电网建设项目竣工环保验收的常见问题及解决方案

电网项目属于非污染型生态项目,具有该类型项目特有的影响因子单一、项目涉及范围广及环境敏感点分布不均等特点。该类项目竣工环保验收中存在6种主要问题,针对验收率、验收监测、公众参与等方面,通过制定规范、加强管理、落实环保治理措施等层面,给出了相对的解决方案。通过方案的实施,主要常见问题可得到解决或改善。     

油气田开发项目噪声危害的职业防护分析

针对油气田集输站场噪声源点多的现状,通过对生产工艺、设备、现场卫生学调查综合分析,油气田开发项目高噪声设备集中在大功率泵、压缩机、发电机等,结合类似项目职业卫生评价经验,识别该项目生产过程中噪声主要存在场所、接噪人员。进行了噪声个体采样检测,气田内部集输采气工、天然气处理厂操作工噪声定点采样检测,结果判定均为合格。提出了防噪设施和个人防护措施设施,阐明了噪声作业分级及分级管理原则,通过采取工程防护、个体防护、职业健康监护等措施,可有效预防职业性噪声聋的发生、控制噪声危害进程,从而促进康复、改善职工的生活质量。     

走可持续发展道路 建设新世纪绿色钢城

湘钢建于1958年,是国家重点钢铁联合企业。经过40多年的发展,现已形成产钢250万吨、材240万吨、金属制品7万吨的综合生产能力、2001年实现销售收入42.5亿元,利润2.4亿元,生产经营步入了良性循环发展轨道,成为湘江之滨一颗璀璨的钢铁明珠。多年来,湘钢在生产经营快速健康发展的同时,认真贯彻落实环保基本国策,从企业生存与发展的战略高度认识环保工作的重要性,实施可持续发展战略,实现了经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型的转变,累计投入10多亿元用于清洁生产、污染治理和厂区绿化美化。通过淘汰落后生产工艺与设备,优化工艺产品结构,积极推行清洁生产,强化环境管理,加大污染治理力度,开展资源节约与综合利用,大力整治和绿化厂区环境等措施,厂区环境质量和面貌明显改善,主要环保指标得到大幅     

绕阳河潮汐灾害预警与防范措施

针对曙光采油厂绕阳河潮汐对油田生产及人身安全影响逐年加剧的情况,为减少潮汐对生产、安全等方面的影响,曙光采油厂对潮汐的变化规律及防范措施进行研究。通过科学摸索潮汐规律,动态调整区域油井生产,采取防潮、排涝,"打时间差"组织运行,安全防护,防汛预案演练等手段,有效指导了潮水期间油井生产运行,达到良好的防潮汐、防污染、保安全的目的,同时对今后潮水期间的生产运行具有实际的指导、借鉴作用。     

某石化功能区突发事故安全环境影响分析

某经济开发区已建成甲炼化企业基地与某纸业企业等龙头企业，初步实现了石油化工基地、石油 商业储备基地、林浆纸一体化产业基地的发展定位，对安全生产和环境保护工作带来了极大挑战。通过对该经 济开发区及区内企业的调研，在模拟区内企业突发事故状态下，并充分考虑区内企业多米诺影响和开发区安全 环保管理及应急能力，分析了事故对周边，特别是对开发区东部生活区的安全、大气和海域影响，分析了企业管 理和应急能力，给出分析结论，并针对性提出安全环保管理提升措施和建议。     

长输管道环境影响评价工作周期及影响因素浅析

文章通过对7条天然气管道和2条原油管道的全工作周期进行分解,分别统计了不同油气长输管道工程环评各个环节的工作周期。根据不同工作环节耗时的权重分析得出,环境敏感点穿越手续办理是影响管道项目环评的主要因素之一,其次现场调查和工程变更均是影响环评工作周期的主要因素,并对长输管道环评工作流程优化提出对策及建议。     

烷基化和废酸联合装置职业病危害防护设施效果评价

为了解烷基化和废酸联合装置职业病危害因素及防护设施的效果,采用职业卫生学调查和职业卫生检测相结合的综合分析与评价方法,对某石化分公司烷基化和废酸联合装置试运行期间的职业病危害防护设施效果进行评价。结果表明,项目运行过程中存在的主要职业病危害因素包括硫化氢、液化石油气、硫酸、氢氧化钠、溶剂汽油、噪声、工频电场等。除压缩机、部分机泵和介质输送管道定点噪声强度较高外,其余均符合国家职业卫生标准,表明该项目的职业病危害防护设施设计合理,防护有效。     

展现国企风采 履行环保责任——浙能温电公司节能减排工作侧记

温州发电厂位于距温州市区东北约15公里的乐清市北白象镇,成立于1990年5月,2008年4月更名为浙江浙能温州发电有限公司。公司秉持"绿色电力"理念,现有机组均配备烟气除尘、脱硫等环保设施,"十二五"末所有机组烟气脱硝设施将建成投产,最大限度地减少对环境的影响。同时,公司积极实施供热改造项目,向厂区周边用热企业提供热能,进一步提高资源综合利用率,减少温室气体的排放,履行国有企业以环境保护为己任的社会责任。公司先后荣获"国家电力部安全文明生产达标企业"、"中国电力行业最具社会责任感企业"、"全国企业文化建设先进单位"、     

某天然气净化厂噪声污染来源及治理

某天然气净化厂投产初期厂界夜间噪声值超过GB 12348—2008《工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准》3类声环境功能区噪声限值的要求。为降低噪声,该天然气净化厂通过现场测试确定主要噪声源,并将声源 噪声类型、噪声值、厂区和周边地势图输入噪声控制分析软件对厂界噪声进行声场模拟,分析计算各声源点需 降噪量,再结合声源现场情况制定了针对性的治理方案。通过采取加装消声器、隔声罩、隔声墙、隔声门等降噪 措施,消减了中控室空调风机和装置区透平风机、离心风机、污水回注泵、冷却水循环泵等的噪声影响,将厂界 噪声控制在55 dB（A）以下,满足了国家标准要求。     

浅谈浙江省X射线工业探伤的运用与工作人员安全防护现状

随着技术的发展,人们对工业设备的要求也越来越高.针对轮胎、轮毂、船舶制造、压力容器及电子原器件生产企业而言,产品的质量更是企业立足市场的前提.利用技术成熟、方法简单、成本较低的X射线工业探伤设备对所生产的产品进行无损检测,降低不合格率,以保证产品质量.本文针对浙江省企业和企业辐射工作人员使用X射线工业探伤设备所存在的安全问题,从卫生和环保管理角度进行简要的分析.     

屠宰厂项目环境防护距离的确定

综合考虑外界潜在污染源对屠宰厂的环境影响,从大气环境防护距离、卫生防护距离及外界潜在污染源的环境影响评价出发,分析污染评价因子的选取、标准值的确定、预测模式的选取和预测结果评价,实例探讨了屠宰厂项目环境防护距离的确定方法。结果表明,拟建化工项目未对屠宰厂的环境空气质量造成影响,TSP是外界污染源对屠宰厂影响最大的污染因子,综合计算大气环境防护距离值和卫生防护距离值得到屠宰厂的环境防护距离为300m。     

Environmental impact assessment: An international evaluation

Experiences with environmental impact assessment (EIA) in a number of countries are discussed in the light of both explicit and implicit goals and objectives. Adequate environmental information is not always available to decision makers because of failure to apply EIA to all relevant decisions, the continuing inadequacies of prediction and evaluation techniques, the failure to consider alternatives adequately, and the bias of some EISs. EIA frequently results in changes to proposals and may result in stricter environmental management conditions in some cases, but some people regard it as a failure because it has not stopped development. Generally, EIA leads to better integration of environmental factors into project planning. Open procedures and freedom of information encourage responsiveness to EIA procedures, which can be weakened by discretionary powers and lack of access to the courts by public interest groups. However, legal standing may have side effects that offset its advantages. EIA can encourage cooperation and coordination between agencies but does not ensure them. Similarly, it can have a limited role in coordinating interstate and international policies. In the long term, the success of EIA depends on adequate monitoring, reassessment, and enforcement over the life of the project. EIA has generally opened up new opportunities for public participation, and may help to reduce conflict. EIA procedures need to be integrated with other environmental protection and development control programs, and various means exist for reducing its cost to developers and the public.     

Evolution of environmental impact assessment as applied to watershed modification projects in Canada

This article reviews the application of environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures and practices to three watershed modification projects situaled in western Canada. These ventures were justified for accelerating regional economic development, and cover the period during which public concerns for protecting the environment rapidly made their way into the national political agenda. An historical account and analysis of the situation, therefore, seems desirable in order to understand the development of EIA processes, practices, and methodologies since the start of construction of the first project in 1961. This study concludes that there has been good progress in predicting and evaluating environmental and related social impacts of watershed modification proposals. However, a number of obstacles need to be overcome before EIA can firmly establish itself as an effective planning tool. These difficulties include jurisdictional confusions and conflicts, division of authority and responsibility in designing and implementing appropriate mitigative and monitoring measures, lack of tested EIA methodologies, and limited availability of qualified human resources. A number of conclusions and suggestions are offered so that future watershed modification proposals may be planned and implemented in a more environmentally sustainable fashion. These include: (1) EIA processes must be completed before irrevocable decisions are made. (2) Any major intrusion into a watershed is likely to impact on some major components of the ecosystem(s). (3) Mitigation costs must form part of the benefit-cost analysis of any project proposal. (4) Interjurisdictional cooperation is imperative where watersheds cross political boundaries. (5) The EIA process is a public process, hence public concerns must be dealt with fairly. (6) The role of science in the EIA process must be at arms length from project proponents and regulators, and allowed to function in the interest of the protection of the environment and public health and safety. The views expressed here are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect those of FEARO and/or other government agencies and officials involved in the review of these projects.     

建设项目竣工环保验收监测中常见问题及应对措施

建设项目竣工环保验收监测中常常出现建设同环评和初步设计不相符、变更粉尘产污环节、环评文本遗漏重要敏感点评价、数据异常、工况条件不满足要求等问题,基于此提出了重新报批变更的工程内容,向环保主管部门说明变更情况,对遗漏部分进行补充评价并监测,对异常数据查明原因后科学剔除,以及按照实际工况进行监测等应对措施。     

论综合型休闲娱乐场所环境影响评价的工作重点

娱乐及餐饮业近年来发展迅速，开展这类项目的环境影响评价工作首先应确保其环保审批手续的前置性。环评单位应在项目筹划初期介入，工作中应以项目合理选址和提出具有可操作性的污染防治措施这两个侧重面开展工作，作出准确的评价结论，给出可行的污染防治措施及方案。只有这样，才能编制出较为完善的环境影响评价文件，才能达到预防或减轻不良环境影响的最终目的。     

EIA screening and nature protection in Denmark

The number of environmental impact assessment (EIA) screenings in Denmark has increased dramatically since 2000. This is a consequence of increased pig production as well as the concentration of production on larger farms. In the same period, EIA rules have developed primarily due to an increased focus on the protection of groundwater and Natura 2000 sites. In particular, the implementation of Natura 2000 in Danish legislation has increased the demands on many farms. In its rulings on appealed cases, the Nature Protection Board of Appeal has strengthened its demands, and this is mirrored in screening practices. In this paper, the demands formulated in the guidelines of local authorities were analysed in order to investigate how the protection of groundwater, coastal waters, lakes and Natura 2000 sites develops through EIA screening. It is concluded that the level of protection has improved, and that the main cause for this is not EIA regulations as such, but the positive role which the implementation of the Natura 2000 objectives has played in this development. However, it was also found that the formulation of demands varies greatly between the counties, thus often resulting in ambiguity and leaving room for quite different practices in different counties.     

中国环评制度的发展历程及展望

环评制度作为中国知名度最高的环境管理手段之一,在环保工作中发挥了重要作用,但近年来也暴露出众多问题,广为社会关注。特别是十八大以来,关于环评改革的呼声日益高涨。本文系统回顾了环境影响评价制度在中国的发展历程,以环评重大事件为分水岭,首次将环评发展历程划分为成长期、发展期、壮大期和问题高发期。以此为基础,总结了当前环评制度的主要问题,并剖析了其深层次原因,包括制度设计失当、体系运行失效、公众意识觉醒等,最后针对这些问题为环评制度的优化与发展提出了建议。     

四川省高等级公路环保现状与存在问题

自1990年以来，四川省高等级公路发展迅速，已建成近2000公里，同时，公路环保也取得了很大成就，所有高等级公路都编制了环评报告书，边坡，中央分隔带和互通式立交区的绿化率达70％以上，路边30m范围内重要敏感点或迁移或受到保护，服务区污水处理后达标排放，取弃土场施行绿化或复耕，水土流失得到治理，但建设期的环境管理还有待加强，环保绿化技术尚须进一步提高，环境监理要尽快开展。     

城市老工业区整体搬迁规划环评的关键问题

城市老工业区搬迁规划环评具有层次多、涉及面广的特点。评价首先要分清规划的层次,理清3个层面规划内容,分析所涉及到的主要环境问题,按照规划、区域和项目环评3个层次分别开展评价工作。在规划层面上应重点解决好产业发展政策的符合性和选址合理性论证;区域环评层面重点进行区域布局、结构、基础设施的支撑能力和环境的承载力评价;项目层次重点弄清污染特征、污染源和污染控制措施,评价其环境影响。     

Environmental impact assessment in the People's Republic of China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures have been in existence in the People's Republic of China over the last decade. The impetus for China's introduction of EIA was provided by the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, which was adopted by the Fifth National People's Congress in 1979. The EIA process, which is administrative and not statutorily mandated, has been applied primarily to construction projects. Four stages are typically involved in an EIA investigation: design of the investigation, evaluation of background environmental quality, prediction of environmental impacts, and an assessment and analysis of the environmental impacts. A variety of approaches is used for predicting and analyzing environmental impacts, ranging from ad hoc methods to fairly sophisticated mathematical models. The results of the EIA investigation are compiled in an environmental impact statement, which is used as the basis for decision making by personnel in environmental protection departments. The EIA process does not include provisions for citizen notification or involvement. Views differ concerning the effectiveness of the EIA program in protecting China's natural, social, and cultural environments. Some hold that the EIA program has brought about improvement in environmental protection, while critics contend that the program has had little effect in the prevention of pollution. However, most, if not all, observers seem to feel that the program should be continued and improved. A major avenue for improvement is to place the evaluation of a particular project in a regional context. An earlier version of this paper was distributed at a workshop on Environmental Assessment Development Planning held in conjunction with the VII Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment, Brisbane, Australia, July 5–8, 1988.