带压作业现状与发展浅析

带压作业是在保持井筒内一定压力,不压井、不放压的情况下进行起下管柱的一种先进井下作业技术。相较于传统井下作业,带压作业的优势在于它能够最大限度的实现对油气层和环境的保护,有利于油气水井修复后的稳产和提高注水效率。带压作业技术在国外已经广泛应用,开发出了系列带压作业装置,并形成了较为完善的配套技术体系。目前国内也开展了相应的研究,逐步推广应用,并取得一定成果,但仍存在着较多问题。文章通过借鉴国外的先进经验,找出国内技术现存问题,并提出应当把管柱内堵塞技术、短冲程带压作业装置的完善及长冲程带压作业装置的引进和研发作为切入点,希望对国内带压作业技术的发展有所促进。     

大庆油田带压作业安全环保风险分析与对策

通过对大庆油田近15年油水井带压作业施工进行分析，从井筒管柱、地面设备设施、现场管理3个方面找出存在的安全环保风险，评价这些风险产生的机理和危害，完善现场管理制度、研发或配备遏制安全环境事故发生的专业设备装置、优化完井及配合施工工艺等防范措施，有效减少带压作业可能出现的安全环保问题。     

大庆油田井下环保作业模式的建立与完善

大庆油田从污染源头抓起,针对整个井下作业流程中存在的环保问题,建立了污油污水不落地的清洁环保作业模式,通过原井管柱污染防治、起下过程废液收集、管柱内防喷、高压油水井带压作业等新型技术的研发和应用,有效地抑制了井下作业过程中环境污染问题的发生。文章对新型清洁环保作业模式进行了阐述,介绍了所研发新型环保技术的工艺特点及应用效果;并基于油田经济与生态环境的平衡和谐发展,对未来环保作业技术研究方向提出了意见和建议。     

油田冲砂清洁生产工艺的研究应用

针对传统的油井清砂方法易产生环境污染的现状,胜利采油厂对油田修井冲砂工艺进行了改进,通过改装设备;改进捞砂工艺等措施,自2000年1月至2001年11月,已经实施捞砂作业井417口,一次成功井373口,一次成功率为89.45%。工艺改进实施后,还节省了化学堵剂的使用;杜绝了油层污染;减轻了现场操作人员的劳动强度和冲砂事故发生率,初步实现了油田修井冲砂施工的清洁生产。     

长庆油田井下作业关键环保技术及应用

井下作业过程中会产生大量返排液和含油污泥,易造成井场环境污染。文章梳理了长庆油田井下作业存在的环保问题,提出了采油管柱密闭清洗技术、油管连续循环密闭洗井技术、分段压裂上提油管防喷技术、液压式防喷泄油器和带压作业5项井下作业关键环保技术。自2017年以来,现场应用井下作业环保技术150余井次,单井平均减少废液28.2 m~3,减少含油污泥0.2 t,实现作业过程零污染,有效地抑制了环境污染。     

钻井环境污染过程控制技术综述

钻井环境污染控制是实现清洁钻井的必要手段,文章介绍了钻井过程中的污染物和钻井作业环境污染控制措施,重点综述了钻井废水、废气、固体废物和噪声等环境污染控制技术。通过钻井环境污染过程控制将钻井作业对环境影响和危害的程度降至最低。     

浅谈循环流化床锅炉的气体污染控制

通过对循环流化床锅炉SO2和NOx的生成机理及影响因素的简单分析，提出循环流化床锅炉炉内脱硫及NOx的排放控制措施。     

带压作业技术的应用前景

油气田开采中后期，油气井作业频繁，修井工作量大。为提高采收率，延长开采周期，不伤害地层，且能保持油气井产能增产等，可使用带压作业技术。     

四川页岩气钻井及压裂作业边界噪声调查与分析

简要分析了四川页岩气勘探钻井现状,监测了单、双平台钻井作业和压裂作业边界噪声。监测结果表明:压裂作业边界昼间噪声平均值高于单、双平台钻井作业平均值约10 dB(A),噪声测量值的最低值和最高值相应高出4～6 dB(A),昼间噪声超标率高于钻井作业,说明压裂作业噪声对周边的影响远超过钻井作业;相对于单平台,双平台发声设备多,造成声叠加影响严重,高发声设备在同一方位声叠加更显著。通过噪声值对比,提出页岩气勘探钻井过程可考虑选取噪声更小的气代油或电代油动力设备、建立隔音设备、根据地形与噪声传播规律调整声源设备摆放位置等降噪措施。     

炼化企业大检修作业的环保管理

以克拉玛依石化公司为例,对检修作业前环境危害因素进行了辨识,提出了检修前、检修期间环保管理的措施,从废气、废水、噪声、固废四个方面详细介绍了大检修期间进行污染控制的具体措施,分析了大型炼化企业在停工大检修作业期间存在的环境影响因素,提出了大检修作业期间的环保管理内容及污染控制措施。     

面向新时期流域管理的控制单元划分方法设计与应用

科学划分控制单元是实现流域水环境精准、高效管理的重要基础。为满足新时期中国流域系统治理和“三水”统筹的新要求、新任务,设计建立了一种新的控制单元划分技术方法,将中国重点流域划分为3442个断面控制单元和822个流域控制单元。基于控制单元划分成果,进一步构建了包含流域—流域控制单元—断面控制单元—控制断面—水功能区5个层级逐步细化的流域空间管控体系。实际案例分析与论证表明,新的流域空间管控体系能有效促进流域水环境管理各项措施落地,可进一步推动流域治理科学化、精细化、差异化,并为“三水”统筹提供决策支持。     

Environmental impacts of absorption-based CO2 capture unit for post-combustion treatment of flue gas from coal-fired power plant

This study assesses potential environmental impacts of the absorption-based carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture unit that is integrated to coal-fired power plant for post-combustion treatment of flue gas. The assessment was performed by identifying potential pollutants and their sources as well as amounts of emissions from the CO₂ capture unit and also by reviewing toxicology, potential implications to human health and the environment, as well as the environmental laws and regulations associated with such pollutants. The assessment shows that, while offering a significant environmental benefit through a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the installation of CO₂ capture units for post-combustion treatment might induce unintentional and potential burdens to human health and the environment through four emission pathways, including treated gas, process wastes, fugitive emissions, and accidental releases. Such burdens nevertheless can be predetermined and properly mitigated through a well-established environmental management program and mitigation measures. Recommendations to minimize these impacts are provided in this paper.     

高速公路声敏感点降噪措施改善研究

以四川省某高速公路沿线的居民噪声投诉案件为例,开展了敏感点声环境质量现状及既有声屏障措施效果调查分析,并采用文献调研及Cadna/A软件建模计算的方法,分别从噪声源、噪声传播途径、敏感建筑物三个层次进行了敏感点降噪措施改善研究,研究结果可为高速公路营运单位解决实际噪声扰民问题提供技术支撑,研究过程及方法可供类似项目参考借鉴。     

试论发展循环经济与新疆环境保护的关系

循环经济的理念就是经济发展与环境保护“双赢”的理论.以新疆为例阐述了发展循环经济与环境保护的关系,认为发展循环经济是新疆环境保护的重要途径,提出了新疆发展循环经济的建议.     

无烟煤循环流化床锅炉的节能设计及应用

结合Ⅱ类无烟煤的特点,分析探讨了针对低挥发分循环流化床20t/h无烟煤锅炉的节能设计,其中采用较高炉膛及较低空截面气速,在密相区布置合适数量的埋管受热面等环保技术措施。     

市场经济下发展循环农业的思考——建立循环农业环境贡献量银行

由政府出资,成立循环农业环境贡献量银行,收购和交易循环农业环境贡献量,是市场经济下鼓励和发展循环农业的重要举措之一。循环农业环境贡献量银行的建立要遵循＂4R＂原则,其收购和交易的循环农业产品构成可以分为减量化贡献、再循环贡献、再利用贡献和可控制贡献,通过对循环农业环境贡献量的测算和定价可以实现其收购和交易。     

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING: The Functional Unit in the Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Degreasing Processes in the Metal-Processing Industry

1 and C₂ hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, dichloromethane). Measures aiming at the reduction of toxic emissions and ozone depletion potential (ODP) may possibly lead to a shift of environmental impacts towards higher energy consumption, emission of waste water, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) with photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP). The present article concerns itself with a life cycle assessment of the three main degreasing processes in order to compare their integral environmental impacts with one another. This is supplemented by presenting the methodology of the life cycle inventory life cycle inventory analysis (LCI). Generally, the applicability of the established LCI method can be shown quite clearly. However, some difficulties arise, especially at the stage of the goal definition, as the use of the process and the functional unit cannot be pinned down as easily and neatly as for most other products. The definition of the use of the process and the functional unit is not as straightforward as for most products. Among the potential functional units identified are the mass of removed impurities, cleaning time, cleaning work, percentage of purity, throughput of parts, loads, mass or surface and virtual coefficients. The mass of removed impurities turned out to be the most suitable parameter for measuring the technical performance of degreasing processes. The article discusses background, purpose, scope, system boundaries, target group, process tree and representativeness of the present study.     

Greening of a campus restaurant at Stockholm University: sustainable development audits by means of the SDR methodology

The aim of this paper is to show how the environmental practices of a restaurant may be evaluated in a quantitative way. For this, a new methodology, sustainable development records (SDR), was used. This allows financial, environmental and social aspects of an operation to be handled in a systematic way. The results of the two sustainable development audits show that the restaurant washes more dishes per unit of chemicals used in 1994 than in 1991. However, there is a negative trend regarding the number of meals served per unit of water used and waste generated, which suggests that the restaurant in 1994 is more wasteful with these resources than in 1991. On the other hand, this might be explained by the fact that the restaurant has increased its use of primary products. The environmental ratios are increasing for both chemicals and energy, which means that more and more of the resources used are environmentally acceptable. The lowest environmental ratios are those for provisions (<2%) and transportation (<5%), which means that not more than 2% of the provisions and 5% of the transportation are environmentally acceptable in the long run. The restaurant's ratio of satisfied customers as well as its environmental image is improving, while the profitability has not changed. The results of this paper point to a general problem of environmental auditing in regard to the evaluation of perceived positive or negative developments of an individual enterprise, since there might be an opposite implication for the larger system. It is therefore crucial to look at several hierarchical levels in order to be able to assess the effects of environmental measures.     

抽油机液压刹车制动装置的研究与应用

抽油机刹车系统是作业及维护、保养、检修工作时,确保员工人身安全的重要安全制动装置。目前,刹车系统存在较大安全隐患。文章研究了抽油机刹车安全制动系统的分类及工作原理,分析了存在的安全隐患,提出了采用抽油机液压刹车制动保险销装置。该技术解决了抽油机传统刹车装置存在的问题,并获得了国家专利。应用效果表明:新设计提高了刹车系统安全制动性能。