十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及消油剂对刺参幼参的急性毒性

为探究表面活性剂对海洋棘皮动物的影响,测定了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和消油剂对刺参(Stichopus japonicas )幼参的急性毒性。结果显示,SDBS对刺参幼参的72 h-LC₅₀和96 h-LC₅₀分别为2.50和1.71 mg·L^-1;消油剂对刺参幼参的96 h-LC₅₀为7 498.94 mg·L^-1。刺参幼参相对于多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa )和脊尾白虾仔虾(Palaemon carincauda )对SDBS的敏感性较高,相对于安氏伪镖水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus annandalei )对SDBS的敏感性则较低,SDBS对刺参幼参的毒性明显大于十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS),消油剂的96 h-LC₅₀ 远远大于SDBS和SDS,毒性非常小,但这仅是对刺参幼参而言,大多数研究忽视了消油剂自身对生物体存在的影响,因此这方面的研究工作还需要继续开展。     

4种多环芳烃对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)原肠胚发育的急性毒性研究

海洋中的多环芳烃(PAHs)具有较强的生物毒性,且海洋动物早期发育阶段是对环境因素变化响应的最敏感阶段。为探究海洋多环芳烃类有机污染物对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)早期发育阶段原肠胚的毒性影响,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别考察了4种多环芳烃苯并[a]芘、3-甲基菲、惹烯及2-甲基蒽对仿刺参原肠胚的24、48、72、96 h急性毒性效应。结果表明,在10、50、100、200μg·L~(-1)暴露浓度下,随着暴露时间的延长和暴露浓度的升高,4种多环芳烃对仿刺参原肠胚产生不同程度的急性毒性效应,仿刺参原肠胚存活率与4种多环芳烃浓度之间分别存在显著的剂量-效应关系(P0.05)。苯并[a]芘对仿刺参原肠胚在24、48 h的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为294.4、225.64 mg·L~(-1),3-甲基菲在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别为404.5、300.7、81.4、17.6mg·L~(-1),惹烯在24、48、72 h的LC_(50)分别为243.1、230、186 mg·L~(-1),2-甲基蒽在24、48、72、96 h的LC_(50)分别244、231.6、152.6、142.9 mg·L~(-1)。4种多环芳烃的安全浓度(SC)分别为39.76、49.8、61.8、62.6μg·L~(-1),其毒性大小顺序为苯并[a]芘3-甲基菲惹烯2-甲基蒽。基于定量构效关系(QSAR)的研究结果可知多环芳烃化合物的毒性差异可能与分子结构等性质有关。该实验为深入研究多环芳烃对海洋环境的毒性效应提供了理论依据。     

三氯生和三氯卡班对两栖动物蝌蚪的急性毒性

三氯生(TCS)和三氯卡班(TCC)是个人护理品中常用抗菌剂,在水体中普遍存在,但目前其对两栖动物的毒性研究仍较少。本研究以黑斑蛙蝌蚪和非洲爪蛙蝌蚪为受试生物,研究TCS和TCC对蝌蚪的急性毒性。将处于第一个蝌蚪发育期的黑斑蛙蝌蚪(Gosner 26期)和非洲爪蛙蝌蚪(NF 46期)分别暴露于系列浓度的TCS和TCC,测定其对蝌蚪的半数致死浓度(96 hLC_(50))。结果发现,TCS对黑斑蛙蝌蚪和非洲爪蛙蝌蚪的96 h-LC_(50)分别为441μg·L~(-1)和280μg·L~(-1);TCC对黑斑蛙蝌蚪和非洲爪蛙蝌蚪的96 h-LC_(50)为252μg·L~(-1)和217μg·L~(-1)。这些数据显示TCS和TCC对两种蝌蚪的毒性较高,且对非洲爪蛙蝌蚪毒性均略高于对黑斑蛙蝌蚪的毒性,整体来看TCC的毒性略高于TCS。     

2种烷基多环芳烃对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因表达的影响研究

海洋环境中多环芳烃类(PAHs)主要来源于海洋溢油事故以及沿海石油化工企业的废水排放,国内外大量研究发现海洋中的多环芳烃对海洋生物造成了潜在的生态风险。为了揭示不同浓度多环芳烃类污染物对海参的生态毒理效应,将仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)分别暴露于不同浓度的2种烷基多环芳烃3-甲基菲(5、10、100μg·L~(-1))和2-甲基蒽(5、10、50μg·L~(-1))中,检测暴露3 d、7 d和14 d后,3-甲基菲和2-甲基蒽胁迫下仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的相对表达量。结果表明,3-甲基菲和2-甲基蒽胁迫下,仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的表达均对毒物产生了不同程度的响应。与对照组相比,3-甲基菲各处理组对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的表达均产生显著的抑制作用(P0.05); 2-甲基蒽各处理组对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的表达影响作用不同,暴露7 d后,2-甲基蒽各处理组对仿刺参CYP450基因的表达表现出抑制作用,对p53基因的表达表现出诱导作用。相同浓度与时间胁迫下,2-甲基蒽对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因表达的影响比3-甲基菲的影响大。上述研究结果表明,3-甲基菲和2-甲基蒽均可不同程度影响仿刺参CYP450和p53基因的表达,且与3-甲基菲相比,2-甲基蒽对仿刺参CYP450和p53基因表达的影响较明显。上述结果为多环芳烃类污染物对仿刺参的生物毒性评价提供了基础数据。     

苯系物对仿刺参catalase基因表达及酶活性的影响

以仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为受试生物,采用半静水式试验方法,设置3种不同浓度(1/5、1/25、1/125的96 h-LC50)的苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻–二甲苯、间–二甲苯和对–二甲苯处理健康仿刺参,检测仿刺参过氧化氢酶(CAT)基因在呼吸树、肠组织中的表达和酶活性变化情况。结果发现:在各苯系物处理组的仿刺参呼吸树和肠组织中,cat基因的转录表达变化显著;苯、甲苯、乙基苯、邻–二甲苯对呼吸树中CAT活性具有诱导作用,其中乙基苯的诱导倍数最高,为12.0~19.8倍;6种苯系物对肠组织中CAT活性具有抑制作用,抑制程度大小顺序为:邻–二甲苯乙基苯对–二甲苯甲苯间–二甲苯苯。表明苯系物对仿刺参呼吸树、肠具有氧化胁迫作用,可能造成2种组织的氧化损伤。相关性分析表明:苯系物处理后,仿刺参肠组织中cat m RNA相对表达倍数与CAT活性变化呈显著正相关;仿刺参肠和呼吸树中cat m RNA相对表达倍数变化呈显著正相关。以上结果为苯系物对仿刺参的生物毒性评价提供了基础数据。     

中国5种土壤跳虫对重金属镍的毒性响应

为了研究镍(Ni~(2+))对不同种类跳虫的毒性效应,将曲毛裸长(Sinella curviseta)、四刺泡角(Ceratophysella duplicispinosa)、小原等节(Proisotoma minuta)、茉莉花长角(Entomobrya sp.)、符氏直棘(Orthonychiurus folsomi)5种中国优势跳虫物种,在琼脂培养基环境下分别暴露于Ni~(2+)的8个浓度组中进行24 h、72 h-LC_(50)急性毒性试验和28 d生存试验。利用Bliss法测得其5种跳虫的24 h-LC_(50)分别为52.99、35.91、33.46、23.72、13.50 g·L~(-1);72 h-LC_(50)为46.25、4.54、13.37、14.79、4.35 g·L~(-1)。在28d生存试验中得到成虫存活数量和繁殖情况。结果表明,5种跳虫中曲毛裸长对镍有较强的耐受性,茉莉花长角和小原等节次之,四刺泡角和符氏直棘较弱。符氏直棘与四刺泡角相比,随时间增加对镍的耐受性有相对增强的趋势。此外,Ni~(2+)对跳虫的毒性影响表现出阶段性的阈值效应。Ni~(2+)对5种跳虫的繁殖均有抑制作用。     

重金属和聚苯乙烯微球对卤虫的复合毒性效应研究

微塑料是一类重要的海洋污染物,由于其性质稳定、难以降解,对海洋生态系统具有潜在的危害。微塑料粒径小,比表面积大,容易吸附海洋中的重金属等污染物产生二次危害,因此研究微塑料与重金属的复合毒性效应对于正确评价微塑料的生态风险具有重要意义。本文以卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica)作为研究对象,考察了10μm聚苯乙烯微球与2种重金属(Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+))对卤虫无节幼体的单一及复合急性毒性。同时使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了卤虫体内Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度随时间的变化情况,比较分析了聚苯乙烯微球对重金属在卤虫体内富集的影响。研究发现,Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)单一暴露时对卤虫无节幼体的24 h半数致死浓度(24 h-LC_(50))分别为(1.26±0.15) mg·L~(-1)和(164.5±27.3) mg·L~(-1),与聚苯乙烯微球共同作用时24h-LC_(50)分别为(1.38±0.23) mg·L~(-1)和(178.3±36.4) mg·L~(-1),聚苯乙烯微球的存在显著促进了卤虫对Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的摄入和排出,但并未影响二者急性毒性。研究结果可为海洋环境中微塑料和重金属的生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

3种阿维菌素类药物对无尾两栖类蝌蚪的急性毒性效应（英文）

阿维菌素类药物是一组从土壤链霉菌发酵菌丝中分离出的新型大环内酯类药物,是目前最有效的一类抗虫抗菌的生物农药.采用静态换水法检测阿巴克丁(Abamectin,ABM)、伊维菌素(Ivermectin,IVM)和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(Emamectin benzoate,EMB)3种阿维菌素类农药对黑眶蟾蜍(Duttaphrynus melanostictus)、沼水蛙(Hylarana guentheri)、斑腿泛树蛙(Polypedates megacephalus)和小弧斑姬蛙(Microhyla heymonsi)蝌蚪的急性毒性效应.结果显示,蝌蚪累积的死亡几率与药物浓度间存在显著的剂量效应关系.ABM对4种蝌蚪的96 h半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为0.042、0.034、0.020和0.014 mg/L;IVM对4种蝌蚪的96 h-LC_(50)分别为0.029、0.012、0.012和0.006 mg/L;EMB对4种蝌蚪的96 h-LC_(50)分别为0.118、0.111、0.122和0.089 mg/L.本研究表明这些农药对两栖动物种群下降可能具有明显的作用,可为了解阿维菌素类药物对两栖动物的毒性提供有益数据.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品对中华蜜蜂的毒性

选用中国蜂种中华蜜蜂工蜂作为受试生物,建立其环境危害评价毒性测试方法,用所建立的方法对全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品进行了接触急性毒性及经口急性毒性风险评价,并比较了"小烧杯法"和"饲喂管法"两种经口毒性方法的优缺点及对毒性结果的影响。研究结果表明,"小烧杯法"实验中C4织物三防整理剂对中华蜜蜂的24h-LC50为1435mg·L~(-1),48h-LC_(50)为284.67mg·L~(-1);其余替代品在限度实验均未出现蜜蜂死亡,4种PFOS替代品对中华蜜蜂的接触毒性及经口毒性均为低毒,但"小烧杯法"测得的经口毒性结果比"饲喂管法"高。     

表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）对安氏伪镖水蚤的急性毒性研究(Acute Toxicity of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate（SDBS）and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate（SDS）to the Copepod, Pseudodiaptomus annandalei)

为探讨表面活性剂成分对海洋桡足类生物的影响,测定了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)对安氏伪镖水蚤(Pseudo-diaptomus annandalei Sewell)的急性毒性作用.结果表明,SDBS对安氏伪镖水蚤雌体24h、48h、72h和96h的半致死浓度LC50分别为2.40、1.67、1.59和1.58mg·L-1,而对雄体分别为1.84、1.54、1.41和1.40mg·L-1;SDS对雌体24h、48h、72h和96h的LC50分别为54.33、30.85、25.21和15.85mg·L-1,对雄体分别为18.48、13.55、10.51和8.50mg·L-1;SDBS对雌体和雄体的安全浓度分别为0.24mg·L-1和0.32mg·L-1,而SDS对雌体和雄体的分别为2.98mg·L-1和2.19mg·L-1.结果显示,对安氏伪镖水蚤而言,SDBS比SDS的毒性更强;以半致死浓度LC50为参考依据,安氏伪镖水蚤雄体均比雌体对这两种表面活性剂敏感.     

三丁基氯化锡对红鳍笛鲷的急性毒性及不同组织生化指标的影响

为研究有机锡化合物对海洋生物抗氧化防御系统和神经系统的影响,以我国东南沿海常见的中下层增养殖鱼类红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)幼鱼为实验生物,采用半静态毒性实验方法,分别研究了三丁基氯化锡(tributyltin chloride,TBTCl)的急性毒性和96 h暴露时间内对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼鳃、脑和...     

Chemical defense in the eggs and embryos of antarctic sea stars (Echinodermata)

Fifteen species of reproductively mature echinoderms (11 sea stars, 3 sea urchins, 1 sea cucumber) were collected from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during austral spring and summer of 1985 and 1986; eggs and embryos were obtained, and were tested for ichthyonoxicity using the common marine killifishFundulus grandis as a model predator. Chemical deterrents occurred in the large, yolky eggs of the pelagic lecithotrophic sea starPerknaster fuscus and the planktotrophic sea starPorania antarctica. Brooded embryos of the sea starsDiplasterias brucei andNotasterias armata were also noxious. Significant ichthyonoxicity was not detected in the remaining 7 species of sea stars, 3 sea urchins, and 1 sea cucumber. Chemical deterrents were generally effective at concentrations below a single egg or embryo per agar test-pellet. Although chemicals found in these eggs and embryos are noxious to an allopatric fish, they may not be noxious to sympatric fish.     

五氯酚钠对鲫鱼的急性毒性：悬浮颗粒物的影响

悬浮颗粒物在水生态系统中普遍存在,为了研究悬浮颗粒物对氯酚类化合物生物毒性的影响,以高岭土为模拟悬浮颗粒物,考察了不同浓度的悬浮颗粒物(0、25、50、100、250和500mg·L~(-1))存在条件下五氯酚钠(NaPCP)对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的毒性效应。等温吸附实验结果显示,悬浮颗粒物对水体中五氯酚钠的吸附作用不明显(P>0.05)。96h急性毒性实验结果显示,五氯酚钠对鲫鱼的96h-LC_(50)随颗粒物浓度([SS])的增加而减小,两者间的关系为LC_(50)=146.7exp(-[SS]/186.8)+121.7,r~2=0.99。等效线图法评价结果表明,悬浮颗粒物可增强五氯酚钠对鲫鱼的急性毒性,两者呈毒性增加作用。     

Habitat associations and diet of young-of-the-year Pacific cod (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gadus macrocephalus</Emphasis>) near Kodiak,Alaska

The influence of environmental variables and habitat on growth and survival of juvenile gadoid species in the Atlantic has been clearly demonstrated; conversely, in the North Pacific little is known about the habitat and ecology of juvenile Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius). The hypothesis that density of young-of-the-year (YOY) Pacific cod in nearshore habitats is predicted by shallow depth and the presence of eelgrass and macroalgae was tested in a variety of nearshore habitats adjacent to commercial fishing grounds near Kodiak Island, AK. From 10 to 22 August 2002, a beach seine and small-meshed beam trawl were used to capture YOY Pacific cod (n = 254) ranging from 42 to 110 mm fork length. Depth, water temperature, salinity, sediment grain size, and percent cover by emergent structure (i.e. tube-dwelling polychaetes, sea cucumber mounds, macroalgae) were measured prior to fishing. Density of YOY Pacific cod was highest in areas of moderate depth (15–20 m) and positively and linearly related to percent cover by sea cucumber mounds and to salinity. No previous studies have documented fish utilizing sea cucumber mounds as habitat. Furthermore, eelgrass and macroalgae were inconsequential to cod distribution. Diets consisted mainly of small calanoid copepods, mysids, and gammarid amphipods and were significantly related to cod length and depth. This work provides important information on previously undocumented factors that affect distribution and feeding of YOY Pacific cod, which ultimately influence growth and survival in this species.     

氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的毒性效应

为探明氰戊菊酯对鱼类不同生命阶段的毒性效应,以斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫为测试生物,评价了氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的急性毒性差异。研究发现,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫胚胎的96 h-LC50值分别为0.901(0.664~1.22)和0.636(0.233~1.74)mg·L~(-1)。氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化有明显的促进作用,染毒48 h后,0.188和0.375 mg·L~(-1)氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率分别为88.9%和100%。氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为0.00340、0.0183、0.00487 mg·L~(-1),氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的96 h-LC50值分别为0.0520、0.00277、0.00345 mg·L~(-1)。因此,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼不同生命阶段的毒性从高到低顺序依次为:仔鱼成鱼幼鱼胚胎,氰戊菊酯对稀有鮈鲫胚胎、仔鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的毒性为幼鱼成鱼仔鱼胚胎。试验结果表明,斑马鱼仔鱼对氰戊菊酯的敏感性高于稀有鮈鲫相应的生命阶段,相对于斑马鱼,稀有鮈鲫胚胎、幼鱼以及成鱼对氰戊菊酯的毒性作用更为敏感,说明氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼和稀有鮈鲫不同生命阶段的毒性效应差异较大。     

对二甲苯对褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼的毒性效应研究

采用急性和28 d慢性暴露试验研究了海洋典型危险化学品对二甲苯对褐牙鲆幼鱼的致死效应和生长抑制效应,并测定了遗传毒性、神经毒性以及免疫毒性效应相关的毒理学评价指标。研究结果表明:对二甲苯对褐牙鲆幼鱼的96 h-LC50为45.7 mg·L~(-1),根据国家环保局水和废水监测分析方法编委会规定的化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准,属于中等毒性,浓度高于2.3 mg·L~(-1)的暴露能显著抑制褐牙鲆幼鱼的生长;4.6和9.2 mg·L~(-1)浓度组观察到对二甲苯暴露28 d后褐牙鲆肝脏中的丙二醛含量与DNA损伤程度显著升高,脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)活力被明显抑制;9.2 mg·L~(-1)浓度组暴露28 d后,褐牙鲆幼鱼体内总血细胞数量和溶菌酶活力显著降低。这些结果表明较高浓度的对二甲苯长期作用可导致褐牙鲆幼鱼的氧化胁迫,造成其肝脏毒性损伤并产生神经毒性与免疫毒性。本实验结果为了解对二甲苯对鱼类的毒性作用机制以及对二甲苯的海洋生态风险评估提供了科学依据。     

Indirect Benefits of Marine Protected Areas for Juvenile Abalone

Abstract: Marine protected areas ( MPAs) designed to provide harvest refugia for red sea urchins (  Strongylocentrotus franciscanus ) offer a unique opportunity to study the indirect effects of urchin fishing on subtidal communities. Sea urchins may provide important cryptic microhabitat for juvenile abalone sheltering beneath urchin spines in shallow habitats worldwide. We investigated the abundance of juvenile (3–90 mm) red abalone, (    Haliotis rufescens ) and the rare flat ( <90 mm) abalone (   H. walallensis ) on protected and fished rocky reefs in California. Abalone abundance surveys were conducted inside 24 × 30 m plots on three protected reefs with red sea urchins present and three fished reefs where red sea urchins were removed by commercial or experimental fishing. Significantly more juvenile abalone were found in 1996 and 1997 on protected reefs with urchins present than on fished reefs ( χ   ² = 188, df = 1, p < 0.001 ). Juvenile red abalone abundance was not correlated with local adult red abalone abundance or habitat rugosity. One-third of the juveniles inside the MPAs were found under the urchins' spine canopy, as were a suite of unfished marine organisms. In the laboratory, juvenile abalone survived better (  χ   ² = 7.31, df = 1, p < 0.01) in crab predation experiments in which red sea urchins were available as shelter. Fishing red urchins reduced structural complexity, potentially decreasing microhabitat available for juvenile abalone. This example demonstrates how MPAs designed for one fished species may help other species, illustrating their usefulness for ecosystem-based fishery management and marine conservation.     

The reproductive biology of a new species of sea cucumber, Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) arenacava in a Kenyan marine protected area: the possible role of light and temperature on gametogenesis and spawning

The sea cucumber Holothuria arenacava was discovered in the Mombasa marine reserve in 1997 and described by Samyn et al. (2001). The reproductive biology of this holothurian was investigated in order to (1) characterize the reproductive pattern, (2) examine the relationship among environmental parameters including temperature, light and lunar period, and (3) examine the relationship between the reproductive pattern and feeding of this new species. The gonad index method and microscopic examination of gonads was used to analyze samples collected for a period of 13 months. H. arenacava displayed an annual reproductive cycle with gametogenesis commencing in July during the south-east monsoons, when temperature and light intensity are lowest along the Kenyan coast. Gonad growth peaked in February–March at the end of the north-east monsoons when temperatures and light reach their annual maxima along the Kenyan coast. The higher correlation between light intensity and gonad growth (r=93) than temperature (r=0.71), coupled with the fact that temperatures continued to drop for a month after gametogenesis had already commenced, suggests that light intensity and not temperature is the cue for the onset of gametogenesis in this species. Spawning was synchronized between females and males and occurred during a short period between March and May (inter-monsoonal period) when both temperature and light intensity decrease along the Kenyan coast. Male and female gonad indices showed significant variation with lunar day and no lunar periodicity was observed in this sea cucumber. The sex ratio of the population of H. arenacava was skewed towards significantly more females than males, and females were significantly larger and had larger gonads and gonad indices than males. These life history strategies including spawning during a short discrete period, more and larger females that have larger gonads (i.e., typically more fecund), and spawning just prior to the peak in phytoplankton concentrations, a time that is probably more favorable for larval development, may serve to increase the reproductive success of this sea cucumber.