林丹、毒死蜱对淡水藻类毒性效应的比较研究

有机氯和有机磷农药是全球应用最广泛的两大类农药,以有机氯农药林丹以及有机磷农药毒死蜱为研究对象,比较了它们对长江中下游常见的3种淡水藻类包括铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)的毒性效应。通过藻类生长抑制试验测定了林丹和毒死蜱对藻类的毒性效应,结果表明,林丹和毒死蜱对3种藻的生长存在不同程度的抑制效应,且质量浓度越高,抑制效应越强,其中低质量浓度的毒死蜱对铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻具有一定的促进作用。实验还获得了两种农药对3种不同藻类的急慢性毒性数据,以96 h生物量计,林丹对铜绿微囊藻的EC50=442μg·L-1,LOEC=120μg·L-1,NOEC=60μg·L-1,MATC=85μg·L-1;对普通小球藻的EC50=524μg·L-1,LOEC=128μg·L-1,NOEC=61μg·L-1,MATC=88μg·L-1;对梅尼小环藻的EC50=11 849μg·L-1,LOEC=1 295μg·L-1,NOEC=406μg·L-1,MATC=725μg·L-1。毒死蜱对铜绿微囊藻的EC50=2 720μg·L-1,LOEC=1 026μg·L-1,NOEC=615μg·L-1,MATC=794μg·L-1;对普通小球藻的EC50=5 374μg·L-1,LOEC=1 978μg·L-1,NOEC=1 172μg·L-1,MATC=1 522μg·L-1;对梅尼小环藻的EC50=11 109μg·L-1,LOEC=2 792μg·L-1,NOEC=1 355μg·L-1,MATC=1 945μg·L-1。结果表明,林丹和毒死蜱对3种藻的生长存在不同程度的抑制效应。毒性数据显示相比于梅尼小环藻,铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻对两种农药更为敏感。     

新型杀菌剂氟吡菌胺对9种环境生物的急性毒性及其在斑马鱼体内的生物富集

为评价新型杀菌剂氟吡菌胺对环境生物的毒性风险,避免其在使用过程中对我国特有的环境生物产生危害,测定了氟吡菌胺对意大利蜜蜂、日本鹌鹑、斑马鱼、家蚕、斜生栅藻、大型溞、玉米螟赤眼蜂、赤子爱胜蚓和黑斑蛙蝌蚪等9种代表性环境生物的急性毒性,并以斑马鱼为试材,研究了氟吡菌胺的生物富集性,即根据鱼类急性毒性结果 LC50(96 h)=1.489 mg·L~(-1),设计生物富集试验水样浓度为LC50的1/2、1/10和1/100,即0.745 mg·L~(-1)、0.149 mg·L~(-1)和0.0149 mg·L~(-1),连续暴露8 d,采用液相色谱法测定3个浓度下氟吡菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集量。结果表明,氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼、斜生栅藻和大型溞3种水生生物的急性毒性为中毒级,对黑斑蛙蝌蚪急性毒性为高毒级,其对蜜蜂、鸟类、家蚕、蚯蚓和天敌赤眼蜂等环境生物均为低毒或低风险;斑马鱼在0.745、0.149和0.0149 mg·L~(-1)的氟吡菌胺水溶液中暴露192 h时,生物富集系数BCF分别为33.65、26.39和193.25;根据化学农药环境安全评价试验准则评价标准,10BCF≤1000,氟吡菌胺属于中等富集性农药。     

安乃近代谢产物4-乙酰氨基安替比林的水生急性毒性研究

在地表水中检出高浓度的安乃近代谢产物4-乙酰氨基安替比林(4-AAA),但目前缺乏对4-AAA的生态毒性研究,故无法评价其生态风险。采用经济合作与发展组织(OECD)标准测试方法,研究4-AAA对藻、大型溞和鱼的急性毒性效应。结果表明,在1 500 mg·L-1(配制浓度) 4-AAA的暴露条件下,近头状伪蹄形藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)的生长并没有受到明显抑制效应;稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)没有发现死亡现象。这表明,藻类生长量和生长率的72 h无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)均≥1 502 mg·L-1(实测浓度),96 h鱼类急性毒性的半致死浓度(LC50)≥1 532 mg·L-1(实测浓度)。当大型溞(Daphnia magna)暴露于一系列不同浓度4-AAA(188、375、750、1 500和3 000 mg·L-1),24 h后发现750 mg·L-1的暴露组开始出现运动抑制现象;最高浓度组中,80%大型溞的运动能力明显受到抑制。48 h后抑制效应增加,750 mg·L-1暴露组中,40%的大型溞活动能力受到抑制;最高浓度组仅20%大型溞活动能力保持正常。这表明,高浓度4-AAA对大型溞的活动能力具有一定的抑制作用。统计分析结果表明,24 h和48 h大型溞活动能力的抑制效应达一半的浓度(EC50)分别为1 538 mg·L-1(1217～2 017 mg·L-1)和1 041 mg·L-1(834～1 304 mg·L-1)。根据全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS)分类,4-AAA的水生急性毒性不归类。尽管地表水中检出高浓度(3 675 ng·L-1)的4-AAA,但最高风险商值仅为3.53×10-3,风险较低。     

戊吡虫胍对几种非靶标生物的急性毒性

戊吡虫胍是一种从烟碱类和缩胺脲类杀虫剂活性结构拼接而成的系列化合物中筛选出来的新型杀虫剂,目前戊吡虫胍对非靶标生物的毒性研究报道较少。为探究戊吡虫胍的环境安全性,采用生物毒性试验方法测定了其对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)、家蚕(Bombyx mori)、斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)、赤子爱胜蚯蚓(Eisenia fetide)、非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)、赤眼蜂(Trichogramma nubilale)、意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)、日本鹌鹑(Coturnix coturnix japonica)共9种非靶标生物的急性毒性。结果显示戊吡虫胍对斜生栅藻和大型溞的半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为8.79 mg·L~(-1)和10.97 mg·L~(-1),对家蚕、斑马鱼、赤子爱胜蚯蚓和非洲爪蟾的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为2.32 mg·L~(-1)、13.74 mg·L~(-1)、100 mg·kg~(-1)和19.30mg·L~(-1),对赤眼蜂的安全系数为0.16~0.031,对蜜蜂急性触杀和急性摄入毒性分别为51.82μg·bee~(-1)和10.8×10~3mg·L~(-1),对鹌鹑的急性经口和急性饲喂毒性LC50分别为1 000 mg·kg~(-1)和2×103mg·kg~(-1)。按照最新国标(GB/T31270—2014)化学农药环境安全评价准则的毒性等级划分,戊吡虫胍除了对家蚕和赤眼蜂为高毒和极高风险外,对其余非靶生物均为低毒。     

敌草快对藻类和溞类的急性毒性及其水中含量测定

敌草快是一种非选择性、广谱的联吡啶类触杀性除草剂,主要通过干扰植物细胞膜、破坏光合作用而快速发挥效果。为探究敌草快对水生生物的毒性,测定了该化合物对羊角月芽藻和大型溞的急性毒性,并建立了高效液相色谱法测定水中敌草快含量的方法。结果表明:检测方法在1.00×10-2~3.00×10-2mg a.i.·L-1范围内的线性相关系数为0.99995,添加回收率在90.3%~109%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.10%~10.3%,保留时间在7.2 min左右。按实测浓度和理论浓度分别计算敌草快对羊角月芽藻的72 h的半数效应浓度EyC50(72 h-EyC50),分别为3.16×10-2mg a.i.·L-1和3.32×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,均为高毒;对大型溞48 h的半数效应浓度EC50(48 h-EC50)分别为1.18×10-2mg a.i.·L-1和1.33×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,均为剧毒。     

利用多生物学指标评价宝应湖沉积物的环境质量

研究了江苏宝应湖沉积物浸出液对水生生态系统的生产者斜生栅列藻 (Scenedesmusobilquus)、初级消费者大型氵蚤 (Daphniamagna)和高级消费者斑马鱼 (Brachyddaniorerio)的影响。结果表明 ,沉积物浸出液对大型氵蚤和斑马鱼无明显的急性毒性。但与湖水对照相比 ,浸出液对斜生栅列藻的生长有显著促进作用 ,且随浸出液浓度升高 ,对藻类促进作用越大。化学监测结果表明 ,沉积物浸出液中磷浓度明显高于湖水 ,表明沉积物中磷向水体释放 ,可促进湖泊富营养化。     

肟菌酯对环境生物急性毒性及安全性评价

本试验通过研究肟菌酯对10种环境生物急性毒性效应,以期评价其对环境生物的毒性风险。结果表明,肟菌酯对日本鹌鹑(Coturnix coturnix japonica)的经口毒性7 d-LD50和短期饲喂毒性8 d-LC50分别大于2.00×103mg a.i.·kg-1bw和5.00×103mg a.i.·kg-1饲料,意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)接触与经口毒性48 h-LD50分别为大于100μg a.i.·蜂-1和95.3μg a.i.·蜂-1,家蚕(Bombyx mori)96 h-LC50为1.61×103mg a.i.·L-1,蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)14 d-LC50大于100 mg a.i.·kg-1干土,赤眼蜂(Trichogramma japonicum)24 h-LR50为0.337μg a.i.·cm-2,羊角月牙藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)72 h-EC50为5.80×10-3mg a.i.·L-1,大型溞(Daphnia magna Straus)48 h-EC50为1.72×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)96 h-LC50为5.40×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)蝌蚪96 h-LC50为8.95×10-2mg a.i.·L-1,土壤微生物28 d硝酸盐转化速率差异小于25%。因此,根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》毒性等级划分标准,肟菌酯对鸟、蜜蜂、家蚕、蚯蚓等陆生生物为低毒,对水生生物的绿藻、大型溞、斑马鱼、非洲爪蟾蝌蚪均为高毒或剧毒,而对天敌赤眼蜂属高风险,故在田间使用过程中应采取措施降低其对水生生物以及天敌昆虫赤眼蜂急性毒性风险,以免造成危害。     

联苯胺对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的急性和慢性毒性试验

研究了联苯胺对大型溞(Daphniamagna)的急性毒性和慢性毒性.急性毒性试验结果表明,联苯胺对大型溞的ρLC50, 24h、ρLC50, 48h值分别为 1. 73mgL-1和 0. 89mgL-1. 21d生活周期试验结果表明,大型溞的生殖是对该化合物最为敏感的慢性毒性指标.联苯胺对大型溞生殖的无可见效应浓度(NOEC/Reproduction)为 0. 004mgL-1,最低可见效应浓度(LO EC/Reproduction)为 0. 012mgL-1.并据此计算出该毒物的最大允许浓度(MATC)为 0. 008 9mgL-1. 表 3参 19     

酶催化降解四溴双酚A反应引起的碳纳米管急性毒性变化

辣根过氧化物酶催化去除四溴双酚A的反应能够改变多壁碳纳米管(multiwall carbon nanotubes,MWCNTs)在水环境中的稳定性。为探究该反应对碳纳米管生态毒性效应的影响,选择大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)作为受试生物,分别考察了反应前后MWCNTs对大型蚤的急性毒性以及对斜生栅藻的生长抑制和藻细胞色素的影响。结果表明,在1~10 mg·L-1的暴露浓度下,与原始的MWCNTs相比,反应后的MWCNTs对大型蚤的急性毒性明显减弱。在10 mg·L-1的暴露剂量下,原始的MWCNTs造成大型蚤的死亡率高达65%,而反应后的MWCNTs引起大型蚤的死亡率仅为23%。此外,反应前后的MWCNTs对斜生栅藻的生长均有抑制作用。随着暴露浓度的增大,藻细胞密度、叶绿素a和b的含量逐渐降低。与原始MWCNTs相比,反应后的MWCNTs对斜生栅藻的毒性明显减弱。上述研究结果为评价MWCNTs的环境风险提供了基础数据。     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品对4种本土水生生物的生态毒性

本文选择了紫背浮萍、四尾栅藻、蚤状溞和稀有鮈鲫4种本土水生生物,开展了阳离子表面活性剂、织物三防整理剂、C4三防整理剂和C6三防整理剂4种全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品的安全性评估,为筛选理想PFOS化学替代品提供科学依据。急性毒性结果发现阳离子表面活性剂对4种水生生物均未显示出急性毒性;织物三防整理剂、C4三防整理剂和C6三防整理剂对蚤状溞的LC50值分别为17.97、64.61和85.58 mg·L-1,显示出低的急性毒性。另外,织物三防整理剂对四尾栅藻的半数抑制浓度(EC50)值为88.32 mg·L-1,而对稀有鮈鲫半致死浓度(LC50)值为14.79 mg·L-1,均存在急性毒性。短期生长抑制试验结果发现阳离子表面活性剂、织物三防整理剂、C4三防整理剂和C6三防整理剂对稀有鮈鲫生长抑制最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)值分别为20、1.5、100和50 mg·L-1,表明4种PFOS替代品均显示低慢性毒性。急慢性综合分析可知C4和C6三防整理剂相对较安全,可能成为理想的PFOS替代品。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

Variation in male courtship costs in butterflies

A cost of mating is common to both sexes but has predominantly been examined in females. In species where males provide resources to females at copulation, male mating costs are expected to be high as nutrient provisioning enhancing female fecundity is assumed to carry costs. In addition, males frequently court females prior to mating, which is known to carry survival costs to both sexes. However, the magnitude and basis of variation in males’ mating costs remains largely unknown. Here, I examine the effect of nutrient provisioning and courtship on male longevity across full-sib families in the paternally investing green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi. Copulating males suffered a survival cost as did courting males prevented from copulating, indicating the courtship component of mating is costly. Male P. napi release aphrodisiacs during courtship to promote mating, indicating that these compounds may also be costly to produce. Contrary to expectation, nutrient provisioning was not associated with reduced survival relative to males only allowed to court females, although it is possible that this could be masked by the potentially elevated courtship rates of courting males relative to mating males. Families differed in magnitude of reduced male survivorship, indicating a likely genetic basis to variation in costs of courtship and copulation. Male weight was unrelated to longevity and mating success, whereas longevity strongly influenced male mating success, indicating lifespan is an important male fitness trait in this species.     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.