一种用粪便样方法估计林麝种群密度的新方法

数量(密度)特征是动物种群的一个重要特征，是定点研究一个野生种群生态的一项非常重要的基础工作．其数量和年龄结构为进一步分析其种群的密度、移动、巢域和核域，尤其是为种群动态提供依据，也是珍稀动物保护和资源动物管理利用的先行工作和重要组成部份．关于野生动物种群数量的具体统计方法，有不少的文章报道，然而从动物的空间分布格局来研究大型脊椎动物却较为少见，这主要是受研究方法的限制．为此，作者对此进行了改进，提出了一种新的研究方法：临时空间样方法，并将其应用到冶勒自然保护区林麝的数量调查研究中去．结果表明：(1)集聚分布指数CA=12．09，说明冶勒自然保护区的林麝有较高的集聚度；(2)林麝粪堆在野外的分布属于聚集分布，并与负二项分布拟合较好；(3)在冶勒自然保护区，生活有62～98只左右的林麝，其密度为：1．0～1．6只／km^2．林麝在冶勒自然保护区呈现聚积分布的原因是由于环境和人类活动因素造成的．图1表2参24     

南岳自然保护区兽类资源考察报告

南岳自然保护区野生兽类动物资源丰富,共有33种,包括7目16科,属东洋界的25种,占75.8 %,属古北界的7种,占24.2 %.区内珍稀动物种类多,有大灵猫、小灵猫、野猪、穿山甲、林麝、獐等6种国家二级保护动物,12种湖南省重点保护动物.区内兽类动物由于偷猎乱捕,有些种类如华南虎、云豹已灭绝,有些动物种类已濒临灭绝,采取措施保护已刻不容缓.     

滨海沙地木麻黄林生态系统的凋落物及其热值研究

采用定位研究的方法，在福建惠安赤湖防护林场定期收集木麻黄林分的凋落物，开展凋落物的归还量和热值的研究．结果表明，木麻黄林凋落物年归还量为14．17thm^-2 a^-1，小枝占总归还量的72．19％，其他各组分占27．81％．凋落物灰分含量：小枝4．39％～5．65％，枝条3．52％～5．65％，球果2．63％～4．23％；凋落物干重热值为：小枝20．51～21．68kJ／g，枝条19．63～20．21kJ／g，球果18．27～20．63kJ／g；凋落物去灰分热值为：小枝21．48～22．69kJ／g，枝条21．48～22．69kJ／g，球果18．91～21．49kJ／g．图1表8参26     

高温原油降解菌处理油田采油废水的研究

研究了筛选的嗜热降解功能菌对高温、高盐环境的耐受性，同时采用接触氧化工艺，探索高温条件下嗜热生物系统对油田外排水的处理效果．结果表明，嗜热降解功能菌能够耐受高温（40～59℃）、高盐（30g/kg）和高pH（9.0）环境，实验室小试运行温度55～60℃，进水CODcr为270～510mg／L，出水CODcr为61．7～101．0mg／L．胜利油田王家岗污水站高温外排水生物处理中试，进水CODcr200～300mg/L，温度60～67℃，生化出水CODcr79．2～140．1mg/L．图4表3参10     

城市有机生活垃圾厌氧发酵处理研究

在适当的PH值和搅拌条件下，研究了反应温度、总固体含量、pH值、碳氮比、碳磷比以及接种物量对有机牛活垃圾厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。实验结果表明：有机生活垃圾厌氧消化产沼气的适宜条件是：反应温度50～55℃，总固体含量23％～28％，pH=6．8～7．4，w(C)／w（N)=(20～30)，w(C)／w(P)=50，60％～75％的生物气，可实现能量回收；发酵剩余物可制有机肥，时间为15～20d。接种物量为25％～30％。在厌氧的条件下，可以制取含甲烷实现物质再利用。有机生活垃圾在厌氧消化反应器的停留时间为15～20d。     

王锦蛇的无冬眠饲养试验

2004年11月～2005年4月，进行了王锦蛇的冬眠期饲养试验．结果表明：在王锦蛇的冬眠期内，人工保持其环境温度为25～30℃，相对湿度为60％～85％，并提供其所需要的食物条件，就能够使王锦蛇在冬眠期内正常地生长发育，不仅能缩短其饲养时间，而且能提高其成活率，从而达到高效饲养王锦蛇的目的．     

保留带与造林带的小气候和水分比较研究

比较分析了保留带与造林带的小气候和水分效应结果显示：①保留带的日均温比造林带低0．6～2．6℃，每天13：00时两带温差最大；保留带的月均温比造林带低0．5～2．2℃，两带6～8月的月均温差最大．②保留带的日均温度比造林带高10～15％，每天13：00时两带湿度相差最大；保留带的月均湿度比造林带高8．3～15．5％，两带6～8月的月均湿度相差最大．③造林带的光明强度是保留带的30～50倍，是未砍带的43～58倍．保留带和造林带不同位点的光照强度随一天中时刻的变化而发生更替．④保留带灌丛对降雨的拦截率为22．61％～64．15％．⑤保留带与造林带和未砍带土壤的自然含水率差异主要出现在0～10cm的表土层，且雨季的差异大十旱季的差异在雨季，保留带土壤的含水宰大于造林带的含水率，在旱季则相反．     

赤红壤贮水量变化过程的聚类分析研究

根据长期定位观测资料．用多元数据分析的有序样本分类中的最优分割法对南亚热带地带性土壤──赤红壤的土壤水分贮水量的变化过程进行聚类分析并进行土壤水分的季节划分，结果表明．赤红壤贮水量最高贮量出现在3～7月，最低出现在1～2月和10～12月，而8～9月为干湿交替变化的过渡阶段．     

极低频电磁场及与铅联合作用对发光细菌Vibrio qinghaiensis发光的影响

观察了50Hz，0．1～9．6mT，10～30min的电磁场暴露及其与铅的联合作用对淡水发光细菌青海弧菌(Vibrio qinghaiensis)发光的影响．结果表明，电磁场暴露能增强发光细菌的发光，在6.4mT附近，增强作用最为强烈，在0．2～0．4mT附近，增强作用显得最为微弱，提示ELFEMFs对发光细菌的效应具有剂量“窗口”特性；Pb(0．2～1．6mgL^-1)能抑制发光细菌发光，并随着Pb剂量的增大，抑制效应愈明显，呈明显的线性负相关；电磁场与Pb合并作用，Pb并没有改变电磁场对发光细菌效应的包括剂量窗口在内的特性，但3．2～9.6mT的电磁场暴露提高了发光细菌对Pb剂量变化的敏感性．图3表3参9     

内蒙古中东部大针茅群落土壤线虫多样性研究

2003年在内蒙古西乌旗大针茅草原，根据土壤深度0～10cm、1020cm、20～30cm分层采样，定量分析土壤线虫群落的多度，并对土壤线虫群落多样性和群落内线虫营养类型进一步分析．结果表明，该群落中土壤线虫包括50属和24科，其中矮化属、拟盘旋属、丽突属为优势属，特别是矮化属线虫数量异常高．土壤线虫群落的垂直分布呈现表聚型．就功能类群而言，植食性线虫在各层中的比例最高，为69．4％～81．3％，食真菌类线虫的比例最低，为0．9％～2．4％，而食细菌类线虫比例为13．9％-20．9％，食真菌类线虫和食细菌类线虫的比值为0．067～0．133．表6参29     

Lifetime reproductive success and composition of the home range in a large herbivore

The relationship between individual performance and nonrandom use of habitat is fundamental to ecology; however, empirical tests of this relationship remain limited, especially for higher orders of selection like that of the home range. We quantified the association between lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and variables describing lifetime home ranges during the period of maternal care (spring to autumn) for 77 female roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) at Trois-Fontaines, Champagne-Ardenne, France (1976-2000). We maintained population growth rate (adjusted to account for removals of non-focal animals) near rmax, which enabled us to define the fitness-habitat relationship in the absence of density effects. Using a negative binomial model, we showed that a roe deer's incorporation into its home range of habitat components important to food, cover, and edge (meadows, thickets, and increased density of road allowances) was significantly related to LRS. Further, LRS decreased with increasing age of naturally reclaimed meadows at the time of a deer's birth, which may have reflected a cohort effect related to, but not entirely explained by, a decline in quality of meadows through time. Predictive capacity of the selected model, estimated as the median correlation (rs) between predicted and observed LRS among deer of cross-validation samples, was 0.55. The strength of this relationship suggests that processes like selection of the site of a home range during dispersal may play a more important role in determining fitness of individuals than previously thought. Individual fitness of highly sedentary income breeders with high reproductive output such as roe deer should be more dependent on home range quality during the period of maternal care compared to capital breeders with low reproductive output. Identification of the most important habitat attributes to survival and reproduction at low density (low levels of intraspecific competition) may prove useful for defining habitat value ("intrinsic habitat value").     

湖南省绥宁县黄桑坪自然保护区植物群落多样性分析

通过对湖南省绥宁县黄桑自然保护区的植物群落特征及物种多样性的分析,结果表明:1)可将黄桑自然保护区的滩地、撂荒地和山坡地划分为3种群落类型:鱼腥草-蕨群丛、早熟禾-井栏边草群丛和杉木+马尾松-三尖杉+水苏-莎草+地稔群丛;2)植物多样性指数的大小顺序为:Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Simpson指数(D)和ShannonWiener指数(H)的大小顺序为:山坡地(S,D,H)撂荒地(S,D,H)滩地(S,D,H),Pielou均匀度指数(E)的大小顺序为:潍地(E)撂荒地(E)山坡地(E);3)3种样地之间的物种Czekanowski相似性系数(CC)较低,在0.0001~0.356 8之间,样地内的物种相似性指数(CC)沿滩地→撂荒地→山坡地的顺序递减;(4)相关分析表明:S、D、H之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),E与S、D、H呈显著负相关(P0.05).生境条件差异是物种多样性差异形成的直接原因.表3,参16.     

南岭中段弄蝶空间分布格局及多样性分析

为了分析南岭中段区域弄蝶(Hesperiidae)的物种组成、南坡与北坡的差异、不同海拔弄蝶的多样性及生态分布特点,选择南岭中段广东南岭自然保护区(南坡)和湖南莽山自然保护区(北坡)为监测区开展研究。2012—2015年共发现弄蝶83种,其中南坡73种,北坡43种,加之前人调查和记录的共有53属144种,其中东洋区占80.56%,东洋-古北区占14.58%;在中国动物地理区中,华南、西南、华中3区共有种占31.25%,仅分布于华南区占29.17%,华南区与西南区共有种占13.89%,华南区与华中区共有种占12.50%。在种的数量上,南坡高于北坡;除北坡海拔600 m外,各监测点种的数量存在年际间波动,呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,且优势种不相同,南坡海拔600、1 100 m和北坡600 m的优势种均为旖弄蝶Isoteinon lamprospilus,而北坡1 100m的优势种为白弄蝶Abraximorphadavidii,山顶的优势种为无趾弄蝶Hasoraanura;中等海拨(1 000—1 100 m)山地常绿阔叶林中的物种数、种群密度和各生物多样性指数,均高于低山常绿阔叶林(500—600 m)和山顶矮林(1 850—1 902 m),该结果符合有关生物多样性的"中间高度膨胀"假说;南北坡间各监测点相似性指数在0.095—0.465,相似性指数最大的均是海拔500 m。南岭中段弄蝶在组分上呈现热带向亚热带过渡的特点,有明显的以南岭为核心向周边扩散的现象,暗示了南岭中段可能为中国弄蝶的起源和分化中心之一。该研究结果可为林业区划、环境监测、蝶类资源的保护与可持续性开发利用等提供科学依据。     

粤北亚热带山地森林土壤有机碳沿海拔梯度的变化

选择位于南岭国家级自然保护区的广东第一峰——石坑崆,从海拔300 m起到山顶部1 900 m范围,每隔100 m高程设置1条10 m×120 m的样带,共17条样带,研究土壤有机碳含量沿海拔梯度的变化规律及其与植被类型和凋落物层厚度的关系。结果表明,0～20 cm和>20～40 cm土层有机碳含量均随海拔梯度变化呈极显著差异(P<0.001),并随林分类型不同而呈高度显著差异(P<0.01),土壤有机碳含量总体上呈随海拔上升而升高的变化趋势。凋落物层厚度仅对0～20 cm土层有机碳含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。可见,海拔梯度变化是影响土壤有机碳含量的综合和主导因素,而最表层土壤有机碳含量还易受林分因子的影响,这些因子反映了土地利用变化及自然保护历史。该研究结果提示,减少人类活动的干扰和保持林地适合的凋落物层厚度有助于增加森林生态系统的碳储量。     

A Natural Experiment on the Impact of Overabundant Deer on Forest Invertebrates

Abstract:  In large parts of North America and Europe, deer overabundance threatens forest plant diversity. Few researchers have examined its effects on invertebrate assemblages. In a natural experiment on Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada), where Sitka black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis ) were introduced, we compared islands with no deer, with deer for fewer than 20 years, and with deer for more than 50 years. We sampled invertebrates in three habitat categories: forest edge vegetation below the browse line, forest interior vegetation below the browse line, and forest interior litter. In forest edge vegetation, invertebrate abundance and species density decreased with increasing length of browsing history. In forest interior vegetation, decrease was significant only on islands with more than 50 years of browsing. Insect abundance in the vegetation decreased eightfold and species density sixfold on islands browsed for more than 50 years compared with islands without deer. Primary consumers were most affected. Invertebrates from the litter showed little or no variation related to browsing history. We attributed the difference between vegetation-dwelling and litter-dwelling invertebrates to differences in the effect of browsing on their habitat. In the layer below the browse line deer progressively removed the habitat. The extent of litter habitat was not affected, but its quality changed. We recommend more attention be given to the effect of overabundant ungulates on forest invertebrate conservation with a focus on edge and understory vegetation in addition to litter habitat.     

梵净山不同森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量及空间分布特征

为做好梵净山国家级自然保护区森林植被保护,摸清自然保护区森林植被资源家底,采用2016年第四次森林资源规划设计调查数据及变更至2019年的森林资源数据,计算和分析保护区内森林植被生物量、净生产量、碳储量。梵净山8种森林类型的总生物量为443.72×10⁴t,总碳储量为219.80×10⁴t,总生长量为29.75×10⁴t·a^?1,总凋落量为18.65×10⁴t·a^?1,总净生产量为48.40×10⁴t·a^?1,总生物量、总碳储量较大的是栎林,较小的是铁杉林,桦木林、阔叶混交林、马尾松林、软阔林、杉木林和硬阔林居中;平均碳密度为48.86 t·hm^?2,依次为:桦木林>阔叶混交林>栎林>硬阔林>软阔林>马尾松林>杉木林>铁杉林;总生长量、年凋落量、净生产量较高的是栎林、硬阔林,较低的是马尾松林、阔叶混交林和铁杉林,3种森林类型合计比例不到10%;在龄组中的分配依次为:中龄林>近熟林>成熟林>幼龄林>过熟林。在不同海拔中,梵净山森林植被生物量、碳储量、生长量、凋落量和净生产量主要分布在海拔1201—1800 m,其分布比例分别为50.39%、50.38%、49.21%、50.08%和49.54%;在不同坡向中,梵净山森林植被生物量、碳储量、生长量、凋落量和净生产量主要分布在南坡和北坡,二者合计比例大于60%。     

Temporal changes in giant panda habitat connectivity across boundaries of Wolong Nature Reserve, China.

Global biodiversity loss is largely driven by human activities such as the conversion of natural to human-dominated landscapes. A popular approach to mitigating land cover change is the designation of protected areas (e.g., nature reserves). Nature reserves are traditionally perceived as strongholds of biodiversity conservation. However, many reserves are affected by land cover changes not only within their boundaries, but also in their surrounding areas. This study analyzed the changes in habitat for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) inside Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China, and in a 3-km buffer area outside its boundaries, through a time series of classified satellite imagery and field observations. Habitat connectivity between the inside and the outside of the reserve diminished between 1965 and 2001 because panda habitat was steadily lost both inside and outside the reserve. However, habitat connectivity slightly increased between 1997 and 2001 due to the stabilization of some panda habitat inside and outside the reserve. This stabilization most likely occurred as a response to changes in socioeconomic activities (e.g., shifts from agricultural to nonagricultural economies). Recently implemented government policies could further mitigate the impacts of land cover change on panda habitat. The results suggest that Wolong Nature Reserve, and perhaps other nature reserves in other parts of the world, cannot be managed as an isolated entity because habitat connectivity declines with land cover changes outside the reserve even if the area inside the reserve is well protected. The findings and approaches presented in this paper may also have important implications for the management of other nature reserves across the world.     

Habitat and population modelling of roe deer using an interactive geographic information system

Management of German roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations is a challenge for wildlife managers and foresters because population densities are difficult to estimate in forests and forest regeneration can be negatively affected when roe deer density is high. We describe a model to determine deer population densities compatible with forest management goals, and to assess harvest rates necessary to maintain desired deer densities. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to model wildlife habitat and population dynamics over time. Our model interactively incorporates knowledge of field biologists and foresters via a graphical user interface (GUI). Calibration of the model with deer damage maps allowed us to evaluate density dependence of a roe deer population. Incorporation of local knowledge into temporally dynamic and spatial models increases understanding of population dynamics and improves wildlife management.     

Biodiversity status of a protected area in West Himalaya: Askot Wildlife Sanctuary

SUMMARY

Biodiversity of a protected area of West Himalaya (Askot Wildlife Sanctuary) was studied and analysed for landscape, faunal and floral diversity. The forest and pasture land, ideal habitats for the flora and fauna, covered nearly 52% and 12%, respectively, of total reported area. Among the fauna Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), thar (Himitragus jemlahicus), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), koklas (Pucrassia macrolophas), monal (Lophophorus impejanus) and snow cock (Tetragalus tibetanus) are threatened species. Plant diversity is represented by 1262 species of vascular plants (Angiosperm 1112, Gymnosperm 7, Pteridophytes 143 taxa). Diversity of the species within families, genera, habitats, communities and along vertical gradient zone was analysed. Maximum diversity existed in the family Orchidaceae (120 taxa), genera Polystichum (13 taxa), altitude zone (1001–2000 m; 860 taxa), habitat (forest; 623 taxa) and community (Banj oak: 92 taxa). Seventy-one families were found to be monotypic. Species were further analysed for ethnobotanical use (medicine: 70, edible: 55, fodder: 115, fuel: 31, house building: 13 etc.), domesticated diversity (crops: 19, vegetables: 26, fruits: 16), agroforestry or marginal, threatened and endemic diversity. Similarity in species composition within the habitats indicated maximum similarity in areas of shrubberies and alpine meadows/ slopes (71.65%) and exposed open/grassy slopes and shady moist places (47.32%). 432 (34.2%) taxa are native to Indian Himalaya of which 24 are endemic and 235 are near endemics. 65.8% of taxa are represented in the neighbouring areas and other regions of the globe. Ten taxa occurring in the Sanctuary have been already recorded in the Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Conservation and management of species is focused.