中国能源利用效率区域差异基尼系数分析

基尼系数是经济学中对贫富差距量化评价的重要工具.文章从基尼系数的经济学内涵出发,将基尼系数的概念和意义应用于地区能源利用效率分析.以全国各地区的能源消耗分配为例,应用基尼系数法分析了地区总体经济发展水平,地区工业化程度,地区经济重型化程度对能源消费强度分配公平性的影响,并提出了以绿色贡献系数作为判断不公平因子的依据.绘制各影响因素的洛伦茨曲线,计算出中国2006年的能源消耗基尼系数,根据基尼系数和绿色贡献系数对能源消费强度地区差异进行量化分析,最后得出合理的结论.     

水污染物总量初始分配方法

总结目前常用的总量分配方法,基于环境—经济系统综合考虑原则,提出水污染物总量分配方法的新思路,包括采用基尼系数法进行区域分配,采用优化排放绩效法对排污单位分配,并建立了优化排放绩效法的线性规划模型,分析了两种方法与其他常用分配方法的差异,以及在实际应用中需要注意的问题和根据废污水排放去向修订分配方案的方法。     

湘江流域铊污染物水环境容量与总量控制

针对湖南湘江流域含铊工业废水大量排放,引起部分河段地表水铊含量超标的问题,通过对河流相应集水区各涉铊污染源进行调查分析,计算铊污染物入河量,选择模型,按水功能区划要求的水质目标,估算出目标河段铊污染物的水环境容量,并按容量总量管理模式,提出各地区、各污染源铊污染物排放与削减的分配方案.结果显示,湘江干流永州、郴州、衡阳和娄底段尚有一定的环境容量,而株洲、湘潭、长沙和岳阳段容量计算结果为负值,表明该河段铊污染物含量已超过水环境容量;除汨罗江外,湘江一级支流均有剩余的铊环境容量,容量较大的是耒水,其次是洣水和舂陵水;10条涉及铊排放的二级支流,都还有剩余环境容量,容量最多的是西河,其次是永乐江和攸水.铊排放超出环境容量的区域,须进行铊污染物削减,需要削减的地市有永州、衡阳、湘潭、长沙和岳阳,需要削减的行业涉及化工、有色、钢铁、锰业和玻璃行业,削减总量达到每年3.188 t.化工行业排放最大,为每年3.239 t,需要削减的量也最大,为每年2.862 t,占削减总量的89.8%.     

基于人均生态承载力的安徽省资源环境公平性研究

通过对人均生态承载力内涵的扩展,提出了生态承载系数的概念。从多个时间断面出发,计算2001—2010年安徽省17个地市的人均生态承载力,并选取能源消耗、水资源消耗、SO2排放和COD排放4个评价因子,构建基于人均生态承载力的安徽省资源环境基尼系数和生态承载系数的计算与评价方法。结果表明:(1)安徽省SO2排放的资源环境基尼系数高于0.4的警戒线,能源消耗的资源环境基尼系数接近0.4的警戒线,水资源消耗和COD排放的资源环境基尼系数均处于相对平均等级。(2)总体来看,省内资源型城市马鞍山、淮南,经济较发达城市合肥和沿江工业城市安庆、芜湖是安徽省资源消耗和污染物排放不公平性的主要因子,需要优化资源环境分配;皖南山区城市黄山、池州和宣城是安徽省资源消耗和污染物排放公平性的主要因子。该研究可为安徽省资源环境安全性评估和分配提供理论依据。     

点源排污总量的确定与工程优选

本文以保护水域为目标,阐述了点源排污总量的控制方法.根据水域污染物的输入、控制总量,反馈到点源的相应关系,确定点源排污总量、分配负荷.对需要消减污染负荷的受控点源,采用价值系数排列法,优化筛选治理方案.     

两相分配生物反应器治理高浓度有机污染研究进展

高浓度有机污染物难以进行生物降解的主要原因之一是其会对微生物产生较大毒害作用而抑制微生物生长以及降解过程,而两相分配生物反应器(Two-phase partitioning bioreactor,TPPB)可以有效解决污染物毒性的问题,因而在高浓度有机污染治理中具有较大的应用潜力.本文系统介绍了TPPB类型以及各自的工作原理,即TPPB通过非水相的引入可以溶解系统内大部分有机污染物,减少水相中污染物的浓度,降低其对微生物的毒性,并通过微生物的代谢活动实现污染物的降解,随着降解过程的进行污染物在两相间的分配平衡不断被打破,污染物又不断从非水相进入到水相之中,使得微生物的降解过程持续进行.同时分析了反应过程中的各种影响因素,如传质速率、微生物影响等,进而阐述了该技术在水体、土壤、大气污染治理中的应用,最后根据目前的研究进展,对TPPB技术的工程应用前景进行了展望.     

《区域污染源总量控制规划微机软件》通过检测

由天津市环境保护科学研究所刘宪法工程师研制的“区域污染源总量控制规划微机软件”于一九九○年十二月在天津通过软件检测.该软件采用0—1整数规划和多目标规法方法,解决了城市污水处理厂汇水区内污染物总量优化分配问题.该软件对传统的隐枚举法进行了改进,将寻优速度提高了十几     

有机污染物在土壤—水体系中的分配理论

介绍了有机污染物在土壤—水体系中的分配理论。该理论认为有机污染物主要被土壤有机质以非吸附的方式所吸收，所以多种污染物被同时吸收时不存在竞争作用，而且吸收量受到土壤有机质和有机污染物分子极性的影响。有机污染物在土壤有机质—水体系中的分配系数，主要与其水溶性有关。     

泉州市规划区大气污染物总量控制及分配

合理的污染排放总量控制及分配是保证城市发展和环境保护和相协调的重要条件。ＣＯＺＥＥ－中国沿海环境保护增强工作以泉州市为试点开展ＩＥＭＰ示范项目,通过将国外先进经验,计算方法与当地实际相结合,制定出泉州市规划区大气污染物总量控制及分配方案,本文介绍ＩＥＭＰ项目大气污染总量控制,分配的基本思路及方法,这对我国沿海经济快速发展地区的总量控制具有一定的借鉴作用。     

环境介质中有机污染物运移的数值模型

在综合考虑有机污染物在土壤-水环境体系中扩散、吸附解吸、分配以及土壤-水界面微生物降解条件下，建立了环境介质中有机污染物迁移转化的非平衡动力学模型，并编制相应的有限元程序，利用该程序对落地原油在土壤中迁移转化非平衡模式与平衡模式进行对比模拟分析，探讨了模型参数kd、λ、λ^*的变化对有机污染物迁移的影响，为定量研究土壤中有机污染物在土壤-水环境中分配与归宿提供了可靠的理论依据，同时为土壤环境质量评价及污染预测、预报与污染防治提供科学的根据与途径．图4表1参11     

Achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets with minimum abatement costs: An enterprise-level allocation method with constraints of fairness and feasibility

• Quantification of efficiency and fairness of abatement allocation are optimized. • Allocation results are refined to the different abatement measures of enterprises. • Optimized allocation results reduce abatement costs and tap the abatement space. • Abatement suggestions are given to enterprises with different abatement quotas. For achieving air pollutant emission reduction targets, total pollutant amount control is being continuously promoted in China. However, the traditional pattern of pollutant emission reduction allocation regardless of economic cost often results in unreasonable emission reduction pathways, and industrial enterprises as the main implementers have to pay excessively high costs. Therefore, this study adopted economic efficiency as its main consideration, used specific emission reduction measures (ERMs) of industrial enterprises as minimum allocation units, and constructed an enterprise-level pollutant emission reduction allocation (EPERA) model with minimization of the total abatement cost (TAC) as the objective function, and fairness and feasibility as constraints for emission reduction allocation. Taking City M in China as an example, the EPERA model was used to construct a Pareto optimal frontier and obtain the optimal trade-off result. Results showed that under basic and strict emission reduction regulations, the TAC of the optimal trade-off point was reduced by 46.40% and 45.77%, respectively, in comparison with that achieved when only considering fairness, and the Gini coefficient was 0.26 and 0.31, respectively. The abatement target was attained with controllable cost and relatively fair and reasonable allocation. In addition, enterprises allocated different emission reduction quotas under different ERMs had specific characteristics that required targeted optimization of technology and equipment to enable them to achieve optimal emission reduction effects for the same abatement cost.     

An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs’ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows: modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis (which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety (MOS)), were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.     

基于合作博弈论的感潮河网区污染物排放总量削减分配模型研究

在给定污染物削减目标的情况下,如何确定各排污区域的分配比例一直是污染物总量分配技术的核心问题,博弈论是解决这一问题的有效尝试。采用合作博弈论方法,以感潮河网区各排污区域为研究对象,充分考虑各区域的污染治理成本、排污策略与环境质量的相互影响,建立了在给定污染物总削减比例条件下各区域环境合作的博弈模型,计算了各种可能联盟的特征函数值,利用Shapley值法进行合作收益的公平分配。结合珠江三角洲西江-石岐河河网区3个区域的环境合作案例说明削减合作的可行性,在总削减比例为15%的约束下,3区域合作削减比例是20.77%、12.82%和12.99%,与合作前相比,3个区域合作后环境成本分别减少了11.83%、2.13%和2%。     

Study on the concentration distribution in a trapezoidal open-channel flow with a side discharge

The number and distribution of pollutant concentration in a trapezoidal open channel flow with a side discharge is calculated and effects of the bank gradient are investigated in this paper. A sigma-coordinate water quality numerical model is used to simulate the process of both water and pollutant transportation in the trapezoidal channel open flow. The diffusion coefficient used in the prediction is determined by two methods including constant coefficient and the depth-averaged k-epsilon turbulence closure model. The change of the concentration with the bank gradient is acquired based on the simulation of cases with different bank gradients. An analytical formula is derived by using the mirror image method and related diffusion theories, ignoring the discharge momentum and the influence of the opposite bank. The formula can predict the number and distribution of pollutant concentration with some acceptable errors. The results demonstrate that the bank gradient has great influence on the concentration distribution which will decrease with the increase of the bank gradient approximately following a hyperbolic law.     

Flow and mass balance analysis of eco-bio infiltration system

A structured stormwater infiltration system was developed and constructed at a university campus and monitoring of storm events was performed during a one-year operation period. The flow and pollutant mass balances were analyzed and the overall efficiency of the system was assessed. While significant positive correlations were observed among rainfall, runoff and discharge volume (R²= 0.93-0.99; p<0.05), there was no significant correlations existed between rainfall, runoff, discharge volume and pollutant load. The system was more effective in reducing the runoff volume by more than 50% for small storm events but the difference between the runoff and discharge volume was significant even with rainfall greater than 10 mm. Results showed that the pollutant reduction rates were higher compared to the runoff volume reduction. Average pollutant reduction rates were in the range of 72% to 90% with coefficient of variation between 0.10 and 0.46. Comparable with runoff reduction, the system was more effective in reducing the pollutant load for small storm events, in the range of 80% to 100% for rainfall between 0 and 10 mm; while 65% to 80% for rainfall between 10 and 20 mm. Among the pollutant parameters, particulate matters was highly reduced by the system achieving only a maximum of 25% discharge load even after the entire runoff was completely discharged. The findings have proven the capability of the system as a tool in stormwater management achieving both flow reduction and water quality improvement.     

Inequality in paleorecords

Paleorecords provide information on past environmental variability, and help define ecological reference conditions by means of changes in their characteristics (accumulation rate, geochemical composition, density, etc.). A measure of temporal dissimilarity, which has traditionally been used in dendrochronology and is called "mean sensitivity," only focuses on first-order time-series lags. In this paper mean sensitivity was extended to all possible lags to derive a mean sensitivity function (MSF). The MSF is equivalent to a one-dimensional form of the paired relative madogram, a tool used in geostatistics to quantify spatial dependence. We then showed that the sum of madograms for all possible time-series lags is encapsulated by a single parameter, the Gini coefficient. This parameter has long been used by econometricians, social scientists, and ecologists as a synthetic, quantitative measure of inequality and diversity. Considering the connection between the MSF and the madogram, and the convenience of summarizing data heterogeneity with a single number, the Gini coefficient is therefore particularly appropriate for succinctly evaluating the diversity of paleorecords. An example of this application is provided by focusing on public domain dendrochronological data for the western conterminous United States.     

Time,affluence and pollution in the theory of consumer's behavior

This paper extends Becker's analysis on the allocation of time to provide a theoretical basis for the phrase “affluence breeds effluence.” Many environmentalists fear that a pollutant tax is merely a license to pollute. Their fears are well-founded if we consider the effect of increased affluence of the society on the pollutant stock. Assuming that relatively pollutant intensive “commodities” are also relatively less time intensive, an assumption applicable to most of the affluent societies, it is shown that the pollutant tax policy will be ineffective if the effect of increased wage rate on pollutant stock is ignored in spite of the efficiency of such a tax as a policy tool.     

QUAL2E模型在大沽河干流青岛段水质模拟中的应用

采用QUAL2E模型对大沽河干流青岛段的水质进行了模拟和预测。针对大沽河的具体情况,选用BOD5、COD和氮作为模拟预测指标,用实验模拟方法、模型率定法并参考相关文献确定了BOD耗氧系数k1、BOD复氧系数k2、BOD沉降系数k3、COD耗氧系数和弥散系数等水质参数,并对模拟结果进行了验证,表明预测值和实测值的相关性较好;对BOD5、k1、k2和Q(流量)进行了灵敏度分析,结果表明对大沽河DO浓度影响敏感的参数依次是:Q、k2、BOD、k1,即流量Q是模型最敏感的参数,说明河流的水力学参数对DO影响较大。     

外源性污染对太湖梅梁湾水质影响的定量化

通过太湖的水量水质数学模型,模拟了梅梁湾内主要的入湖污染源———直湖港、武进港和梁溪河排入的污染物质的迁移、转化规律;分析了梅梁湾中梅园、小湾里、闾江口、拖山4个监测点水质浓度受直湖港、武进港和梁溪河排污影响程度的大小;并分别建立了监测点污染物浓度与排污口排污量的响应关系曲线和响应关系表达式。通过这些结论可以方便的定量的计算出在排污口排污量发生变化的情况下监测点水质浓度的变化量,为合理控制外源污染物质的入湖量提供了技术支持。