格林柯尔制冷剂技术

由格林柯尔制冷剂(中国)有限公司开发、天津市环境保护局推荐的格林柯尔制冷剂适用于直接对制冷、热泵、空调行业中现有设备采用的R12、R500、R22、R502等制冷剂进行环保节能替代,也可应用于设计、生产的相关新设备。主要技术内容一、基本原理格林柯尔制冷剂(现主要产品为R405A、R411A、R411B、R411C)是一系列不含CFC的环保、节能型制冷剂,是合理采用几种单质制冷剂组分按照一定比例进行混配生产的混合工质环保制冷剂,具有良好的热工特性,安全、稳定,环保、节能。R405A、R411A、R411B、R411C分别用来直接替代R12、R500、R22、R50…     

KLB型制冷剂

由上海申豹绿色制冷剂有限公司开发的KLB型制冷剂替代R12、R22、R502、R134a,适用于大小中央空调、汽车空调、冰箱、冷柜、饮水机等。主要技术内容一、基本原理以R32为基本组成,通过其他辅助原料,组成三元近共沸混合制冷剂。二、技术关键为了解决多元混合制冷剂泄露不均     

清华系列绿色制冷剂

由山东东岳化工有限公司开发、山东省环保局推荐的清华系列绿色制冷剂可替代CFC－12、HCFC－22、R502,用于冰箱、冰柜、空调、低温制冷等制冷剂。　　主要技术内容　　一、基本原理　　清华系列混合工质环保制冷剂是采用几种环保单质制冷剂产品进行混配生产替代现有CFC－12、HCFC－22、R502等破坏臭氧层物质。　　二、技术关键　　该项目生产过程中需解决的技术关键为：做好原料的净化除水和除去机械杂质,进行准确计量混配,并保证各组份成份不变化。　　典型规模：5000t/a　　主要技术指标　　1.纯度％：>99.8　　2.水份％：　　3…     

氯氟烃化合物对臭氧层的影响---浅谈制冷剂R22替代R502的价值与技术

从保护臭氧层,保护环境的角度出发,介绍了氯氟烃化合物对环境的影响。阐述了用制冷剂R22代替R502在低蒸发温度应用时需要解决的问题和如何解决。     

碳氢制冷剂已经迎来发展春天

在这场冷媒替代＂革命＂中,碳氢制冷剂的呼声最高。碳氢制冷剂有适用领域和地区广、安全环保成本低和使用方便节能等特点。     

制冷剂R134a生产技术

由西安金珠近代化工有限责任公司开发、陕西省环保局推荐的制冷剂R134a生产技术适用于汽车空调、家用电冰箱和商业制冷工质;PU及PS塑料发泡剂及医药、化妆品气溶胶喷剂等.     

源分离一节水与污水资源化的替代方案

本文指出了传统排水模式的缺点,对源分离对策在节水节能、资源回收和污水再生方面的效果进行了分析,认为源分离是一个节水和污水资源化的重要替代方案.     

试谈环境污染事故分析方法

一、前言加强环境管理可以减少和防止环境污染事故发生。但是,从宏观角度来看,一个系统内同时存在着可靠度(R)和不可嚣度(F),两者相互对立统一。R取值的范围是:0≤R≤1,且R+F=1。对一个系统来说,R的增加就意味着F的降低。事实上不可能无限提高系统的可靠度,也就是说不可靠度的存在是普遍的。从这个意义上讲发生某些环境污染事故是难免的。环境污染事故分析属于环境污染事故管理范畴。纵观当前环境污染事故分析,存在主要问题是:被动性、就事论事和缺     

基于DEA的我国能源R＆D经费配置评价研究

在对我国能源R＆D强度分析的基础上，运用DEA理论的C^2R模型对我国能源产业及其5个行业2001--2010年的R＆D经费投入、产出状况进行了实证分析。研究中用R＆D经费存量值来代替当年的R＆D经费值，得到各年的R＆D经费配置的相对效率和规模收益情况，找出R＆D经费配置配置存在的问题，有利于对我国能源R＆D经费的投人产出结构进行分析，提出优化国家能源R＆D经费配置的对策和建议。     

用容量瓶替代不合格分液漏斗萃取挥发酚的实验

用容量瓶替代不合格分液漏斗进行酚的萃取，是一种应急的解决办法。可以消除由于分液漏斗密闭性不严而带来的偶然误差，提高实验准确性和精密性。     

An investigation of a heat pump system using CO2/propane mixture as a working fluid

In order to decrease the heat rejection pressure of heat pump using pure working fluid, CO₂ or R744, other natural component including hydrocarbons (R290, R600a, R600, R1270, R170, R601) and dimethyl ether (RE170) is added to CO₂, respectively, and then six binary mixtures are achieved. By environmental and thermodynamic comparisons, R290 is selected to be the most appropriate component candidate to mix with CO₂, and meanwhile to weaken the flammability and explosivity for pure R290. Then, the system performances of heat pump using mixture of CO₂ and R290 were experimentally studied when R290 is added to CO₂ with a small fraction, and compared with that of the pure CO₂. The experimental test rig is designed and set up for the transcritical heat pump system. When the refrigerant charge is variable, the heating coefficient performance, optimum heat rejection pressure, compressor power, mass flow rate of refrigerant, and total heat coefficient of gas cooler were researched. The variation ratios of heating coefficient performance and heating capacity with deviation from the optimum refrigerant charge were also investigated. The optimum refrigerant charge of CO₂/R290 is obtained and the research results show that the addition of R290 to CO₂ can efficiently reduce the heat rejection pressure and improve the system performance. The results in the present work could provide useful guidelines for the design and operation of heat pump system using CO₂-based mixture.     

Experimental investigation on the effect of liquid phase and vapor phase separation over performance of falling film evaporator

Energy, cost, and environmental concerns play a vital role in understanding governing parameters of distributor design in falling film evaporators. Distributor design is a hidden parameter in many experimental papers. The uniform distribution of liquid refrigerant over the tube bundle mostly depends on two-phase liquid refrigerant and vapor refrigerant. This work conducted experiments with two distribution systems with and without separation of liquid-vapor refrigerant after expansion valve for the same evaporator capacity with R134a as a refrigerant. Results reveal that; separating vapor refrigerant has a positive impact on the approach of the evaporator with an open system distributor arrangement. The highest delta T and lowest practice are found at a heat flux of 13.97 kW/m² with an available system distributor compared to a closed system with a heat flux of 14.25 kW/m². The open system arrangement in the distributor is the novel parameter for distributor design, ensuring uniform distribution with minimum pressure drop and dry suction. An open system distributor has an average 16.1% capacity increase over a closed system. The experimental analysis helps to understand different parameters for the design of distributors in falling film evaporators for uniform distribution.     

Effect of pipes in heat pump system on electric vehicle energy saving

ABSTRACT

Refrigerant pressure drop and temperature change in pipes are normally ignored in the thermodynamic analysis of traditional vehicle air conditioning system, this will result in serious errors. In this Paper, pressure drop and temperature difference are simulated in different pipes of electric vehicle (EV) heat pump system to analysis the effects of pipes in the actual EV heat pump system. The results indicate that the greater the mass flow, the faster pressure drop increases, the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop of saturated liquid refrigerant is smaller than that of saturated gas refrigerant at the same saturation pressure and mass flow rate. The higher the refrigerant pressure (no phase change), the slower pressure drop decreases, the faster the temperature difference decreases. Pressure drop decreases with the increment of bending angle of the pipe. For EV heat pump system, suitable valves and less branches are helpful for energy saving of the system. Shortening the pipe between compressor and condenser can reduce temperature change obviously. Pressure drop per unit length in the pipe between evaporator and compressor is large especially in heating mode because of lower refrigerant density. It even reaches to over 100 times of that in the pipe between condenser and throttle valve in heating mode and has negative effects on the performance of the system. If the evaporator is closer to the compressor and the number of branches is less, then pressure drop will decrease a lot, which will be advantageous for energy saving of the heat pump system.     

Investigation of Environmental Effects Based on Exergetic Irreversibility for Display Cases’ Units in Commercial Cooling

This study examines energetic and exergetic performances of display cases’ units used in market applications depending on different refrigerants. Besides CO₂ emission potential of each refrigerant based on exergetic irreversibility obtained from analyses is calculated by the method of Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI). In this study, 1 kW cooling capacity and vapor compression cooling cycle is taken as reference and refrigerants of R-22, R-134a, R-404A, and R-507 together with alternative refrigerant R-407C and R152a are examined separately. According to analyses, R-404A gas, used widely in market applications, has low performance with average COP 3.89 and average exergy efficiency 55.20%. R-152a gas has the best performance by the thermodynamics parameters including COP 4.49, exergy efficiency 63.79%, and 0.23 kW power consumption and emission parameter 14097.490 ton CO₂/year. Although COP is used as a criterion to evaluate the systems, this study finally emphasizes the importance of exergy analysis and TEWI method which are important methods to determine irreversibility and emission potential of the systems.     

Patriotism as an Environmental Virtue

Define “patriotism” as love for one’s country and devotion to its well-being. This essay contends that patriotism thus defined is a virtue and that environmentalism is one of its most important manifestations. Patriotism, as devotion to particular places and people, can occur at various levels, from the local to the national. Knowing and caring about particular places and people and working to protect them is good for us and good for them and hence a good thing overall. Knowing and caring and working less on behalf of more remote places and people is also good, since it allows us to focus our efforts, act effectively, and do more good in the world. Philosophical analyses of patriotism by Alasdair MacIntyre and Martha Nussbaum are complemented by the more “down to earth” understanding of the virtue presented here. While patriotism’s dangers are undeniable, so are the dangers stemming from lack of patriotism. The proper answer to bad patriotism is not cosmopolitanism, but good patriotism: the kind illustrated by environmental activists.     

Comparative thermodynamic performance analysis of a cascade system for cooling and heating applications

In this study, a comparative thermodynamic performance analysis of cascade system (CCS) for cooling and heating applications is presented and compared for different refrigerant couples. The CCS consists of the low-temperature cycle (LTC) and high-temperature cycle (HTC). The CO₂ was used as working fluid in LTC, whereas the HFE 7000, R134a, R152a, R32, R1234yf, and R365mfc refrigerants were used in HTC. The heating and cooling coefficients of performance (COP_ht, COP_cl) and exergy efficiency of CCS are investigated parametrically according to various factors such as the evaporator, condenser, and reference temperatures. After thermodynamic analyses are completed, the COP_cl of CCS is obtained as 1.802, 1.806, 1.826, 1.769, 1.777, and 1.835 for CO₂-HFE7000, CO₂-R134a, CO₂-R152a, CO₂-R32, CO₂-R1234yf, and CO₂-365mfc refrigerant couples, respectively. Furthermore, the heat exchanger has the highest exergy destruction rate, whereas the expansion valves have the lowest of exergy destruction rate.     

侧吸导烟技术的经济性分析

介绍了侧吸导烟技术的技术背景,分析计算了焦炉装煤烟尘成分及含量,经对该技术的经济效益进行概算后显示,该技术可以有效改善焦炉区及周边环境,每年还可创造可观的经济效益,是一项值得研究推广的技术。     

Thermal performance of ice-making machine with a multi-channel evaporator

An experimental investigation is presented in this paper on the vapor compression refrigeration cycle used in an ice-making machine with a multi-channel evaporator. To study the operation performance of the refrigeration system in the ice-making machine, the fluid temperature distribution in multi-channel evaporating coils are tested and the dynamic variations in each cooling loop are investigated during the ice-generating phase. The results show that the external cooling loops have the largest temperature fluctuations caused by the large initial refrigerant injecting mass flow and the external environmental disturbances. For the inner cooling loops, the related temperature profiles of different test points have relative stable variations. To reduce the temperature fluctuations of the outside loops, it is suggested to reduce the initial refrigerant mass flow and adjust the initial opening of the thermal expansion valve. Moreover, it is the normal phenomenon for the slight temperature variations for the temperature curves of different test points, caused by the adjustment of thermal expansion valve. During the ice-making process, both the sensible heat removal phase and latent heat removal phase are experienced successively. To remove the sensible heat of water, the refrigerant system is operating in high efficiency with test points having a rapid linear temperature reduction. While for eliminating the latent heat of ice, it requires much more power supply, the relating test points have a temperature decrease with fluctuations. To improve the operation performance of ice machine, some suggestions and improvements are proposed.     

Exergy analysis of the transcritical N2O refrigeration cycle with a vortex tube

In this article, a comparative study is presented for the transcritical cycle with expansion valve (TCEV) and transcritical cycle with vortex tube (TCVT) mainly based on the second law of thermodynamics. Natural refrigerant nitrous oxide (N₂O) is used in both the cycles for analysis. The evaporator and gas cooler temperatures are varied from ?55°C to 5°C and 35°C to 60°C, respectively. The effects of various operating and design parameters on the optimum heat rejection pressure, coefficient of performance (COP), exergy loss (irreversibility), and the exergetic efficiency are studied. Exergy analysis of each component in TCEV and TCVT is performed to identify the amount and locations of irreversibility. It is observed that the use of the vortex tube in place of the expansion valve reduces the total exergy losses and increases the exergetic efficiency as well as COP. The exergetic efficiency and COP of the TCVT are on average 10–12% higher compared to TCEV for the considered operating conditions. The computed values of the exergetic efficiency for TCVT using refrigerant N₂O are the highest at an evaporator temperature of ?55°C, and the corresponding values of exergetic efficiency and exergy losses varies between 25.35% and 15.67% and between 74.65% and 84.33%, respectively. However, COP at the same evaporator temperature of ?55°C varies between 0.83 and 0.51. Furthermore, the optimum heat rejection pressure in TCVT is lower compared to that in TCEV. The results offer significant help for the optimum design and operating conditions of TCVT with refrigerant N₂O.     

环境影响评价备案管理制度的功能定位

环境影响评价备案管理制度的功能定位决定着该制度在行政审批制度改革中的发展方向。本文基于传统行政行为理论研究范式,分析其程序性事实行为的法律性质,回答了环境影响评价备案管理制度"是什么";采用行政过程论的新型研究范式,进一步指示了其目的性功能与机制性功能,回答了环境影响评价备案管理制度要"干什么"。在转型时期,该制度应实现由政府绝对主导向企业相对自由、由政府监护向社会监督、由政府管制向社会治理、由事前审批向事中事后监管的转变。