广西英罗港不同红树林群落土壤CO2和CH4通量对气温变化的响应

采用WEST-1011便携式土壤通量测量仪对广西北海英罗港自然保护区不同红树植物群落土壤的CO2和CH4排放通量特征以及其与气温的关系进行研究。结果表明,各群落土壤CH4通量的值都较小,在-2~3μmol.m-2.s-1之间;红海榄Rhizophora stylosa群落、木榄Brugiera gymmonhiza群落一天的CO2通量变化很小,秋茄Kandelia candel群落一天的CO2通量变化比较明显,最大值出现在19：00,为5.001μmol.m-2.s-1,桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum群落一天的CO2通量变化明显,最大值出现在11：00,为8.325μmol.m-2.s-1。排放通量与气温做相关性研究发现,气温与红海榄群落、木榄群落土壤CH4通量与气温呈不显著的正相关关系,与秋茄群落呈现极其显著的负相关关系,与桐花树群落呈显著的负相关关系;气温与红海榄群落、木榄群落、秋茄群落、桐花树群落的土壤CO2通量均呈不显著的负相关关系。     

广西红树林优势种群生态学研究

木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)和红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)是红树林乔木层的优势种,起着重要的生态功能.文章采用常用的生态位宽度、生态位重叠计测公式和Hegyi竞争指数模型,研究木榄和红海榄种内以及种间的相互关系.结果表明,木榄和红海榄有极其相似的生态位宽度和极高的生态位重叠关系,Hegyi竞争指数模型计算的竞争强度也证明,木榄和红海榄之间存在有激烈的生存竞争,并预测到木榄和红海榄将长期共存,但木榄在竞争中有微弱的优势.     

南沙湿地公园红树林物种多样性与空间分布格局

红树林是海岸的特有植被类型,研究其物种多样性与空间分布,对红树林的恢复与保护具有重要意义。本文以南沙湿地公园红树林为典型案例,采用遥感影像解译和样方调查的方法,对红树林物种多样性、群落特征与空间分布格局进行研究。结果表明:(1)南沙湿地公园红树林物种多样性指数高于其他与之纬度相近的红树林群落;(2)以无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham.、桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum(L.)Blanco.、黄槿Hibiscus tiliaceus L.和芦苇Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steud.为优势种;(3)主要的群落类型为无瓣海桑群落、黄槿群落和芦苇群落等3种,总面积百分比达86.72%,无瓣海桑群落和黄槿群落面积占比分别为41.13%和36.44%,成为红树林的绝对优势群落;(4)红树林群落在空间上呈聚集态分布,聚集度最高的是无瓣海桑群落,其次是黄槿群落,面积占比最低的是木榄群落;(5)引进种无瓣海桑,发展态势好,抑制了乡土种红树植物生长。建议扩种白骨壤Avicennia marina(Forsk.)Vierh.、桐花树和秋茄Kandelia candel(L.)Druce.,扩大其斑块面积,以提升乡土红树植物群落的稳定性,达到有效保护红树林的目的。     

福建洛阳江口红树林湿地恢复对蟹类密度的影响

底栖动物尤其是蟹类对红树林湿地生态系统的生态功能恢复有重要意义,研究检验不同红树林种类及林龄和郁闭度是否对蟹类分布情况存在显著影响。从福建洛阳江口红树林湿地动态变化对蟹类密度的影响可以看出：不同植被类型对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平。光滩与成熟的秋茄（Kandelia candel）,桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）和白骨壤（Avicennia marina）之间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,而桐花树、秋茄、白骨壤之间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。在不同红树林树种和林龄2因素对蟹类密度的影响的双因素分析中：树种、林龄、树种和林龄间互作均对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平;在不同红树林树种和郁闭度2因素对蟹类密度的影响的双因素方差分析中：树种对蟹类密度的影响达到极显著水平,郁闭度对蟹类密度的影响达到显著水平;树种和郁闭度之间互作对蟹类密度的影响不显著。     

广东省雷州附城主要红树林群落碳储量及其影响因子

红树林生态系统具有碳储量高、碳汇潜力强的特点,选择碳密度高的红树林树种和最佳的碳汇环境有利于实现碳储量的最大化。以广东省雷州半岛附城沿海红树林为研究对象,通过比较不同林龄、不同潮位、不同树种栽种模式红树林群落碳储量,深入研究不同生物因素和环境因素对红树林碳储量的影响。该研究中,红树林碳储量包括植物碳储量和土壤碳储量两部分,植物碳储量通过地上植物、地下植物和凋落物的生物量的测定进行计算,通过测定土壤有机碳来计算土壤碳储量。结果表明,红树林群落碳储量一般具有随树龄增加而持续增大的趋势,主要原因为土壤碳储量不断增加。高潮位红树林碳储量高于低潮位的,潮位因素与树种因素对碳储量的影响具有交互作用,潮位因素对不同树种的影响程度不同。在研究区域内,20年生各群落碳储量排序为:无瓣海桑(S.apetala)-桐花树(A.corniculatum)桐花树(A.corniculatum)+秋茄(K.obovata)无瓣海桑(S.apetala)桐花树(A.corniculatum)无瓣海桑(S.apetala)-白骨壤(A.marina)秋茄(K.obovata)白骨壤(A.marina),碳储量分别为305.52、236.26、178.15、172.96、145.99、136.98、97.42 t·hm~(-2)。本研究可为合理制定红树林碳汇造林方案提供科学依据。     

福建漳江口4种红树植物叶片碳氮磷化学计量及养分重吸收特征

以福建漳江口红树林的秋茄(Kandelia candel)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)和木榄(Bruguiear gymnorrhiza)为研究对象,对其成熟叶和衰老叶的C、N、P含量、生态化学计量比及重吸收效率进行分析,探讨不同树种养分限制格局及养分高效利用策略,结果显示:(1)成熟叶C、N、P含量范围分别为483.57-568.87、8.53-26.15、0.74-1.56g/kg,衰老叶为441.33-512.67、2.59-8.93、0.28-0.74g/kg,表现为成熟叶衰老叶;成熟叶的C:N、C:P、N:P变化范围为21.11-69.39、310.96-735.87、11.11-34.86,衰老叶为49.51-207.42、563.03-1 878.98、7.20-11.38,成熟叶C:N、C:P小于衰老叶(白骨壤的C:P除外),而成熟叶N:P大于衰老叶,4种红树植物C、N、P含量和化学计量比差异均达显著水平(P 0.05);成熟叶片C:N:P比范围为311:12:1-736:35:1,衰老叶为563:11:1-1 879:9:1;(2)N重吸收效率(NRE)范围为47.97%-84.64%,表现为木榄秋茄白骨壤桐花树;P重吸收效率(PRE)范围为18.39%-76.81%,表现为木榄秋茄桐花树白骨壤;4种红树植物N重吸收效率均大于P;(3)相关分析表明,NRE与成熟叶的C:N和C:P显著负相关(P 0.05),PRE与成熟叶P含量极显著正相关(P 0.01)、与成熟叶C:P极显著负相关(P 0.01).成熟叶片N:P阈值(14)指示秋茄、桐花树和木榄生长受N限制,白骨壤生长受P限制,受N限制的秋茄、桐花树和木榄具有较高的NRE,而受P限制的白骨壤并不具有较高PRE.综上可知,高效的NRE是红树植物适应低N环境的重要养分利用策略,而红树植物可能采取其他适应机制来响应低P胁迫.(表5参38)     

红树种植–养殖耦合系统牡蛎石油烃含量及红树净化效果

为减少滩涂养殖中的石油烃污染危害、提高水产品的品质,以珠江口滩涂红树林种植–养殖系统耦验示范研究基地A、B两系统的7个红树种植–养殖塘[包括桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)、红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)的单种或组合种植]为对象,采用荧光分光光度法监测了水体、底质及吊养的近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)肉质的石油烃含量.结果表明,牡蛎体内石油烃含量在11.10~29.3 mg/kg之间;与水体中石油烃含量呈正相关(r=0.88),牡蛎能很好地指示水体水质状况.单种或组合种植秋茄、桐花树、木榄、红海榄4种红树植物能有效降低水体石油烃含量,与对照相比降幅为50%~80%;使牡蛎的石油烃含量受到不同程度的影响,与对照相比,红树种植塘牡蛎石油烃含量降幅在20%~60%不等.木榄和桐花树种植塘中,牡蛎中石油烃平均含量分别为11.20 mg/kg、14.13 mg/kg,能达到无公害水产品标准.因此红树种植–养殖塘具有"种植岛基质–红树植物–微生物"的协同效应,通过物理、化学和生物的共同作用降低了水体石油烃的含量,从而提高了养殖生物的品质.     

深圳湾红树林沉积物-植物体系汞的分布规律和形态分配特征

为了解重金属汞在非根际沉积物-根际沉积物-红树植物连续体系中的分布特征和迁移规律,以及沉积物中汞的化学形态特征,于深圳湾福田红树林实地采集红树植物幼苗样品及其林下沉积物样品,采用连续提取法对沉积物中汞的各种化学形态进行提取,通过冷原子荧光光谱仪进行定量分析。研究对象包括福田红树林3种常见红树植物,包括白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)2个本土种和海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)1个引进种,并以无植被覆盖的光滩作为空白对照。结果表明,在沉积物-红树植物体系中,根际和非根际沉积物中的总汞含量均高于红树植物幼苗。进入植物体后,汞在茎中的含量均小于根和叶。本土种植株表现出较强的汞积累能力。白骨壤幼苗汞积累量最高,质量分数达到45.32 ng·g-1,其次为桐花树幼苗,汞质量分数为23.49 ng·g-1。3种红树植物对汞的生物积累因子在0.02~0.35范围内,迁移因子处于0.4~0.99范围内,均低于1,表明它们从土壤吸收、并向地上部分运输汞的能力较弱,倾向于采取金属排斥策略,以实现植物体的自我保护。非根际沉积物中汞的各个化学形态质量百分比表现为有机结合态可挥发态残渣态可交换态碳酸盐结合态铁锰氧化物结合态,根际沉积物中汞表现为可挥发态机结合态残渣态铁锰氧化物结合态可交换态碳酸盐结合态,总体表现为生物可利用态和潜在可利用态质量分数较高,不可利用态较少。与本土种相比,引进种海桑能够将更多汞以稳定性相对较高的生物不可利用态和潜在可利用态形式固定于土壤中,表现出较好的治理汞污染能力。     

红树植物凋落叶分解对土壤可溶性有机质的影响

研究红树林湿地土壤可溶性有机质（DOM）的来源、性质及其归宿对于揭示 DOM 在红树林湿地生物地球化学循环中的作用具有重要意义。采集了木榄（Bruguiera gymnoihiza）、秋茄（Kandelia candel）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）3种红树植物的新近落叶进行室内48 d分解实验,探讨了凋落叶分解过程对土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）和可溶性总氮（TDN）含量、C/N比（DOC/TDN）及紫外-可见（UV-Vis）光谱特征（A280、A240/A420和A250/A365比值）的影响。在48 d分解期间,3种红树植物凋落叶的输入均明显增加了土壤DOC的含量,其变化在分解第6 d最为显著,各凋落叶添加组比对照组平均增加了149%（秋茄）~196%（桐花树）,随后各凋落叶添加组土壤DOC含量呈下降趋势。与土壤DOC的变化不同,凋落叶输入后土壤TDN的变化与对照组的差异不明显,但木榄和桐花树添加组的C/N比在分解初期（第6天）显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。凋落叶的输入亦在不同程度上增大了土壤DOM的A280值,降低了DOM的A240/A420和A250/A365比值。与土壤DOC的变化相似,凋落叶输入使DOM的UV-Vis光谱特征在分解初期（第6天）的变化最明显,其中桐花树凋落叶的影响最大,秋茄凋落叶的影响最小。结果表明：凋落叶输入使培养初期土壤DOM的含量和性质发生明显改变,DOM中大分子及芳香类组分增多、团聚化程度增加,DOM 的生物可降解性变小。然而,随着分解的进行,不同凋落叶处理组之间土壤DOM的变化差异性逐渐缩小,并在分解后期与对照组趋近。     

海南岛北部潮间带红树林对重金属的累积特征

对海南岛北部潮间带红树林湿地7种红树植物（根、茎、叶）及其根系沉积物中重金属元素含量进行了分析,结果表明：研究区湿地沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的变异系数大于0.50,沉积物中重金属分布很不稳定。其中Cr、Cu、Zn、As和Cd的含量均高于海南水系沉积物背景值,可能存在外源的输入。仅有Pb的含量略低于海南水系沉积物背景值。总体来看,大部分植物显示了对Cd元素的较强的富集能力（BAC〉1）,瓶花木对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上要比其他红树植物强一些,木果楝对重金属元素的吸收能力总体上最弱。其中,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cr、Zn、As和Cd的吸收能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr和Ni的吸收能力较强,角果木（Ceriops tagal）对Pb的富集能力较强。角果木（Ceriops tagal）和桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）对Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,瓶花木（Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea）对Cu、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,尖瓣海莲（Bruguiera sexangula）对Cr、Ni、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）对Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb的运输能力较强,木果楝（Xylocarpus granatum）对Cr、Zn和Cd的运输能力较强,莲叶桐（Hernandia sonora）对Cr也有较强的运输能力。但此次所研究的红树植物对As元素的运输能力均很弱,建议适量引入适宜在研究区生长并且对As元素富集能力较强的植物。     

Dissolved iron supply limits early growth of estuarine mangroves

Three mesocosm experiments were performed in an outdoor facility to quantify the responses of five mangrove species grown from seedling to sapling stage to increasing rates of dissolved iron supply. Stem extension and biomass of mangroves were measured in the first two experiments, and in the third experiment, rates of microbial iron reduction were measured in relation to stem extension of two mangrove species. In all experiments, mangrove growth was enhanced by increasing iron supply, although some species showed iron toxicity at the higher supply rates. In the first two experiments, stem extension rates of Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Xylocarpus moluccensis best fit Gaussian curves with maximal growth at supply rates of 50-60 mmol Fe x m(-2) x d(-1), whereas growth of Avicennia marina and Ceriops tagal increased to the highest rate (100 mmol Fe x m(-2) x d(-1)) of iron supply. Changes in leaf chlorophyll concentrations and iron content of roots mirrored the growth responses. In the third experiment, rates of microbial iron reduction were greater with R. apiculata and A. marina than in controls without plants; for both species, there was a positive relationship between stem extension and iron reduction. The rates of iron reduction and rates of iron supplied to the plants were well within the range of interstitial iron concentrations and rates of iron reduction found in the natural mangrove soils from which the seedlings were obtained. The responses of these species show that mangroves growing from seedling to sapling stage have a strong nutritional requirement for iron, and that there is a close relationship between plant roots and the activities of iron-reducing bacteria. These results suggest that mangrove growth may be limited in some natural forests by the rate at which iron is solubilized by iron-reducing bacteria. Such biogeochemical conditions have significant implications for successful recruitment, establishment, and early growth of mangroves.     

Leaf choice by crustaceans in a mangrove forest in Queensland

The feeding behaviour of leaf eating crustaceans feeding on leaves shed by Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza and Rhizophora stylosa in the mangrove forest at Myora Springs, Queensland, Australia was studied between 1980 and 1984. Individual Sesarma erythrodactyla (carapace >9 mm long), one of the most abundant species of crabs in the forest, processed approximately half a leaf from any of the three species of mangroves in 24 h under laboratory conditions. of the amount of leaf material processed, 20% was lost from the mandibles due to sloppy feeding, 68% was egested as faeces and 12% converted into crab biomass. Crabs processed more leaf material at 30°C than at 20°C. S. erythrodactyla preferred leaves of A. marina to those of the other two species, probably because leaves of A. marina have a lower tannin and a higher nitrogen content. Of the other two species, B. gymnorhiza was preferred to R. stylosa. Among leaves of R. stylosa, S. erythrodactyla exerts a strong preference for aged rather than freshly fallen, and for thick rather than thin leaves. The mesofauna (carapace length <9.0 mm) which processed dead mangrove leaves comprised juveniles of S. erythrodactyla, the crab Ilyograpsus paludicola, the isopod Exosphaeroma alata and the amphipods Orchestia sp. and Melita sp. These species processed between 0.2 and 24.7 mg dry wt of a leaf per individual over a period of 4 d. Of this, 72 to 85% was egested as faeces. The significance of leaf eating crabs to nutrient cycling in mangrove forests is discussed. I conclude that leaf processing by crustaceans shortens the time span between leaf fall and consumption of leaf material by organisms. This may have the effect of conserving leaf biomass inside the mangrove forest.     

Growth of Avicennia marina and Ceriops decandra seedlings inoculated with halophilic azotobacters

Inoculation of azotobacter has significant positive effects on the growth characteristics and pigments in mangrove seedlings of Avicennia marina and Ceriops decandra. The bacterial inoculation significantly increased the root dry biomass at the maximum of 75.8% at 30 gl(-1) salinity in Ceriops decandra. But in Avicennia marina, the shoot dry biomass was increased significantly at the maximum of 56.12% at 30 gl(-1) salinity in general, the Azotobacter beijerinkii improved the growth characteristics better in both species of mangroves preferably at higher salinity levels in A. marina and at a range of salinity in C. decandra. The results recommend this forraising vigorous seedlings under nursery conditions.     

A study on abundance and distribution of mangrove species in Indian Sundarban using remote sensing technique

Conservation and management of Sundarban mangrove forest is difficult chiefly due to inaccessibility and hostile condition. Remote sensing serves as an important tool to provide up-to date baseline information which is the primary requirement for the conservation planning of mangroves. In this study, supervised classification by maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) has been used to classify LANDSAT TM and LANDSAT ETM satellite data. This algorithm is used for computing likelihood of unknown measurement vector belonging to unknown classes based on Bayesian equation. Image spectra for various mangrove species were also generated from hyperspectral image. During field visits, GPS locations of five dominant mangrove species with appreciable distribution were taken and image spectra were generated for the same points from hyperion image. The result of this classification shows that, in 1999 total mangrove forest accounted for 55.01 % of the study area which has been reduced to 50.63 % in the year 2010. Avicennia sp. is found as most dominating species followed by Excoecaria sp. and Phoenix sp. but the aerial distribution of Avicennia sp., Bruguiera sp. and Ceriops sp. has reduced. In this classification technique the overall accuracy and Kappa value for 1999 and 2010 are 80 % and 0.77, 85.71 % and 0.81 respectively.     

不同类型水生植物群落对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

通过将不同类型水生植物群落种植水与藻类共同培养的方式研究了4种植物群落（群落A：梭鱼草Pontederia cordata＋黄菖蒲Iris pseudacorus-水罂粟Hydrocleys nymphoides;群落B：梭鱼草＋溪荪Iris sanguinea＋黄菖蒲;群落C：梭鱼草＋溪荪-大薸Pistia stratiotes;群落D：白花水龙Jussiaea repens-大薸＋水罂粟）对铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa生长的化感作用。研究结果表明：4种植物群落种植水对铜绿微囊藻均具有较强的抑制作用,且随着群落种植时间的延长,种植水对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用越强。4个植物群落对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用由大到小依次是：群落A,群落B,群落C,群落D。     

三江平原湿地典型植物群落氮的积累与分配

采用野外采样和室内分析结合的方法,研究了三江平原湿地典型植物群落氮的积累与分配特征。结果表明,小叶章（Calamagrostics angustifolia）、乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）和毛苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）群落地上器官氮含量不存在显著差异,根的氮含量存在显著差异,枯落物的氮含量表现为乌拉苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落（p〈0.01）。小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛苔草群落不同部分的氮积累量和积累速率（VN）季节变化明显,三者地上器官、枯落物的氮积累量和VN表现为乌拉苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落;三者根的氮积累量表现为小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落〉乌拉苔草群落,VN表现为毛苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉乌拉苔草群落。小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛苔草群落不同部分的氮分配比在各时期差异明显,根是重要的氮储库,其分配比高达（87.76±2.55）%、（79.84±7.53）%和（89.25±5.49）%;地上部分的氮分配比均以叶最高,茎较低;地上与地下的氮分配比呈相反变化规律,反映了其在氮供给方面的密切联系。