广东省建设项目环境保护执法中存在的问题和对策措施

广东省通过对全省建设项目环境执法情况进行全面检查摸底后。针对存在的问题提出了改进的对策措施。一、存在的问题１．一些部门和领导环境意识不高,部分地方政府和领导为了当地经济利益和眼前利益,在项目选择时出现“饥不择食”的短期行为,绕过环保部门审批项目,甚至存在不正当行政干预现象。２．区域环境规划和建设项目环境影响评价仍需进一步协商,区域开发建设项目、非污染型生态项目、第三产业项目等环境管理仍有待加强,尤其是电磁辐射项目,绝大部分没有办理环保审批手续。二、对策措施为全面贯彻落实国务院《建设项目环境保护管…     

论生活社区污染物的就地分散处理

我国目前的生活社区污染物治理方式主要是收集后集中处理,这种处理方式存在若干问题,如会影响集中处理场所和转运沿线周边社区的环境质量、不利于处理产物的资源化利用、收集系统的成本较高等。文章提出生活社区污染物宜就地处理,使本社区的污染物不会转移到其他社区,同时便于污染治理产物的资源化利用,而且可以促进环保产业升级,提高农村社区居住环境质量,促进绿色农业的开展,减轻政府环保工作压力。     

电磁辐射污染投诉原因分析及解决办法探讨

近年来,随着经济的发展,高压输变电工程和移动通信基站越来越多地落户于大型居民小区,由此引发的环境投诉和纠纷呈快速上涨趋势。电磁辐射污染投诉产生的原因主要是:电磁辐射环境管理法制不健全,思想上不重视,项目环保审批环节脱节,环保与规划部门信息交流不畅,公众维权意识增强,寻求其他经济利益;针对原因提出的预防和解决办法为:加强法制建设、强化现场监管,理顺项目审批和监管程序,建立与规划部门的联动机制,加强宣传,引导司法解决。     

增强社区自治 拓宽公众参与思路——记一次社区环境圆桌对话会议

面对社区的环境问题,相关环保主管部门在常规环境监察执法的过程中有时忽视环境问题利益各方的沟通与交流,公众缺乏知情权和参与机会,不利于环境问题的彻底解决,不能有效消除公众的疑虑和缓和社会矛盾。为了更有效地协调环境问题的各方利益,鼓励公众参与环境保护,促进环境问题的有效解决,国家环保总局宣教中心于2006年启动并组织实施了“社区环境圆桌对话项目”,该项目为解决社区环境问题提供了一种新的选择,它为政府部门、社区公众和有关企事业单位搭建了平等对话解决环境问题的平台,开拓了环境执法部门、社区管理者的工作思路,通过开展平等、公开的对话协商,平稳解决环境问题,保障了公众的知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权,实现了政府行政管理与基层群众自治的有效衔接和良性互动,通过社会各界及居民的广泛参与,增强了社区的自治功能,也是构建和谐社会的有益实践和重要补充。     

探索水源保护之路——记广州流溪生态保护中心调研项目

曾作为广州主要饮用水水源地的流溪河,因水质问题而被调整为备用水源,饮用水水源保护区面积被大幅调减。流溪生态保护中心从2015年开始对流溪河支流沙坑涌开展多次调研,撰写了研究报告,认为大量外来人口的聚集、环保监管人手不足等是沙坑涌污染的重要原因,类似的支流"贡献"了流溪河98%的污染。基于调研,流溪生态保护中心在2016年将工作重心调整至流溪河支流源头的保护上——开展社区工作,从个人健康出发提高当地民众环境保护意识,同时引入社会资源,在支流源头社区开展农产品加工作坊、垃圾不落地、环保电影放映等活动,协助当地人们探索将水源保护与社区传统、经济利益相结合的综合收益方式。     

新《建设项目环境保护管理条例》实施对企业环境保护管理的影响及对策措施

文章以2017年10月1日实施的《建设项目环境保护管理条例》(以下简称《条例》)为研究对象,根据行政审批制度改革及新修订《环境影响评价法》的要求,立足于《条例》修改的背景,阐述了《条例》主要从简化环保审批事项、流程,加强环保事中事后监督管理,减轻企业负担、进一步优化服务等三方面修改了相关内容;探讨了《条例》实施后企业将面临环保欠账问题突出,生态红线管理薄弱、家底不清,竣工环保验收缺乏规定的标准和程序,环境影响后评价工作实施不力,环境风险防控体系建设薄弱、人力财力投入严重不足,土壤、地下水污染防治任务艰巨等问题;提出加快清理解决历史遗留的环保问题,加强生态红线管理,加强土壤、地下水环保管理,加强竣工环保验收管理,加强环境影响后评价工作,进一步加强环境应急和风险防控体系建设,强化环境信息常态化公开机制等对策与建议。     

绿色社区创建是生态文明建设的抓手

正创建绿色社区要成立以区内居民为主体的环保志愿者队伍,制定公众参与环保的有效措施,鼓励居民监督和纠正社区内外破坏环境行为。从第十个五年计划开始,针对城市社区在发展中产生的环境问题,全国开展的"绿色社区"创建活动取得了一定的成效。全面回顾10多年来的绿色社区创建过程可以看出,中国的绿色社区创建在本质上是政府推动、公众参与的绿色活动。在创建过程中,政府通过宣传教育提高居民的环境意识,进而促进社区的环保工作。但社区环保工作也存在一些不容忽视的问题:如在工作指导上注重引导公众参与环保活动,忽视     

农村减排应关注什么问题

建议政府要尽快设立农村环保机构。严格规模化养殖场环评审批,把污染物排放总量指标作为环评审批的前置条件,防止新污染的产生。国务院出台的《"十二五"节能减排综合性工作方案》把节能减排作为落实科学发展观、加快转变经济发展方式     

顺应新形势 推动环保工作

在经济迅速发展的新形势下,环境保护工作面临许多新情况新问题。主要是:(1)经济高速增长造成污染物排放总量增加,环境承受的污染负荷加重,有些领导的精力集中在上项目,增产值,环境意识有所淡化。环保投入受到影响,防治污染任务更为艰巨。(2)成片开发涉及环评,项目要求尽快审批与区域环评滞后矛盾日益突出。(3)片面理解服从和服务于经济建设,放松项目审批把关和环境监督管理。(4)经济发展,人民生活水平提高,对环境质量提出更高要求。(5)城镇环境问题日益突出。(6)流通领域     

乡村社会治理的历史分析

通过对中国乡村社会治理历史的纵向分析,我们归纳出现代乡村社会治理的四大必要的机制逻辑,并据此提出,现代乡村建设需要以解决“三化”问题和项目制的投入所造成的问题为出发点,落实“党委领导、政府主导、社会互动、公众参与、法制保障”的社会治理方针,在充分兼顾社会效益和经济效益平衡的基础上,培育和激活自然社区组织,提高以自然社区组织为主体的公众参与度,探索协商民主在乡村社会的落地之道。     

Regulation for environmental protection: The Nanticoke industrial complex,Ontario, Canada

This assessment of the environmental protection regulatory system for the $2.2 billion iron and steel plant, oil refinery, and thermal generating station composing the core of the greenfield Nanticoke industrial complex is based upon: the use of governmental and industrial research in project management; technology and institutional arrangements for environmental protection; evidence of environmental changes to date; analysis of government and industrial approval files; and interviews with government, industry, and interest group representatives. Planning, regulation, and management have been reasonably efficient and effective to the beginning of the operational stage for all three major industries as of spring 1980. Of major future concern, however, is management of the cumulative and synergistic impacts of the industries and associated development on air quality as well as the lands, waters, and sensitive ecosystems of the nearby Lake Erie coast. Continuous monitoring, more comprehensive research, and better overall coordination of government, industrial, and public interests are required if Nanticoke benefits are to be achieved without undue cost to pre-project resource users within and outside the Haldimand-Norfolk region.     

Public Hearing or ‘Hearing Public’? An Evaluation of the Participation of Local Stakeholders in Environmental Impact Assessment of Ghana’s Jubilee Oil Fields

This article investigates the involvement of local stakeholders in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes of Ghana’s first off-shore oil fields (the Jubilee fields). Adopting key informants interviews and documentary reviews, the article argues that the public hearings and the other stakeholder engagement processes were cosmetic and rhetoric with the view to meeting legal requirements rather than a purposeful interest in eliciting inputs from local stakeholders. It further argues that the operators appear to lack the social legitimacy and social license that will make them acceptable in the project communities. A rigorous community engagement along with a commitment to actively involving local stakeholders in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes of the partners may enhance the image of the partners and improve their social legitimacy. Local government agencies should be capacitated to actively engage project organisers; and government must mitigate the impact of the oil projects through well-structured social support programmes.     

“三线一单”对重构环境准入体系的意义及关键环节

“放管服”背景下以环评为核心的环境准入体系面临工作周期长、制度效率低、结论可验证性差、社会认可度不高等诸多挑战。本文针对“三线一单”具有的早期介入和共享区域基础信息的工作特征,认为将“三线一单”纳入环境准入体系后可以更好地发挥系统性预防作用,提升政府的决策能力和环评工作效率,实现环境准入体系的高质量和高效率。在重构环境准入体系方面,提出了“三线一单”与规划环评和项目环评制度衔接的关键环节:明确三项制度不同的职责定位和责任主体、厘清三项制度的衔接环节,以及完善三项制度间的信息交互。     

论综合型休闲娱乐场所环境影响评价的工作重点

娱乐及餐饮业近年来发展迅速，开展这类项目的环境影响评价工作首先应确保其环保审批手续的前置性。环评单位应在项目筹划初期介入，工作中应以项目合理选址和提出具有可操作性的污染防治措施这两个侧重面开展工作，作出准确的评价结论，给出可行的污染防治措施及方案。只有这样，才能编制出较为完善的环境影响评价文件，才能达到预防或减轻不良环境影响的最终目的。     

“一带一路”视域下环境保护问题的战略定位与治理体系

环境保护是"一带一路"建设的重要议题,它所面临的挑战更多源于沿线国家和地区经济发展任务繁重与生态环境先天脆弱之间的矛盾。仅仅依靠单个政府部门或某一政策,或者仅仅依靠单个国家或地区的某一倡议与行动,均不足以应对"一带一路"建设中的跨国环境风险,这将倒逼国内与国际社会提升环境保护的战略地位,构建新型环境治理体系。"一带一路"沿线的各地政府不仅要发挥生态环保的示范作用,还要建立横向若干部门和纵向各级政府的协同治理机制,完善环境保护跨国合作制度,鼓励企业、NGO组织与民间力量、智库共同参与环境治理。     

论环境教育法制建设与环境保护社会治理

加强环境法制教育有利于提升公众的环境保护理念,促进环保社会治理。日本和我国台湾地区在环境教育法律依据、教育内容、教育职责、教育制度等方面的经验可供我们借鉴。在我国大陆开展环境教育法制建设,须强调政府的主导作用,强调党、政府、社会、公民和市场关系的制度化,解决组织主体、参与主体和经费保障等关键问题,符合实际并发挥实际作用。在党内法规方面,要制定与国家立法相衔接的环境保护党内法规和其他规范性文件;在国家立法的建设方面,制定专门了《环境教育法》或者《环境教育条例》,按照十八届四中全会决定要求,把全民普法和守法作为依法治国的长期基础性工作,明确中央和地方政府、企业、学校、社会组织和公民个体的环境宣传教育权利和义务,把环境宣传教育作为基础性工作纳入国民经济和社会发展计划,完善环境信息公开、社会监督、行政监督和司法监督等制度和机制,采取有针对性和可接受的宣教方法与机制,促进环境保护宣传教育制度得以运行。     

Evolution of environmental impact assessment as applied to watershed modification projects in Canada

This article reviews the application of environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures and practices to three watershed modification projects situaled in western Canada. These ventures were justified for accelerating regional economic development, and cover the period during which public concerns for protecting the environment rapidly made their way into the national political agenda. An historical account and analysis of the situation, therefore, seems desirable in order to understand the development of EIA processes, practices, and methodologies since the start of construction of the first project in 1961. This study concludes that there has been good progress in predicting and evaluating environmental and related social impacts of watershed modification proposals. However, a number of obstacles need to be overcome before EIA can firmly establish itself as an effective planning tool. These difficulties include jurisdictional confusions and conflicts, division of authority and responsibility in designing and implementing appropriate mitigative and monitoring measures, lack of tested EIA methodologies, and limited availability of qualified human resources. A number of conclusions and suggestions are offered so that future watershed modification proposals may be planned and implemented in a more environmentally sustainable fashion. These include: (1) EIA processes must be completed before irrevocable decisions are made. (2) Any major intrusion into a watershed is likely to impact on some major components of the ecosystem(s). (3) Mitigation costs must form part of the benefit-cost analysis of any project proposal. (4) Interjurisdictional cooperation is imperative where watersheds cross political boundaries. (5) The EIA process is a public process, hence public concerns must be dealt with fairly. (6) The role of science in the EIA process must be at arms length from project proponents and regulators, and allowed to function in the interest of the protection of the environment and public health and safety. The views expressed here are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect those of FEARO and/or other government agencies and officials involved in the review of these projects.     

多中心治理下公众参与大气污染防治路径探析

动员全社会力量保护环境,积极推动公众参与环保工作,是解决环境保护问题的根本途径。运用多中心治理理论分析,发现政府治污理念陈旧、制度不健全、公众责任意识淡漠、环保社会组织弱小等,是我国大气污染治理中公众参与度低的主要原因,因此提出转变观念、完善机制、加强教育、支持和引导环保社会组织,促进公众参与的多元治理模式的形成,真正推动大气环境质量的改善。     

Environmental attitudes of stakeholders and their perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts: A case study in China

Large numbers of people living in and around protected areas are highly dependent on the natural resources. However, simply excluding them from the area management has always inevitably resulted in conflicts. We conducted a case study of the Protected Area of Jinyun Mountain (PJM) in China to evaluate social context variables, environmental attitudes, and perceptions regarding protected area-community conflicts. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys administered to four stakeholder groups (i.e. local farmers, government staff, business persons, and tourists). A total of 112 questionnaires were completed in December 2008, after the Sichuan Earthquake. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, social context (gender, race, age, income, and education level), protected area-community conflicts, and environmental attitudes. The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scores, which were employed to evaluate environmental attitudes, differed significantly among the stakeholder groups (P < 0.01). Specifically, government staff reported the highest and business persons did the lowest. Among the five items evaluated, anti-exemptionalism received the lowest score, while nature’s balance did the highest. Evaluation of the protected area-community relationship indicated that harmony and conflict both exist in the PJM, but have different forms among different stakeholders, and seem to be opposite between government staff and local farmers. Among the indexes, tourism primarily contributed to the harmonious aspect, while collection of NTFPs did to the conflicting one. Conflict scores were positively related to age and negatively related to education level. Respondents with higher NEP scores were more partial to the park management. Besides, the respondents with higher annual incomes tended to support the policy of harmonizing the relationship and lessening the harm of local communities to the area. To promote proenvironmental attitudes and alleviate the protected area-community conflicts, we recommend improving environmental education, establishing community co-management, and launching substitute sources of cash for traditional cultivation.     

环境邻避冲突中公众纠纷解决机制的发展与完善

近年来我国环境邻避形势严峻,人民群众日益增长的对美好生态环境的需求、公众参与环境保护的意愿、维护自身权益的意识和当前纠纷解决机制不平衡不充分的矛盾突出。为了有效化解冲突,环境邻避纠纷解决机制先后经历了萌发期、探索期,并逐步进入多元化发展阶段。现阶段环境邻避纠纷非诉讼解决方式存在制度局限,诉讼解决方式在实际应用中面临诉讼积极性不高、立案难、举证难、审理难等问题。为此,结合环境邻避纠纷的特点,本文提出了环境邻避纠纷解决机制完善建议:一是预防为主,建立贯穿项目建设始终的公众参与法律制度体系,增强公众意见反馈的强制性;二是分类化解,建立和完善适应不同需求的纠纷解决程序,加强多元化纠纷解决机制的衔接。希望通过建立"预防为主,分类化解"的精细化纠纷解决机制来推动环境邻避冲突的有序解决。