银与植物的相互作用:吸收、转化与毒性

硝酸银做为传统抗菌剂的使用由来已久.近年来纳米银做为广谱杀菌剂的使用亦日益广泛.硝酸银及纳米银可进入污水处理系统转化为硫化银并随污泥堆肥进入环境.由于银的使用与环境释放,银离子、纳米银及硫化银广泛存在于实际环境中.植物是生态系统的基本组成部分.一方面银作为植物非必需元素会对植物的生长造成影响,另一方面植物会影响银在环境中的迁移转化及在食物链中的传递.本文总结了硝酸银、纳米银及纳米硫化银与植物的相互作用,强调了银在植物体内的吸收转化与毒性,指出了未来研究需要注意的方向.     

纳米银在多孔介质中的迁移过程与机制研究进展

纳米银(AgNPs)作为消费品中最常用的人工纳米材料,由于其优异的抗菌性能,在织物、医疗设备和食品及饮料包装中广泛使用.AgNPs可通过大气沉降、地表水径流、污水灌溉和生物污泥的土地施用等多种途径进入土壤等多孔介质,甚至进入地下水.AgNPs进入环境后可在动物和植物体内累积并产生毒性效应,对生态环境构成危害.因此,全面了解AgNPs在土壤等多孔介质中的迁移过程对正确评估其环境归趋和生态效应具有重要的理论和现实意义.本文针对近年来已发表的不同表面稳定剂、环境有机质、土壤矿物及微生物等对AgNPs性质及在多孔介质中迁移过程中产生的影响进行了全面的总结,并就目前研究中存在的问题和后续研究的发展方向进行了展望.     

纳米银材料的生物安全性研究进展

纳米银材料被广泛应用到医疗、化工、生物等许多领域,增加了与人类接触的可能性,因此关注其生物安全性是很有必要的。本文对近年来纳米银的抗菌性和生物安全性研究进行了综述。首先分析了纳米银的皮肤毒性、呼吸系统毒性、消化系统毒性和其他组织毒性,其次分析了体外细胞毒性和细胞内纳米银与生物大分子相互作用,最后对纳米银材料的人群暴露生物安全性及纳米银与银离子毒性关系进行了探讨。本文旨在为纳米银的毒性作用机制研究提供参考,为建立标准的纳米银安全性评价体系提供依据。     

纳米银的体内毒性及毒作用机制研究进展

很多研究表明纳米银对机体的消化系统、呼吸系统、生殖系统等多个系统均会产生毒作用,且其毒作用受到多种因素的影响。目前关于纳米银的毒作用机制尚未明确,研究发现纳米银的毒作用机制可能与银离子释放、活性氧自由基产生、氧化应激的发生、炎症反应等有关,最新研究指出纳米银的毒性作用还可能与内质网应激和自噬有关,本文将就纳米银的体内毒性及毒作用机制进行了综述。     

纳米银对鱼类的毒性效应研究进展

纳米银作为一种新兴的纳米材料,由于其独特的抗菌性能而被广泛应用于各种商业化产品中。广泛的应用增加了它进入环境尤其是水环境的机率,从而对鱼类等水生生物产生潜在毒性效应。因此,近年来陆续开展了关于纳米银对鱼类的毒理学研究。本文根据国内外文献查阅及分析,综述了纳米银的制备、特性、应用、释放情况以及近几年来纳米银对鱼类的毒理学研究进展,对今后进一步开展相关研究工作提供参考。     

纳米银的体内毒性及毒作用机制研究进展

很多研究表明纳米银对机体的消化系统、呼吸系统、生殖系统等多个系统均会产生毒作用，且其毒作用受到多种因素的影响。目前关于纳米银的毒作用机制尚未明确，研究发现纳米银的毒作用机制可能与银离子释放，活性氧自由基产生，氧化应激的发生，炎症反应等有关，最新研究指出纳米银的毒性作用还可能与内质网应激和自噬有关，本文将就纳米银的体内毒性及毒作用机制进行综述。     

纳米银的迁移转化对环境微生物毒性的影响

纳米银(AgNPs)因其优越的抗菌、导电、催化等性能,被广泛应用于工业领域和日常生活中,成为当前产量和用量最高的纳米材料之一。但纳米银产品在生产、运输、洗涤、侵蚀、废弃的过程中,不可避免地会被释放到自然环境中。在复杂环境因素影响下,纳米银本身的赋存状态发生转化,并对生态环境构成严重威胁。因此,探究纳米银在环境中的迁移转化过程及其对生态环境的潜在风险成为相关领域的研究热点。针对纳米银研究现状中存在的不足,综述了天然有机质、pH值、溶解氧、离子强度、光照等环境因素对纳米银迁移转化行为以及其对微生物毒性效应的影响,并进一步深入探讨了纳米银的毒理机制,旨在为纳米银的环境行为特征研究以及风险评估提供理论基础。     

通讯

纳米银通过结合RNA聚合酶抑制红系前体细胞RNA的转录由于其广谱的抗菌活性,纳米银在日常生活和医药卫生中得到广泛的应用.纳米银的大量生产和使用将导致其在生产、运输、使用和排放等环节释放入环境,其潜在的环境与健康风险已日益受到关注.研究发现,纳米银可以引发呼吸系统(肺)、消化系统(肝脏)、神经系统(神经元)和生殖系统的组织损伤.然而,目前对纳米银毒性效应的分子作用机制尚待深入研究.     

纳米银与银离子对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

为研究纳米银和银离子对土壤微生物的影响,采用土壤培养方式,对不同剂量纳米银(10、50、100 mg·kg~(-1))和银离子(1、5、10 mg·kg~(-1))暴露下黄褐土、砖红壤中可培养微生物数量及土壤酶活性(脲酶、荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶)进行研究,并采用纯培养方法对纳米银和银离子暴露下的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)凋亡情况进行检测,对纳米银释放的银离子毒性进行评估。结果表明,随着纳米银剂量的增加,土壤可培养微生物数量显著减少,脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性降低,蔗糖酶、荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶(FDA酶)活性没有显著变化;银离子处理中微生物数量明显减少,但土壤酶活性被激活。10 mg·L~(-1)纳米银暴露1 h后大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌凋亡率、死亡率增高;随着培养时间的延长,纳米银缓慢释放银离子,并促进大肠杆菌的凋亡。综上分析,纳米银能够抑制土壤可培养微生物生长和酶活性,其中脲酶、过氧化氢酶对纳米银较为敏感,蔗糖酶、FDA酶受纳米银的影响较小;纳米银的毒性一方面是其本身的特异抗菌性,也有部分来自缓慢释放的银离子。     

铜的植物毒性与植物蓄积的关系

重金属是一类重要的环境污染物,铜是其中毒性大、分布广的一种。本文介绍了铜对植物的毒性与植物蓄积之间的关系,认为植物对铜的蓄积部位和络合方式能极大地影响铜的毒性。过量的铜能影响细胞膜的透性和细胞内酶系统的活性,影响光和色素的合成及光合作用过程。细胞壁是植物蓄积铜的重要部位;植物体内的络合物质能在细胞内将铜络合而解毒。     

纳米银在水环境中的环境行为和毒性效应研究进展

纳米材料的环境行为和生态效应是目前国内外研究的热点,其中纳米银颗粒(Ag NPs)是使用量最高的纳米材料。本文主要总结了Ag NPs在水环境中的赋存、Ag NPs的环境行为、Ag NPs对不同种类微生物的毒性效应以及影响Ag NPs毒性效应的因素,最后对Ag NPs在河口区的研究进行了展望。     

纳米银和银离子对2种微藻的急性毒性效应

为了探讨AgNPs对典型微藻的急性毒性效应及其机制,采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备AgNPs,以摇瓶实验法评估了不同浓度的AgNPs和Ag+对铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻叶绿素a含量、形态结构和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。实验结果表明:AgNPs对普通小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的96 h-EC50分别为1.113 mg·L-1和0.697 mg·L-1,而Ag+对2种藻的96 h-EC50分别为0.106 mg·L-1和0.032 mg·L-1。扫描电镜结果表明:AgNPs处理使普通小球藻细胞表面出现褶皱,细胞变形甚至向内塌陷。对铜绿微囊藻部分细胞出现变形变得不规则,且出现某些胞外物质使细胞粘附在一起。透射电镜观察发现,高浓度Ag+处理使2种藻的细胞均发生质壁分离,部分细胞转变为孢子。而AgNPs处理使普通小球藻细胞蛋白核增大,蛋白核与类囊体区无明显连接通道。铜绿微囊藻拟核区膨大,类囊体和色素体被推向四周,部分类囊体断裂,同时,发现该藻可以分泌胞外物质在细胞周围吸附AgNPs颗粒。对于普通小球藻,0.6 mg·L-1AgNPs处理后细胞光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学量子产率ΦP0相对于CK没有显著差异,但0.09 mg·L-1Ag+处理使ΦP0显著增加。在高浓度AgNPs或Ag+处理时,ΦP0均显著降低。AgNPs未对普通小球藻光系统II性能参数PI_Abs造成影响,但不同浓度Ag+处理均使得该参数显著升高。对于铜绿微囊藻,2种毒物均使其ΦP0显著降低。而PI_Abs仅在2种毒物的最高浓度处理时显著降低。综上,AgNPs对2种藻的急性毒性远小于Ag+,而两者对铜绿微囊藻的毒性均大于普通小球藻。AgNPs胁迫使2种藻叶绿素a含量显著降低,并诱导2种藻在形态结构和光合生理方面发生了显著变化,造成不同程度的损伤,但与Ag+的毒性效应存在一定的差异。提高光吸收能通量补偿耗散能量和分泌胞外物质结合Ag+是微藻2种重要的解毒机制。     

Determination of nephrotoxicity and genotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles in Swiss albino mice

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess properties that are important for industrial and medical applications. This study is aimed to investigate intra-peritoneal toxicity of AgNPs at 26, 52 or 78 mg/kg/day for 5 days in mice Swiss albino mice. The effects on oxidative stress markers activities of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), levels of serum glutathione (GSH), apoptosis (TUNEL assay), DNA strand breaks (comet assay) in lymphocytes, as well as histopathological of kidney tissue were determined. AgNPs significantly increased SOD and CAT activities reduced GSH levels. In kidney apoptosis (TUNEL assay) while DNA strand breaks (comet assay) in lymphocytes revealed that AgNPs at concentration 78 mg/kg produced significant apoptosis and DNA damage. AgNPs also produced associated histological renal tissue damage. Evidence suggests that AgNPs-mediated alterations may be attributed to oxidative stress.     

人工纳米颗粒的植物毒性及其在植物中的吸收和累积

人工纳米颗粒(engineered nanoparticles,ENPs)在被广泛应用的同时,其潜在的环境风险和对健康的影响引起国内外的广泛重视。植物是人们的主要食物来源,ENPs可能被植物吸收并累积在可食部分,随食物链进入人体而引起健康风险。因此,ENPs的植物毒性及其在植物中的吸收和累积受到越来越多的关注。总结了ENPs的植物毒性及植物对ENPs的吸收、运输和累积,讨论了可能的致毒机制、影响其毒性的因素以及植物的解毒机制,并对未来应该注重开展的研究进行了展望。     

Weed-biocontrol insects reduce native-plant recruitment through second-order apparent competition

Small-mammal seed predation is an important force structuring native-plant communities that may also influence exotic-plant invasions. In the intermountain West, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) are prominent predators of native-plant seeds, but they avoid consuming seeds of certain widespread invasives like spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). These mice also consume the biological-control insects Urophora spp. introduced to control C. maculosa, and this food resource substantially increases deer mouse populations. Thus, mice may play an important role in the invasion and management of C. maculosa through food-web interactions. We examined deer mouse seed predation and its effects on seedling emergence and establishment of a dominant native grass, Pseudoroegneria spicata, and forb, Balsamorhiza sagittata, in C. maculosa-invaded grasslands that were treated with herbicide to suppress C. maculosa or left untreated as controls. Deer mice readily took seeds of both native plants but removed 2-20 times more of the larger B. sagittata seeds than the smaller P. spicata seeds. Seed predation reduced emergence and establishment of both species but had greater impacts on B. sagittata. The intensity of seed predation corresponded with annual and seasonal changes in deer mouse abundance, suggesting that abundance largely determined mouse impacts on native-plant seeds. Accordingly, herbicide treatments that reduced mouse abundance by suppressing C. maculosa and its associated biocontrol food subsidies to mice also reduced seed predation and decreased the impact of deer mice on B. sagittata establishment. These results provide evidence that Urophora biocontrol agents may exacerbate the negative effects of C. maculosa on native plants through a form of second-order apparent competition-a biocontrol indirect effect that has not been previously documented. Herbicide suppressed C. maculosa and Urophora, reducing mouse populations and moderating seed predation on native plants, but the herbicide's direct negative effects on native forb seedlings overwhelmed the indirect positive effect of reducing deer mouse seed predation. By manipulating this four-level food chain, we illustrate that host-specific biological control agents may impact nontarget plant species through food-web interactions, and herbicides may influence management outcomes through indirect trophic interactions in addition to their direct effects on plants.     

Silver nanoparticles toxicity effect on photosystem II photochemistry of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii treated in light and dark conditions

The inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on photochemical reactions of photosynthesis was investigated using the green alga model Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Algal cells were exposed to 1, 5, and 10?µmol?L^?1 of AgNPs under both light and dark conditions during 6?h. The rapid rise of chlorophyll a fluorescence and the fluorescence imaging system were employed to investigate the alteration of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical reactions and the associated electron transport activity. When algal cells were exposed to 5 and 10?µmol?L^?1 of AgNPs, our results showed the evidence of a structural deterioration of PSII reaction center, the alteration of the oxygen evolving complex and the inhibition of electron transport activity, which was stronger for AgNPs treatment under light exposure. Under these conditions, there was no activation of regulated photoprotective mechanisms against excess absorbed light-energy by the antenna system of the PSII complex. The highest deteriorating effect on the structural and functional integrity of PSII was observed for algal cells exposed 6?h in light condition to 10?µmol?L^?1 of AgNPs. Therefore, we provide valuable data in this study permitting to use photosynthetic-based fluorescence parameters for aquatic toxicological risk investigation of polluted water that may contain AgNP suspension.     

Heavy metals,occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review

Metal contamination issues are becoming increasingly common in India and elsewhere, with many documented cases of metal toxicity in mining industries, foundries, smelters, coal-burning power plants and agriculture. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury are major environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Heavy metal accumulation in soils is of concern in agricultural production due to the adverse effects on food safety and marketability, crop growth due to phytotoxicity, and environmental health of soil organisms. The influence of plants and their metabolic activities affects the geological and biological redistribution of heavy metals through pollution of the air, water and soil. This article details the range of heavy metals, their occurrence and toxicity for plants. Metal toxicity has high impact and relevance to plants and consequently it affects the ecosystem, where the plants form an integral component. Plants growing in metal-polluted sites exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, lower biomass production and metal accumulation. Various physiological and biochemical processes in plants are affected by metals. The contemporary investigations into toxicity and tolerance in metal-stressed plants are prompted by the growing metal pollution in the environment. A few metals, including copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc and chromium are, however, essential to plant metabolism in trace amounts. It is only when metals are present in bioavailable forms and at excessive levels, they have the potential to become toxic to plants. This review focuses mainly on zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, lead, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron.     

标准化测试种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验的基质应用研究

种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验是研究和评价新化学物质对陆生生物危害性的重要手段之一。为探究在标准化测试中能否使用非推荐基质,以及使用推荐基质时能否用灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,选取8种植物种子在5种基质中进行试验。结果表明,不同基质对种子发芽率的影响较小,但基质较低的养分含量和特殊的物理结构易对部分种子根长形成胁迫,甚至直接制约根系发育。生菜、水稻在5种基质中的发芽率和根长无显著性差异;绿豆、甘蓝、西瓜在酸洗石英砂中的根长分别为25.1、24.5、29.0 mm,在其余4种基质中根长显著缩短;青瓜在吸水纸和发芽纸中发芽率偏低,仅为83.3%;玉米在酸洗石英砂和灭菌石英砂中的发芽率和根长无明显差异,为100%/45.7 mm和93.3%/44.8 mm,其他基质中显著偏低。标准化测试条件下,以推荐的酸洗石英砂上各种子的发芽率和根长为评判依据,生菜和水稻试验可使用本研究中任意基质,绿豆、甘蓝和西瓜试验仅可使用酸洗石英砂作为基质,青瓜和玉米试验可使用干热灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,并且青瓜试验还可使用滤纸基质。以上结果为测试机构在工作实践中优化试验条件提供理论依据。     

氯丹和灭蚁灵污染场地土壤对陆生生物的毒性效应

为向污染土壤的监测、生态毒理诊断及修复提供方法和数据,以氯丹、灭蚁灵污染场地土壤为供试土壤,测定了氯丹、灭蚁灵复合污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应以及对小麦、小白菜、玉米和水稻4种植物种子发芽率和根伸长抑制率的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓对本场地污染响应十分敏感,处理d 3高浓度组开始出现死亡,此后死亡率随污染物浓度增大而上升,d 14部分高浓度组死亡率达到100%;同一浓度下,氯丹和灭蚁灵对4种植物种子根伸长抑制率均显著大于对种子发芽的抑制率,植物的根生长比种子发芽对有机污染物的毒性更为敏感.4种植物种子对污染场地土壤的敏感性为小麦>小白菜>水稻>玉米.氯丹和灭蚁灵对蚯蚓的毒性要大于对这几种植物的毒性,蚯蚓对氯丹和灭蚁灵的响应更加敏感.因此,蚯蚓作为指示生物,其急性毒性试验可作为氯丹和灭蚁灵污染场地的诊断指标,诊断周期以14 d为宜.