水中低残留有机物萃取过程的盐析作用及色谱分析

用自制的高浓缩比液液萃取装置，对氯化钠作为盐析剂在萃取过程中的作用进行色谱分析，三种非挥发性有机物六六六、DDT和苯并（α）芘的最低检测限均可达到1ng.l^-1以下，用本方法检测自来水有ng.l^-1级六六六和DDT存在。     

淮河(江苏段)水体有机氯农药的污染水平

分别采集淮河丰水期和枯水期次表层水样 ,并用气相色谱 电子捕集检测器分析其中1 6种有机氯农药 .水体中总HCHs含量介于 1 1 1— 7 5 5ng·l- 1 ,总DDTs含量介于 4 45—78 87ng·l- 1 .水体中DDT/(DDE DDD)比值较大 ,表明此类化合物环境滞留期较长 ;六六六的两种异构体α/γ比值接近 1 ,表明近期可能有此类物质输入淮河水域 .有机氯农药的总量在 2 6 2 7— 1 2 4 39ng·l- 1 之间 .     

固相萃取-LC-MS法检测水中痕量雌激素

研究了乙腈 /水、乙腈 /甲醇 /水、甲醇 /水三种不同流动相的条件下 ,LC MS分析雌酮 ,雌二醇 ,雌三醇 ,炔雌醇四种对象物质的灵敏度 ,发现流动相对灵敏度影响较大 ,不同流动相的对象物质的仪器检出限分别为 :330— 75 0ng·l- 1 ,1 0 0— 30 0ng·l- 1 ,5 0— 1 0 0ng·l- 1 .用固相萃取 LC MS检测杭州地区河水 ,在 8个采样点中 ,有 7个检测出了炔雌醇 ,其浓度范围在 1 1 7— 3 35ng·l- 1 之间 ,一个采样点检测出雌二醇 ,其浓度为 0 32ng·l- 1 .     

利用HS-SPME-GC技术分析环境水样中超痕量的六氯苯,DDT及其代谢产物

利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱检测技术,通过对三种不同的SPME萃取头(PDMS,PMPVS,PA)实验条件的优化,并参照液液萃取的方法,对水相中六氯苯,DDT及其代谢产物的萃取效果进行了比较．结果表明,SPME方法比液液萃取方法在检测限和回收率上有很大的提高,其中PDMS对检测六氯苯,DDT及其代谢产物的效果较其它两种萃取头好．     

固相萃取-羟基衍生化-气相色谱/质谱联用测定滇池水体中酚类内分泌干扰物

采用PTA-OH为衍生化试剂,对酚类内分泌干扰物的衍生化条件进行了优化,并在优化条件下,利用固相萃取-羟基衍生化-气相色谱/质谱法检测了滇池水体中酚类内分泌干扰物的浓度.结果表明,目标物PTA-OH衍生化在乙酸乙酯中、20℃条件下衍生化5min可达到最佳衍生化效果,衍生化后酚类内分泌干扰物的GC/MS检测限达到0.1 pg·μl-1,检测范围为20-1000pg·μl-1;滇池水体中的辛基酚的浓度为ND-56.5 ng·μl-1;枯烯基酚的浓度为23.5-48.5 ng·μl-1;壬基酚的浓度为13.6-141.6 ng·μl-1;双酚A的浓度为N D-4713.6 ng·μl-1.滇池水体中4种酚类内分泌干扰物普遍存在,其中双酚A的污染较严重.     

官厅水库和永定河沉积物中多氯联苯和有机氯农药的污染

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)方法对官厅水库-永定河流域沉积物中26种多氯联苯(PCBs)同系物和13种有机氯农药进行了分析测定,在4个采样点均检出多氯联苯和部分有机氯农药.其中PCBs和有机氯农药总量的最高点均出现在永定河下游的三家店,分别为9.7ng*g-1和26.7ng*g-1,按照国际关于沉积物质量的同类研究结果,判定为轻度污染水平.HCH最高仅为4.50ng*g-1,属轻度污染,DDT浓度以八号桥和三家店样点最高,分别为23.2ng*g-1和26.7ng*g-1,属中度污染.有机氯农药总量分布为三家店＞八号桥＞官厅大坝＞雁翅,表明永定河下游多氯联苯和有机氯农药不仅来自官厅上游,也来自下游地区.     

SPE-LC-MS法检测杭州地区饮用水水源及自来水中的双酚A

采用固相萃取 液相色谱 质谱法 (SPE LC MS)对杭州钱塘江流域及杭州地区自来水厂水样中的双酚A进行检测 .在 1 0个采样点均检测出双酚A ,浓度范围在 0 33— 2 5 0 9ng·l- 1 .     

高效液相/四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱法分析活性污泥中的全氟辛烷磺酸及全氟辛酸

采用固相萃取/高效液相/四极杆飞行时间串联质谱检测活性污泥中的全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)及全氟辛酸(PFOA).以甲醇-水(含5mmol·l-1醋酸铵,体积比60∶ 40-80∶ 20)为流动相,经高效液相分离,四极杆-飞行时间质谱检测PFOS m/z 499→80,PFOA m/z 369→169.方法的检出限:PFOS 1.0ngm·l-1;PFOA 2.0 ngm·l-1,方法的线性范围:PFOS 6-150 ngm·l-1;PFOA 10-180 ngm·l-1,方法回收率:PFOS 87%-105%,PFOA 81%-90%.用此方法分析了我国4个城市和地区活性污泥中的PFOS和PFOA.     

污水中氟喹诺酮类抗生素的分析方法

本文建立了固相萃取与高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用(HPLC-MS-MS)检测污水中8种氟喹诺酮类(FQs)抗生素残留的分析方法.样品经HLB固相萃取柱富集、净化后,用5%氨水-甲醇(V/V)溶液洗脱,洗脱液经N2浓缩定容后,以Acclaim 120 C18柱分离,高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测正离子模式(MRM)定性、定量分析.以去离子水和污水为基质,诺氟沙星-d5为替代物进行回收率评价,8种氟喹诺酮类抗生素在加标浓度为100ng.l-1和25ng.l-1时的回收率为73.8%—113%和56.8%—115%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.60%—13.2%和3.70%—12.3%(n=4),方法检出限为0.2—1 ng.l-1.对北京市7大污水处理厂进出口污水中氟喹诺酮类抗生素进行残留分析,结果表明7大污水处理厂进出口污水中均有FQs检出,其中氧氟沙星含量最高.     

加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的有机氯农药

加速溶剂提取技术萃取蔬菜样品中的有机氯农药残留具有萃取速度快、溶剂用量少、选择性高等优点。用加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的有机氯农药残留,其结果与国标法(GB/T5009,19-1996)和美国EPA法(3545)进行比较。结果表明:加速溶剂提取-气相色谱法能够对蔬菜中多种有机氯农药残留的提取和测定达到很好的效果,蔬菜中12种有机氯农药在两种质量分数(25和100ng·g-1)的添加的回收率在80%和125%之间,高于国标法,而与美国EPA的方法相当。用此法对南京市郊蔬菜中有机氯农药残留状况进行分析表明:南京市郊蔬菜中有机氯农药的检出率在76%和100%之间,DDTs是蔬菜中的主要有机氯农药残留,其次为六六六,分别占残留总量的48.5%~74.6%和14.0%~27.9%。10种试验蔬菜体内DDT和六六六的残留量均不超标,但此类物质可在食物链中富集和放大,仍会对农产品质量和人体健康构成潜在威胁。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.