β-In_2S_3的水热合成及合成条件对其光催化降解土霉素的影响

利用水合硝酸铟和硫代乙酰胺为原料,采用温和水热法一步合成了In_2S_3.以土霉素为目标污染物,考察了反应物物质的量之比、溶剂体积、反应温度、反应时间等合成条件对最终产物光催化性能的影响,以TOC去除率为评价指标,考察光催化反应后土霉素的矿化程度.结果表明,在In与S的物质的量之为5∶12,溶剂水的体积为80 m L,水热反应的温度为120℃,水热反应的时间为12 h时可制备出单一立方相的β-In_2S_3晶体,并在400—600 nm范围内对可见光有很强的吸收;在室外不同太阳光强照射下,当In_2S_3投加量为2.00 g·L~(-1)时,在240 min内对30 mg·L~(-1)的土霉素溶液的去除率达到98%以上,TOC去除率达到69.5%.     

外源可溶性有机物(DOM)活化土壤Cu(Ⅱ)模型研究

研究了底泥水溶性有机质(DOM)活化处理土壤Cu(Ⅱ)的可行性,以寻求最优实验条件.在单因素实验基础上,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计对DOM活化土壤铜进行了优化,建立了土壤铜潜在去除率(y)与DOM投加量(X1)、振荡速度(X2)、振荡时间(X3)和反应温度(X4)四个因素间的正交回归模型: y=47.73671+55176X3-2.63327X21-3.46235X22-1.09187X1X2+1.40813X1X2+1.40813X2X4-1.09187X3X4.从模型推知,最佳实验条件为:DOM投加量为31.1 m1、振荡速度159r·min-1、振荡时间为1.7h和反应温度为24.3℃.在此条件下,根据数学模型推知土壤铜潜在去除率可达53.4%,验证实验结果与模型值基本一致.     

螯合淀粉衍生物对铜离子吸附性能的研究

以玉米淀粉为原料,经交联、间接醚化、胺化反应合成了交联氨基淀粉(CAS),CAS进一步与CS2亲核加成反应,合成了带有二硫代氨基甲酸(DTC)基团的DTC改性淀粉(DTCS)．研究了CAS和DTCS吸附铜离子的动力学行为,结果表明,二者对铜的吸附均符合Freundlich等温式．298K时,CAS和DTCS的吸附速率常数分别为κ=1．758h^-1和κ=10．32h^-1．根据对吸附行为的研究得到了表观动力学方程和热力学参数,并藉助IR和元素分析及吸附平衡研究了吸附机理．     

温度对赤霉素发酵的影响及优化策略

温度是影响赤霉素发酵的重要因素,研究温度与菌丝生长和次级代谢物合成的关系将有助于发酵工艺优化.采用5 L全自动发酵罐,调控罐温在25-35℃范围内进行赤霉素发酵,分时记录菌体浓度、残糖浓度和产物赤霉素浓度变化情况.发酵过程数据经微分处理后,比较分析在不同温度下赤霉素发酵过程中菌比生长速率、菌得率及赤霉素比合成速率的变化特征.结果显示:最适菌丝生长温度是32℃,其比生长速率和得率分别为0.571/h和0.431 g/g;适宜GA3合成的温度是28℃,最大比合成速率为2.161 mg g~(-1) h~(-1).进而提出赤霉素发酵过程变温控制轨迹:发酵0-18 h,控温28℃;18-40 h,温度32℃;40-60 h控制温度为30℃;60 h后,控制温度28℃.采用此温度控制策略进行GA3发酵,赤霉素终浓度达到2 294 mg/L,比恒温28℃发酵浓度提高了11.14%.本研究表明赤霉素发酵过程分阶段变温控制策略能提高产量,具有产业应用前景.     

聚合氯化铝-壳聚糖复合絮凝剂的合成及在蓝藻沼液预处理中的应用

以聚合氯化铝(PACl)和壳聚糖(CTS)为主要原料合成了聚合氯化铝-壳聚糖(PACl-CTS)复合絮凝剂,考察了PACl与CTS的质量比、反应温度、反应液pH和反应时间等因素对PACl-CTS絮凝性能的影响,优化出PACl-CTS合成最佳工艺条件为:温度控制在70℃,m(PACl)∶m(CTS)=4∶1,反应时间1 h,pH值为4.通过红外图谱(IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对PACl-CTS的微观结构进行了表征,表明PACl以一定的晶体结构镶嵌在CTS中,PACl和CTS之间存在一定的相互作用,而不是简单的复配.将合成的PACl-CTS应用于蓝藻沼液废水处理,结果表明,PACl-CTS对浊度、COD、TP具有良好的絮凝性能,当投加量为21.0 mg.L-1时,浊度、COD、TP的去除率分别达到了98.15%、67.78%和84.05%,可作为新型高效絮凝剂应用于蓝藻沼液废水预处理.     

高效重金属螯合剂RDTC的研制及处理含铜废水性能

以四乙烯五胺、二氯乙烷和哌嗪为主要原料研制了一种二硫代氨基甲酸盐（DTC）类重金属螯合剂RDTC,采用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征.研究了RDTC投加量、废水初始pH值和致浊物质对模拟含铜废水中Cu（Ⅱ）去除效果的影响,用测定浊度的方法研究了絮体的沉降性能,并采用溶出法对沉渣的稳定性进行了分析.结果表明,处理250 mL...     

一株铜抗性细菌的分离鉴定及其耐铜机制

利用微生物修复铜污染环境是当前研究的热点之一,筛选铜污染环境生物修复的菌种,研究其耐铜机制对铜污染土壤修复具有重要的意义.从铜矿附近的土壤中分离得到一株具有较强铜抗性的细菌,经形态观察、生理生化实验及系统发育分析,鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌属,命名为Acinetobacter sp. MA9.为探索MA9对铜的耐性、富集及其可能机制,研究不同浓度铜处理下菌株的生长和细菌对培养基铜的去除效率,同时分析铜胁迫下MA9胞外聚合物的含量、菌体表面形貌和官能团的变化.结果表明,铜处理细菌36 h后,以培养基铜浓度表征的半数效应浓度(EC_(50))值为251mg/L,细菌对溶液铜的去除量最高达到了溶液铜浓度的68%.与对照相比,铜胁迫使得MA9产生了更多的胞外聚合物,其中多糖增加62%,蛋白增加185%;利用扫描电镜观察发现,与无铜处理的菌株相比,铜处理菌体表面存在大量颗粒物;能谱分析也显示,MA9细胞表面检测到铜,这说明铜可能与细菌代谢物结合产生胞外吸附;傅里叶红外光谱分析结果表明,菌株在铜处理后细胞表面与醛基官能团相关的吸收峰消失,说明铜主要和菌体表面的醛基官能团结合.本研究表明胞外吸附和胞外沉淀是不动杆菌MA9主要的耐铜机制,醛基是参与MA9和铜反应的主要基团;结果可为MA9在铜污染环境修复中的应用提供数据和基础.(图6表2参36)     

Thanatephorus cucumeris对可托多松19位甲基羟化反应条件的优化

甾体化合物19位甲基羟化反应是甾体药物合成中脱除19位甲基的关键步骤,需要多步化学反应才能实现,酶催化则一步就能完成.为寻找更多能够实现甾体化合物19位甲基羟化反应的微生物和酶并利用酶法实现这一反应,本研究重新考察丝核薄膜革菌(Thanatephorus cucumeris)催化可托多松19位甲基羟基化的反应,发现除了产生主产物19-OH-可托多松和11β-OH-可托多松外,还产生一种极性与19-OH-可托多松非常相近的产物7β-OH-可托多松,导致19-OH-可托多松分离纯化困难.通过对转化条件进行控制和优化,提高了目标产物19-OH-可托多松的比例,减少了7β-OH-可托多松的生成,在初始p H 9.0,装液量100 m L(250 m L锥形瓶),助溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(0.5%,V/V),底物投加时间36 h,底物浓度为0.5 g/L的最适条件下,几乎不产生7β-OH-可托多松,转化60 h后,19-OH-可托多松的产量可达到117 mg/L,而且产物易于分离纯化.本研究对T.cucumeris合成19-OH-可托多松的反应条件进行了控制和优化,使产物易于分离纯化,为进一步从该菌中获得甾体化合物19位羟基化酶奠定了基础.     

钴负载MCM-41分子筛催化臭氧氧化水中氯代苯甲酸

通过水热法合成介孔分子筛MCM-41,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Co负载MCM-41分子筛催化剂(Co/MCM-41).小角X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)、N2吸附-脱附等温线及透射电镜(TEM)等对催化剂的成分、结构的表征结果显示,Co/MCM-41保持了纯硅MCM-41有序的介孔结构,钴元素以钴氧化物形式存在,比表面达到772 m.2g-1.将Co/MCM-41分子筛用于催化臭氧氧化水中对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)的研究,结果表明,在优化条件下(2%负载量和25℃反应温度),催化剂的加入显著改善了TOC去除率,达到84.6%,是单独臭氧氧化的1.6倍.     

“温度-压力-溶剂”对Al(H_2O)_6~(3+)动态水交换反应影响的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)对不同温度、压力和溶剂条件下的Al(H_2O)_6~(3+)水交换反应进行了研究,系统地开展了以下工作:(1)采用超分子-极化连续模型在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)基组水平下优化得到Al(H_2O)_6~(3+)水交换反应的路径,在优化构型的基础上计算得到5组温度(278—358 K)条件下相应的水交换反应速率常数kex,结果表明温度升高促进了Al(H_2O)_6~(3+)水交换反应的进行;(2)计算得到5组压力(0.4—1.2 atm)条件下Al(H_2O)_6~(3+)水交换反应的kex,研究表明在该地表水中常压范围内的压力变化对kex没有影响;(3)在极化连续模型下进行单点能计算时分别选择水、乙腈、乙醇、苯和四氯化碳等5种不同的主体溶剂,计算不同溶剂中Al(H_2O)_6~(3+)水交换反应的kex,结果表明非极性溶剂中反应的活化Gibbs自由能较低,水交换速率加快.本文为不同环境条件下Al(H_2O)_6~(3+)水交换反应的研究提供了有用参考.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.