对MIL-STD-810D/E中冲击与振动等效的说明

本文提供了扩大应用MIL-STD-810D/E(以下简称810D/E)中,方法516.3/516.4I-3.3节程序I(功能冲击)规定的冲击与振动等效分析的方法。程序I规定的等效仅适用于在规定频率范围内振动响应谱(VRS)超过冲击响应谱(SRS)的情况。本文用冲击响应谱超过振动响应谱时估计等效可能性的分析程序对810D/E进行了补充。使用Miner假设,将3σ极限以上的振动循环的潜在疲劳损伤与每个轴向冲击脉冲的潜在疲劳损伤进行了比较。文中还提供了一个例子。     

轨道车辆产品的抗振缓冲设计与验证技术(一)

本文介绍了轨道车辆产品在抗振缓冲设计中应有的思路,即产品的抗振缓冲设计不完全是按研制总要求、标准、规范、合同中的要求来设计,而是应该按其所经受到振动冲击响应来设设计。试验室对设计的验证均含有强化和加速(S-N)的含义,但其在失效机理和模式上应相一致。     

轨道车辆产品的抗振缓冲设计与验证技术(二)

本文介绍了轨道车辆产品在抗振缓冲设计中应有的思路,即产品的抗振缓冲设计不完全是按研制总要求、标准、规范、合同中的要求来设计,而是应该按其所经受到振动冲击响应来设设计。试验室对设计的验证均含有强化和加速(S-N)的含义,但其在失效机理和模式上应相一致。     

夹具连接方式对冲击响应谱模拟能力影响效应分析

文章介绍了夹具结构特性与冲击响应谱模拟试验能力之间的关系,通过典型夹具的有限元分析和试验验证的方式说明夹具连接方式对冲击响应谱模拟能力影响效应。结果表明,利用振动夹具进行冲击试验时,可以通过减少连接螺钉数量,提供冲击响应谱模拟能力。该方法可以为作为试验人员进行冲击响应谱试验的操作指导。     

机柜振动、冲击响应特性的试验研究

机柜是设备的安装架，当其受到某一安装平台的振动与冲击作用后，随着安装位置的不同，机柜内安装的单元设备所经受的振动、冲击量值和谱型也有很大不同。因此对于单元设备的振动、冲击考核条件不应等同于整系统的要求，而应该根据其安装平台的响应制定。     

某机载雷达舱外设备振动冲击试验夹具设计

为了合理地设计符合振动冲击环境试验要求的夹具,根据某机载雷达舱外设备振动冲击试验条件及有关振动环境试验夹具设计规范,对该雷达舱外设备振动冲击试验夹具进行了结构动力特性设计。振动冲击试验表明:夹具的动态特性满足了振动冲击环境试验夹具设计的要求。某机载雷达舱外设备振动试验时,加速度谱密度值的控制误差明显小于±3dB,完全符合有关振动环境试验规范的要求,冲击试验控制精度也满足试验标准要求。因此,该夹具设计是成功的。     

用子波组合模拟冲击环境

本文说明采用子波组合,在数控振动台上,模拟以冲击响应谱为试验条件的瞬态冲击环境的试验方法。     

BH14A振动、冲击数控系统软件设计

一、概述 BH14A振动冲击数控系统是为控制测量振动环境而研制的微机数控系统。这个系统以振动台为主要测控对象,通过数/模、模/数变换及数字控制算法,在振动台面上完成规定的振动。目前它可以完成随机振动控制、正弦振动控制、规定冲击脉冲波形的冲击碰撞控制、冲击响应谱控制、磁带随机均衡控制、跌落式冲击台或碰撞台的校准。另外本系统还可作为一个信号分析仪,采集分析各种连续信号、瞬态信号,并分析其数字特征。     

振动与冲击试验中单自由度线性系统损坏可能性的比较

比较了单自由度线性机械系统在稳态振动，随机振，运输试验以及冲击试验中响应的大小。     

某车载大型相控阵天线支架多工况拓扑优化设计

为满足某车载大型相控阵天线支架在风载荷、振动和冲击试验刚度要求基础上实现支架的轻量化设计，基于变密度法以4种载荷工况下的支架重量为目标，以装配关系为约束条件对支架进行拓扑优化研究。根据相控阵天线支架的装机空间和可装配性设计支架初始三维模型，结合工程可行性分析和多工况拓扑优化形成天线支架结构设计方法，并对优化后的天线支架进行风载荷、振动和冲击强度校核。结果表明，采用该方法优化后的支架结构在满足力学环境使用条件下，重量仅为初始设计的58%，满足设计要求，该方法工程应用前景广阔。     

Visualizing riparian ecotone fragmentation in urbanizing watersheds: A case study of upper Hickory Creek,north‐Central Texas

Many pollution sources and heavy runoff often plague urbanizing watersheds. Riparian ecotones can filter pollutants and attenuate runoff; however, changing land cover tends to diminish this buffering capacity. Visualizing riparian ecotone fragmentation at the watershed scale can help prioritize management efforts. A geographic information systems approach was developed to illustrate land cover and soil properties affecting buffering potential along riparian corridors. An application to the Hickory Creek watershed in north‐central Texas shows significant riparian ecotone fragmentation, suggesting high‐priority areas for preservation and restoration.     

酸雨形成机制及其影响因素的探讨

本文概述了酸雨的形成机制及影响酸雨酸度的因素。重点探讨了致碱物质，如气体氨、含有Ca^2 、Mg^2 的碱性粒子以及海盐氯循环对酸雨的缓冲作用。     

金沙江对硫酸的缓冲性能分析

本文分析了金沙江对硫酸的缓冲特征，建立了江水的缓冲曲线方程，并且验证了此方程的有效性，证明用此方程预测硫酸进入金沙江后江水pH值的变化情况，其预测准确度在0.2个pH单位内。     

简析锰矿中的杂质对软锰矿烟气脱硫的影响

简述了中国锰矿资源的特点,简析了锰矿中的杂质对软锰矿烟气脱硫体系的影响,并在矿石中杂质对体系pH缓冲能力分析的基础上,将软锰矿分为高碱性矿石、中碱性矿石和低碱性矿石。     

LONGITUDINAL AND SEASONAL WATER CHEMISTRY VARIATIONS IN A NORTHERN APPALACHIAN STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Quaker Run, a fourth order stream located in southwestern New York State, exhibits a highly unusual chemical gradient along its upper reaches. Weekly water samples showed an increase in the mean annual pH from 5.07 to 7.01 along a stretch of only 2.2 km. Mean alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate-nitrite-nitrogen, silica, and conductivity also increased appreciably over this distance. The study area receives some of the most highly acidic atmospheric deposition in the United States. Minimal buffering of these acidic inputs in the extreme upper watershed, and an abrupt downstream increase in buffering associated with changes in soil type, apparently produce the observed streamwater chemistry gradient. In contrast, a comparison between 11 midstream, downstream, and tributary sites showed relatively little variation in streamwater chemistry. In addition to the pronounced longitudinal chemistry changes along the upper portion of the stream, pronounced temporal chemistry variations were also observed at all sampling sites. High flow during snowmelt and heavy rains produced more dilute, acidic conditions, while streamwater pH and dissolved base cations were generally highest during low flow. Much of this temporal variation in streamwater chemistry is attributed to seasonal variation in residence times of soil water.     

MANAGING THE NATION'S WATER IN A CHANGING CLIMATE1

ABSTRACT: Among the many concerns associated with global climate change, the potential effects on water resources are frequently cited as the most worrisome. In contrast, those who manage water resources do not rate climatic change among their top planning and operational concerns. The difference in these views can be associated with how water managers operate their systems and the types of stresses, and the operative time horizons, that affect the Nation's water resources infrastructure. Climate, or more precisely weather, is an important variable in the management of water resources at daily to monthly time scales because water resources systems generally are operated on a daily basis. At decadal to centennial time scales, though, climate is much less important because (1) forecasts, particularly of regional precipitation, are extremely uncertain over such time periods, and (2) the magnitude of effects due to changes in climate on water resources is small relative to changes in other variables such as population, technology, economics, and environmental regulation. Thus, water management agencies find it difficult to justify changing design features or operating rules on the basis of simulated climatic change at the present time, especially given that reservoir-design criteria incorporate considerable buffering capacity for extreme meteorological and hydro-logical events.     

Weighting Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pixel Pollutant Loads to Represent Runoff and Buffering Likelihoods

Watershed models often estimate annual nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) pollutant loads in rural areas with export coefficient (EC) (kg/ha/yr) values based on land cover, and in urban areas as the product of spatially uniform event mean concentration (EMC) (mg/L) values and runoff volume. Actual N and P nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loading has more spatial complexity due to watershed variation in runoff likelihood and buffering likelihood along surface and subsurface pathways, which can be represented in a contributing area dispersal area (CADA) NPS model. This research develops a CADA NPS model to simulate how watershed properties of elevation, land cover, and soils upslope and downslope of each watershed pixel influence nutrient loading. The model uses both surface and subsurface runoff indices (RI), and surface and subsurface buffer indices (BI), to quantify the runoff and buffering likelihood for each watershed pixel, and generate maps of weighted EC and EMC values that identify NPS pollutant loading hotspots. The research illustrates how CADA NPS model maps and pixel loading values are sensitive to the spatial resolution and accuracy of elevation and land cover data, and model predictions can represent the lower and upper bounds of NPS loading. The model provides managers with a tool to rapidly visualize, rank, and investigate likely areas of high nutrient export.     

Carbonic anhydrase-facilitated CO2 absorption with polyacrylamide buffering bead capture

A novel CO₂ separation concept is described wherein the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) is used to increase the overall rate of CO₂ absorption after which hydrated CO₂ reacts with regenerable amine-bearing polyacrylamide buffering beads (PABB). Following saturation of the material's immobilized tertiary amines, CA-bearing carrier water is separated and recycled to the absorption stage while CO₂-loaded material is thermally regenerated. Process application of this concept would involve operation of two or more columns in parallel with thermal regeneration with low-pressure steam taking place after the capacity of a column of amine-bearing polymeric material was exceeded. PABB CO₂-bearing capacity was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for beads of three acrylamido buffering monomer ingredient concentrations: 0 mol/kg bead, 0.857 mol/kg bead, and 2 mol/kg bead. TGA results demonstrate that CO₂-bearing capacity increases with increasing PABB buffering concentration and that up to 78% of the theoretical CO₂-bearing capacity was realized in prepared PABB samples (0.857 mol/kg recipe). The highest observed CO₂-bearing capacity of PABB was 1.37 mol of CO₂ per kg dry bead. TGA was also used to assess the regenerability of CO₂-loaded PABB. Preliminary results suggest that CO₂ is partially driven from PABB samples at temperatures as low as 55 °C, with complete regeneration occurring at 100 °C. Other physical characteristics of PABB are discussed. In addition, the effectiveness of bovine carbonic anhydrase for the catalysis of CO₂ dissolution is evaluated. Potential benefits and drawbacks of the proposed process are discussed.     

THROUGHFALL pH: EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION : TIMING AND AMOUNT1

ABSTRACT: Precipitation, throughfall, and stream pH were measured weekly over a 27-week period in 1982 on the Little Millseat watershed in eastern Kentucky. The average pH values over the study period were 4.3, 4.9, and 6.4, respectively, indicating significant buffering as water moved from the atmosphere, through the deciduous canopy, and through or over the soil to the stream. Regression analysis demonstrated that the timing and amount of precipitation were important factors influencing the pH of the throughfall. Weekly precipitation and the three-week average precipitation were statistically significant variables, explaining 53 percent of the variance in the observed through- fall pH. Precipitation pH was not a statistically significant variable for this watershed and sampling period.     

Evaluation of phosphorus transport in surface runoff from packed soil boxes

Evaluation of phosphorus (P) management strategies to protect water quality has largely relied on research using simulated rainfall to generate runoff from either field plots or shallow boxes packed with soil. Runoff from unmanured, grassed field plots (1 m wide x 2 m long, 3-8% slope) and bare soil boxes (0.2 m wide and 1 m long, 3% slope) was compared using rainfall simulation (75 mm h(-1)) standardized by 30-min runoff duration (rainfall averaged 55 mm for field plots and 41 mm for packed boxes). Packed boxes had lower infiltration (1.2 cm) and greater runoff (2.9 cm) and erosion (542 kg ha(-1)) than field plots (3.7 cm infiltration; 1.8 cm runoff; 149 kg ha(-1) erosion), yielding greater total phosphorus (TP) losses in runoff. Despite these differences, regressions of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in runoff and Mehlich-3 soil P were consistent between field plots and packed boxes reflecting similar buffering by soils and sediments. A second experiment compared manured boxes of 5- and 25-cm depths to determine if variable hydrology based on box depth influenced P transport. Runoff properties did not differ significantly between box depths before or after broadcasting dairy, poultry, or swine manure (100 kg TP ha(-1)). Water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) from manures dominated runoff P, and translocation of manure P into soil was consistent between box types. This study reveals the practical, but limited, comparability of field plot and soil box data, highlighting soil and sediment buffering in unamended soils and manure WEP in amended soils as dominant controls of DRP transport.