境对野生生物繁殖发育造成不可修复的严重影响并导致野生动物种群退化等.有毒物质的源头控制因此关系到化学工业的可持续发展.发达国家在常量污染物基本得到控制后,重点任务已经转向有毒化学物质的风险评估与管理.化学品安全是联合国确保21世纪全球社会经济和环境可持续发展的优先主题之一.环境保护部在《国家环境保护“十二五”科技发展规划(2011)》中将加强化学品环境监管与风险防控列入重点领域;并在《化学品环境风险防控“十二五”规划(2013)》明确提出了“开展消费产品中高环境风险化学品环境和健康影响研究”,“建立危险化学品环境危害性测试评估方法体系,开展危险化学品环境危害性、毒理特性鉴定”的科技支撑体系目标.     

发达国家金属环境风险评估方法研究

金属进入环境后可能会对人体和生态环境造成潜在危害。目前发达国家金属环境风险评估体系已较为完善，而我国尚处于起步阶段。为了科学开展金属环境风险评估，以发达国家金属环境风险评估方法为研究对象，对美国环境保护局(United States Environmental Protection Agency, US EPA)、国际矿业与金属委员会(International Council on Mining and Metals, ICMM)等发达国家或国际组织发布的金属风险评估指南、导则中涉及的研究范围、关键评估要素等方面进行总结和分析。研究发现金属环境风险评估基于危害及效应评估、暴露评估及风险表征3个步骤，但由于在属性等方面的特殊性，在开展金属风险评估时需要考虑自然本底属性、营养属性、金属形态、金属混合物及其相互作用以及地域环境的差异性等要素，本文就上述要素提出了讨论与展望，以期为我国金属环境风险评估指南的建立提供参考。     

eChemPortal及其在我国重点环境管理危险化学品环境风险评估中的应用

危害性识别是化学品环境风险评估工作的重要基础,危害性数据的质量直接影响化学品环境风险评估工作的结果与结论。通过介绍经济合作与发展组织(OECD)eChemPortal近几年来的主要变化,以上海地区涉及的30种重点环境管理危险化学品为例,比较分析我国《危险化学品分类信息表》及eChemPortal引用的按照《欧盟物质和混合物的分类、标签和包装法规》的公开分类和标签目录(ECHA CL inventory)、日本政府全球化学品统一分类和标签分类结果(GHS-J)的差异。结果表明:eChemPortal作为OECD建立的全球化学物质信息门户,加入的数据库多数经过政府机构或同行评审,准确性和可靠性相对较高,目前已有32个数据库加入到该平台,其中32个数据库支持化学物质检索,4个数据库支持化学性质检索,2个数据库支持GHS检索,并且数据库的数量和功能还在持续增加;相对于国家安全监管总局的《危险化学品分类信息表》和ECHA CL inventory,GHS-J的危害性分类结果较为完善,而且多数分类结果提供了具体的分类数据基础信息,这对于分类结果的评估十分有用。上述研究表明我国政府监管部门有必要结合eChemPortal等权威的数据信息平台发布我国重点环境管理危险化学品环境风险评估推荐数据库,从而规范重点环境管理危险化学品环境风险评估过程并推动对化学品的有效环境监管。     

大数据挖掘和机器学习在毒理学中的应用

随着高通量筛选技术的快速发展,化学品的毒性相关信息与日俱增。现今快速发展的数据挖掘技术和机器学习等计算机方法为化学品的毒性预测和风险防控提供了新途径。有害结局路径(adverse outcome pathway, AOP)将化合物的结构、分子启动事件和生物的有害结局建立关联,为污染物的毒性测试、预测和评估提供了新的模式,最终实现风险评估并应用于管理决策。定量结构-活性关系(QSAR)建模、分子模拟以及多组学技术在AOP的各个方面发挥了重要作用。基于此,本综述主要介绍数据挖掘与机器学习在毒理学中的应用方法,涉及QSAR建模、分子模拟及组学等方面,并结合实例分析系统阐述了当前研究的重点与方向,以更好地适应当前大数据时代的研究背景。     

功能基因组学在环境化学品毒性机制研究中的应用

认识化学品的毒性机制是开展化学品健康风险评估的基础。掌握化学品有害效应的遗传易感性机制是开展精准的健康风险评估的前提。传统的毒理基因组学主要分析化学品暴露诱导的组学表达图谱,不能建立生物学表型与特定基因/通路表达的直接关联。功能基因组学通过敲除或者敲降全基因组或者特定的基因集,建立基因-化学品毒性的直接关联,进而研究化学品致毒的过程和机制,同时可以提供与化学品暴露的遗传易感性相关的分子响应信息。本论文综述了功能基因组学技术的原理及其主要发展,介绍了酵母、鸡DT40细胞和RNA干扰等功能基因组学测试方法的优缺点。同时,详述了CRISPR功能基因组学的原理和特点,以及其在化学品毒性机制研究中的应用,展望了联合应用分子流行病学和CRISPR功能基因组学,开展化学品有害效应的易感性机制研究。     

Ein Indikator für den Einsatz gefährlicher Stoffe in Produkten und Prozessen: Monoethylenglykol-Äquivalente

In order to quantify hazardous substance use in production processes, a special methodology has been designed within the context of the EcoGrade integrated environmental assessment method developed by the Öko-Institut, Institute for Applied Ecology. This methodology uses monoethylene glycol (MEG) equivalents as an indicator value for hazardous substance use. MEG equivalents permit direct, noxious-substance-focussed comparison of processes and products (Bunke 2001). The assessment is based upon the standardized risk phrases assigned to the component substances. The MEG equivalent methodology is a refinement and application of the potency factor model (Wirkfaktorenmodell) of the German Technical Rule for Hazardous Substances (Technische Regel für Gefahrstoffe, TRGS) 440 (AGS 2001). The data required for the assessment procedure are available within companies (safety data sheets) or are readily accessible publicly (hazardous substance databanks). A further benefit is that inventory analysis of hazardous substances using the method presented here makes it possible to take hazardous substance use into account in a systematic manner within life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies. The methodology has been tested for the example of residential buildings. Note: The terms ‘hazardous substance’, ‘noxious substance’ and ‘hazardous constituent’ are used in this paper in the sense of substances that have one of the hazard attributes set out in Article 3 of the German Chemicals Act (Chemikaliengesetz).     

Addressing the environmental risk of persistent organic pollutants in China

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was adopted in 2001. This year is the 10th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention. Until now, 22 chemicals or chemical categories have been listed as POPs in the Stockholm Convention. The POPs Research Center was established in Tsinghua University in the same year when the Convention was adopted. In the last ten years, much work has been done by Chinese researchers to understand the environmental risk of POPs in China. This article aims to review the recent research progress of our POPs Research Center and some other Chinese researchers?? studies in addressing the environmental risk of POPs, including the priority screening and inventory study of POPs, monitoring and modeling of POPs pollution and exposure, and environmental risk assessment and modeling of POPs. Although great advances in addressing the environmental risk of POPs have been made in recent years, we are still facing quite a few problems, such as data scarcity and uncertainty in environmental risk assessment of POPs. The study on the effect of POPs mixtures is in its infancy and currently POPs are usually assessed from legal perspective by risk assessment of single chemicals. These problems should be well addressed by further efforts. Further studies should also be taken in future to study environment risk of POPs by considering aspects of coupled dynamics between climate processes and POPs. Such sound scientific, riskbased information can support decision-making aiming to effectively minimize the risk level of POPs.     

Entwicklung von ökotoxikologischen Instrumenten und ihre rechtliche Implementierung zur marinen ökologischen Risikobewertung von Chemikalien, Pestiziden und Baggergut

Background, aim, and scope The marine environment is often the final sink for pollutants, especially for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substances. The body burden of marine top predators in the Baltic Sea, in the North Sea and also in the Arctic seas is alarming. Thus, the question was investigated if the European environmental law considers a prospective marine ecological risk assessment of chemicals, pesticides and dredged material before they are launched on the market or disposed to the sea. Results The analysis of European environmental law showed that the European environmental protection goals demand a good quality status of coastal waters until 2015 (Waterframework Directive) and a good quality status of European seas until 2020 (Marine Strategy Directive), but a specific marine ecological risk assessment of chemicals and pesticides is not sufficiently required in current European legislation. Discussion It was shown that the ecological risk assessment for freshwater ecosystems is, due to the pecularities of pollutant impacts in the marine environment, not adequate to predict marine effects and to protect the marine environment sufficiently. A statistical analysis of international databases on the relative toxicity of narcotics revealed that marine organisms can be significantly more sensitive than freshwater organisms towards substances with an unspecific mode of action (narcotics). Approximately 60?% of the industrial chemicals are classified as narcotics by their mode of action. Thus, this substance class is of environmental importance. Due to the hydrophobic properties and the low solubility of narcotics in seawater, the ecotoxicological assessment of marine sediments was of interest. An estuarine and marine bioassay test set was established and further developed to assess the ecotoxicological potential of brackish and seawater sediments. It was important that the test procedures were adapted to brackish and marine conditions and were harmonised between each other as well as on the international level. Conclusions Beside two bioassays for the ecotoxicological assessment of elutriates of marine and brackish sediments (bacteria bioluminescence test and marine algae test), the implementation and further development of the whole sediment bioassay with the marine amphipod Corophium volutator was important for enhancing the risk assessment. In order to gain a more standardised, all-season available test organism, the marine amphipod was for the first time reproduced under laboratory conditions the whole year round (also in winter), which is the essential basis for the urgently needed chronic whole sediment bioassay. The results of this investigation were implemented in the international (ISO), European (EN) and national (DIN) standardisations. Therefore, a standardised test set is ready for the implementation in the marine ecological risk assessment of chemicals, pesticides and dredged material in international, European and national legislation. Recommendations and perspectives Recommendations to improve the implementation of a marine risk assessment in European regulations are given with the goal to reach the internationally required objective of a sustainable development of the seas.     

基于自然灾害的北京幅综合生态风险评价

经过20多年的发展,风险源评价从单一风险源扩展到多风险源,风险受体从单一受体发展到多受体,评价尺度也从种群、生态系统扩展到区域和景观水平。但总体说来,对多风险源、多过程的多个生态系统层次的风险评价尚不成熟。运用数字高程模型、干燥度分布图、植被指数、人口密度以及8种自然灾害风险源频率分布图、土地利用图、植被类型图、陆地生态系统生态资产分布图等数据,基于ArcGIS 9.2平台,综合考虑生态的脆弱性,风险源的发生频率,受体的暴露水平、危害程度等,对多风险源、多个生态系统综合的北京幅生态风险进行评价。旨在对区域综合生态风险评价方法进行探讨。评价结果显示：（1）高风险区主要为本区环渤海湾沿岸,包括天津市,河北唐山、沧州,山东滨州、东营、潍坊等沿海地带;以及本图幅西部、北部的太行山地,包括河北省、北京市及图幅西部的山西、河南部分地区;（2）较低生态风险区所占比例较高,达42.55%,可见降低生态风险有很大的潜力;（3）高强度的人类开发,尤其是在滨海地区围海造陆,将会导致沿海地区生态风险更高。     

环境有毒有害物质快速鉴别方法与应用

频发的污染事故严重影响环境质量,危害人群健康,事故的源解析和修复成为了关键问题。而传统的靶向分析方法无法胜任实际工作需求。因此,本研究建立了1)有毒有害物质清单;2)一种针对有毒有害物质的快速高效鉴别方法。将上述方法应用于某场地污染事件,成功筛查鉴定出30种环境高关注度物质,通过数据库比对进一步鉴定了6种危废物质,通过购买标准样品成功验证了4种物质。同时,还通过文献查阅与标样比对确认了另外2种有毒物质。因此,本研究建立的有毒有害物质快速筛查方法为实际环境中的污染物快速鉴别提供了一种可靠的、可行的方法。     

Cycle annuel du phytoplancton et de la production primaire dans les mers tropicales

In this review, tropical seas are limited geographically by a minimum surface temperature of 22°C throughout the year. The relevant literature consists of nearly a hundred references, corresponding to about 45 stations or areas; most of these are neritic or subject to land mass or island mass effects; few studies have been made in both oceanic and neritic waters of the Pacific Ocean. In neritic waters, as a rule, an annual cycle of species composition and intensity of primary production is observed: seasonal variations are related to hydrography (currents, upwelling) or climate (winds, rains, monsoons); some cases reported are doubtful due to insufficient or only qualitative data; so far, not a single example can serve as a proof for the absence of an annual cycle. Oceanic data are much too meagre to allow a generalization to be drawn; seasonal, hydrographic, and climatic changes must often also be taken into account; in regions of permanent stratification, productivity can be expected to remain at a low and continuous level throughout the year, but direct evidence of this is still lacking. In temperate and cold waters, seasons are of world-wide significance due to changes in the relation between euphotic and mixing layers' depths, i.e., in availability of light and nutrients for phytoplankton growth; thus general models of annual cycles can be described. In tropical seas, on the other hand, seasons are only regional and ecological factors can act in opposite ways according to time and space, so that no world-wide picture can be worked out.     

水生态模拟系统及其在化学品生态风险评估中的应用

水生态模拟系统是用于高层次化学品生态风险评估的测试模型,目前在国外已经广泛用于工业化学品、农药、兽药、重金属等单一化学物质和复杂混合物的生态风险评估研究,而我国的相关研究比较匮乏。随着我国化学品风险评估体系的完善,水生态模拟系统测试必将作为作为单一生物毒性测试的有效补充。在此背景下,简述了水生态模拟系统的分类、研究方法和结果外推方法;从单一化学物质暴露作用下的生态危害评估、多种化学物质联合暴露作用下的生态危害评估以及目标化学物质的归趋分析三个方面阐述了水生态模拟系统在国内外化学品风险评估科学研究中的应用,对比了水生态模拟系统和单一物种毒性测试结果和基于两种测试数据的生态危害评估结果。与此同时,分析了水生态模拟系统在国内外化学品环境管理中的应用情况。在此基础上,对我国发展水生态模拟系统所存在的问题及解决方案提出了建议。     

基于风险的Football组合法在筛选农用地优先控制酞酸酯类污染物的应用

为探索建立农用地优先管控酞酸酯类有毒有害化学物质的筛选方法,基于Football组合法开展了相关研究。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)等5种酞酸酯类内源污染物潜在风险较高,将筛选结果与国内外管控化学物质名单进行比较分析,表明Football组合法可用于筛选农用地优先控制酞酸酯类有毒有害物质。