环境监测数值修约在Excel中的实现

本文简要介绍了环境监测技术规范中所规定的数值修约规则及相关规范要求的主要内容，并给出了相应的Excel修约公式和修约函数，可方便地用于对环境监测工作中实验测定和计算得出的各种数值进行修约。修约公式是一个利用Excel工作表函数构造的满足数值修约基本规则的工作表计算公式，在给定修约位数的前提下，可直接在工作表单元格中使用修约公式对数值进行修约，对于简单应用，具有方便、快捷、直观的特点。修约函数是一个利用Excel VBA编制的自定义函数，共有四个参数，其调用方法同工作表函数，具有针对性强、灵活、便捷的特点，可根据环境监测技术规范的特定要求，实现自动按有效位数或小数位数进行数值修约，并按相应的格式输出数据。     

土壤重金属污染图别又成“机密”

前不久,镉超标大米引发社会对于土壤污染的关注。应该说,清除"镉米"背后的土壤污染,最重要任务之一就是全面会诊土壤重金属污染现状,通过调查取样,全面、系统、准确掌握我国土壤污染的真实"家底"。记者近日从国土资源部、中国地质调查局获悉,我国正在绘制土壤重金属"人类污染图"。     

辽宁省城市自然灾害风险评价及综合减灾对策研究

在全球自然灾害频发的背景下,城市自然灾害风险研究引起国际社会和国内外学者的高度关注.在大量数据与文献资料的基础上,借鉴国内外自然灾害风险研究的成果,对辽宁省城市自然灾害强度进行综合评价,划分风险等级,最终利用ArcGIS技术绘制风险评价图,以期为辽宁省政府风险管理决策、城市综合减灾降险工作提供科学依据和技术支撑.     

基于RS和GIS的河北省生物丰度和植被覆盖度归一化系数研究

利用河北省生态环境十年变化(2000—2010)遥感调查与评估项目2010年土地利用类型数据,计算河北省2010年省级生物丰度和植被覆盖指数归一化系数,并对各县市的归一化系数进行分析和研究,绘制2010年河北省生物丰度和植被覆盖指数等级图,清晰反映出全省的区域分布特征,为河北省生态环境影响评价研究提供技术支撑。     

立足“四个创新”,实施大招商战略

内江市委、市政府从本地实际出发，大兴招商引资热潮，实现了招商引资的历史性跨越。2001年，全市新签招商引资正式项目337个，协议引进市外资金58.2亿元，实际到位市外资金17.54亿元，是2000年的5.9倍，超过四川省下达的目标任务261.5%，到位外资同比增长率和超省目标任务百分     

吉林市城区地下水脆弱性评价与编图

运用DRASTIC指标体系法,考虑含水层埋深、净补给量、含水层介质类型、土壤介质类型、地形坡度、渗流区介质类型和含水层渗透系数等7项参数,按评价单元进行划分,对吉林市城区地下水脆弱性进行了综合评价;并利用AUTOCAD绘制出吉林市城区地下水脆弱性成果图。评价成果为吉林市水利部门制定地下水资源管理和保护措施提供了科学依据。     

环境空气数据与图形处理系统介绍

介绍了环境空气的气象和污染源排放物数据的处理和图形制作以及图形显示输出流程，系统试运行表明，环境空气数据、图形处理系统能准确及时预测大范围多源、多种排放物在各种气象条件下的地面浓度分布、能够对多处形式的排放源进行分类叠加，能够按各排放源不同种类的排放物或叠加排放物制作和输出图形，在所拟建工业建设项目的空气环境影响评价、空气环境现状的研究、城市规划和纳污量估算等方面有着广泛的应用前景。     

微波元器件抽样方案对比研究

抽样检验广泛存在于微波元器件的进货检验、过程检验、出厂检验中。本文概述了固定样本量抽样、LTPD抽样和AQL抽样三种常用的抽样方法及其应用,并基于OC曲线分析三种抽样方法的特点,对比首次检验和重新提交的抽样方案的变化并绘制OC曲线图分析,从而促进抽样方法的理解与应用。     

火电厂水平衡测试及节水分析

水量平衡是火电厂开展节水工作、制定科学节水方案的基础。针对目前火电厂节水工作中存在的粗放型管理和经济技术指标不合理等问题,对新疆典型火电厂新疆神火电厂进行水量平衡测试,绘制水量平衡图,挖掘节水潜力,并结合火电厂实际情况,提出切实可行的节水对策和优化方案,提高该厂水资源利用率,为火电厂的水务管理工作提供借鉴。     

分光光度法测定水中游离氯和总氯曲线及加标回收问题探讨

为了解决分光光度法(HJ586-2010)在曲线绘制时存在低浓度点不显色现象，用于加标的次氯酸钠标准液不稳定且操作繁琐的现实缺陷。采用不同显色时间及取消曲线制作过程中在加入硫酸溶液前先加入约50 mL水的实验环节，并采用碘酸钾代替氯制剂进行加标回收。实验结果表明，随着显色时间的延长，曲线斜率逐渐降低，曲线的第一点吸光值始终偏低，无法取得理想的标准曲线，在取消加入约50 mL水的环节后，无论是高浓度曲线还是低浓度曲线的截距、斜率和相关系数均符合污水监测技术规范要求；碘酸钾标准溶液按照绘制标准曲线的方法加入硫酸和氢氧化钠溶液处理好以后再进行水样加标，获得的加标回收率，符合《环境水质监测质量保证手册》的要求。分析实验结果可知，显色时间不是标准曲线绘制成败的决定因素；碘酸钾和碘化钾反应时溶液的酸度高低决定了碘分子或[I₃]^-在规定时间内生成是否完全，从而决定了标准曲线绘制的成功与否；用碘酸钾溶液代替次氯酸钠溶液进行加标回收，可以解决次氯酸钠标准溶液操作繁琐且不稳定的难题。     

Estimating upper percentiles of surface water monitoring data with sparse samples

The estimation of upper percentiles of chemical concentrations in surface water systems within sites and regions may be necessary for the assessment of potential risk to ecosystems and human health. Limited sample sizes at monitoring sites often limit the use of direct methods to estimate upper percentiles. In such cases, upper percentiles within regions within a time frame may be estimated by pooling data across sites and years, and then deriving percentile estimates from the pooled dataset. The method uses the observations resulting from either a known probability-sampling design or a sampling design treated like one because its observations come close to matching that of a probability-sample. These observations are then weighted to ensure that estimates are representative of a target population across all the sites within the region and the range of years in the time frame. This method of estimating upper percentiles of annual site concentration profiles is demonstrated using atrazine and validated using the monitoring data from both sparsely sampled and high-frequency water monitoring programs, where point and interval estimates of the 90th, 95th, and 99th pooled population percentiles are provided. This method shows that the pooled data from multiple sparse datasets can be used to provide estimates of near-peak concentrations with greater certainty, which are consistent with those generated by high-frequency sampling monitoring programs.     

极值理论在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用

为了准确预测重金属污染地块不同区域内重金属的最大值,以便于后续筛选重金属修复技术、确定重金属修复药剂使用量等提供依据,采用极值理论方法对某重金属砷污染地块三块区域内的重金属砷浓度数据进行极值分布的统计分析,对比不同分布形式对重金属砷浓度数据拟合的效果。结果表明:广义极值分布可以很好地描述重金属砷浓度数据的分布情况,通过K-S检验、作图法和P-P散点图法验证得出广义极值分布形式对重金属砷浓度数据拟合效果最好,通过广义极值分布形式的表达式可以计算得出A、B和C区不同概率下重金属浓度的最大值。     

Risk-Based Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data: Application to Heavy Metals in North Carolina Surface Waters

The state of North Carolina's Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) conducts routine water quality monitoring throughout the state to assess the health of aquatic systems. The current study reports the results of a retrospective (1990–2000) ecological risk assessment of six heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc) in 17 North Carolina basins that was conducted to estimate the risk of heavy metal toxicity to freshwater organisms and assess the sufficiency of NCDENR's monitoring data to identify water-quality-related ecological threats. Acute and chronic ecotoxicological thresholds (ETs) were calculated for each metal based upon the 10th percentile of species sensitivity distributions and were normalized for water hardness. Statewide probabilities (expressed as percentages) of a random sample exceeding acute or chronic ETs among the six metals ranged from 0.01% to 12.19% and 0.76% to 21.21%, respectively, with copper having the highest and arsenic and mercury the lowest risk. Basin-specific probabilities varied significantly depending upon water hardness and presumably watershed development. Although the majority of specific sites where data were collected were at low risk for metal toxicity, some specific sites had a high probability of toxic events associated with one or more metals. Analytical detection limits for metals were frequently higher than estimated chronic ET, limiting the ability to assess the risk of chronic toxicity in soft-water basins. Results suggest risk-based criteria may be useful for assessing and validating the sufficiency of monitoring programs and prioritizing management goals.     

INFILTRATION EVALUATION OF FOUR MECHANICAL RAINFALL SIMULATION TECHNIQUES IN SIERRA NEVADA WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Little quantitative site-specific infiltration, runoff and sediment transport data for Tahoe Basin soils under varying storm events or stage of development are available. Modular (Ml), F-type (M2), Impact nozzle (M3), and Impact-Fan nozzle (M4) rainfall simulators were evaluated as to their practicality and ability to characterize infiltration for the Cagwin Soil Series within the Tahoe Basin. Three slope (0–15,15–30, >30%) and four plot conditions (natural with duff [P1], natural without duff [P2], disturbed without duff [P3], and disturbed with duff [P4]) were studied. The measured data were incorporated into a modified Philip's infiltration model and multiple non-linear regression analyses were used to examine relationships between method, slope, plot condition, and infiltration characteristics.^t Simulation methods Ml and M4 produced statistically similar (P=0.01) infiltration data, as did M2 and M3 which produced lower infiltration rates. All were found suitable for use in Sierra Nevada watersheds. Ml was considered most practical. Slope had negligible effect on infiltration. The plot condition was found to significantly influence infiltration, and the effect of each plot condition was significantly different. Final infiltration rates ranged from 4.7 to 6.2 cm/hr. Thus, the Cagwin soil demonstrated moderate to high infiltration rates even when exposed to extreme storm conditions (8–10 cm/hr).     

Field evaluation of a model for predicting nitrogen losses from drained lands

The N simulation model, DRAINMOD-N II, was field-tested using a 6-yr data set from an artificially drained agricultural site located in eastern North Carolina. The test site is on a nearly flat sandy loam soil which is very poorly drained under natural conditions. Four experimental plots, planted to a corn (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean (Glycine max.) rotation and managed using conventional and controlled drainage, were used in model testing. Water table depth, subsurface drainage, and N concentration in drain flow were measured and meteorological data were recorded continuously. DRAINMOD-N II was calibrated using the data from one plot; data sets from the other three plots were used for model validation. Simulation results showed an excellent agreement between observed and predicted nitrate-nitrogen (NO(3)-N) losses in drainage water over the 6-yr period and a reasonable agreement on an annual basis. The agreement on a monthly basis was not as good. The Nash-Sutcliffe modeling efficiency (EF) for monthly predictions was 0.48 for the calibration plot and 0.19, 0.01, and -0.02 for the validation plots. The value of the EF for yearly predictions was 0.92 for the calibration plot and 0.73, 0.62, and -0.10 for the validation plots. Errors in predicting cumulative NO(3)-N losses over the 6-yr period were remarkably small; -1.3% for the calibration plot, -8.1%, -2.8%, and 4.0% for the validation plots. Results of this study showed the potential of DRAINMOD-N II for predicting N losses from drained agricultural lands. Further research is needed to test the model for different management practices and soil and climatological conditions.     

US army land condition-trend analysis (LCTA) program

The US Army Land Condition-Trend Analysis (LCTA) program is a standardized method of data collection, analysis, and reporting designed to meet multiple goals and objectives. The method utilizes vascular plant inventories, permanent field plot data, and wildlife inventories. Vascular plant inventories are used for environmental documentation, training of personnel, species identification during LCTA implementation, and as a survey for state and federal endangered or threatened species. The permanent field plot data documents the vegetational, edaphic, topographic, and disturbance characteristics of the installation. Inventory plots are allocated in a stratified random fashion across the installation utilizing a geographic information system that integrates satellite imagery and soil survey information. Ground cover, canopy cover, woody plant density, slope length, slope gradient, soil information, and disturbance data are collected at each plot. Plot data are used to: (1) describe plant communities, (2) characterize wildlife and threatened and endangered species habitat, (3) document amount and kind of military and nonmilitary disturbance, (4) determine the impact of military training on vegetation and soil resources, (5) estimate soil erosion potential, (6) classify land as to the kind and amount of use it can support, (7) determine allowable use estimates for tracked vehicle training, (8) document concealment resources, (9) identify lands that require restoration and evaluate the effectiveness of restorative techniques, and (10) evaluate potential acquisition property. Wildlife inventories survey small and midsize mammals, birds, bats, amphibians, and reptiles. Data from these surveys can be used for environmental documentation, to identify state and federal endangered and threatened species, and to evaluate the impact of military activities on wildlife populations. Short- and long-term monitoring of permanent field plots is used to evaluate and adjust land management decisions.     

The acetochlor registration partnership: prospective ground water monitoring program

The Acetochlor Registration Partnership conducted a prospective ground water (PGW) monitoring program to investigate acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-acetamide] transport to ground water at eight sites. The distribution of soil textures among these sites was weighted toward coarser soil types, while also including finer-textured soils that dominate most corn (Zea mays L.)-growing areas of the United States. Each site consisted of a 1.2-ha test plot adjacent to a 0.2-ha control plot. Suction lysimeters and monitoring wells were installed at multiple depths within each test and control plot to sample soil-pore water and near-surface ground water. Irrigation was applied to each site during the growing season to ensure water input of 110 to 200% of average historical rainfall. Acetochlor dissipated rapidly from surface soils at all sites with a DT(50) (time for 50% of the initial residues to dissipate) of only 3 to 9 d, but leaching was not an important loss mechanism, with only 0.25% of the 15,312 soil-pore water and ground water samples analyzed containing parent acetochlor at or above 0.05 microg L(-1). However, quantifiable residues of a soil degradation product, acetochlor ethanesulfonic acid, were more common, with approximately 16% of water samples containing concentrations at or above 1.0 microg L(-1). A second soil degradation product, acetochlor oxanilic acid, was present at concentrations at or above 1.0 microg L(-1) in only 0.15% of water samples analyzed. The acetochlor PGW program demonstrated that acetochlor lacks the potential to leach to ground water at detectable concentrations, and when applied in accordance with label restrictions, is unlikely to move to ground water at concentrations hazardous to human health.     

Developing Nutrient Criteria for Streams: An Evaluation of the Frequency Distribution Method1

Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends two statistical methods to States and Tribes for developing nutrient criteria. One establishes a criterion as the 75th percentile of a reference‐population frequency distribution, the other uses the 25th percentile of a general‐population distribution; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency suggests either method results in similar criteria. To evaluate each method, the Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MT DEQ) assembled data from STORET and other sources to create a nutrient general population. MT DEQ’s reference‐stream project provided reference population data. Data were partitioned by ecoregions, and by seasons (winter, runoff, and growing) defined for the project. For each ecoregion and season, nutrient concentrations at the 75th percentile of the reference population were matched to their corresponding concentrations in the general population. Additionally, nutrient concentrations from five regional scientific studies were matched to their corresponding reference population concentrations; each study linked nutrients to impacts on water uses. Reference‐to‐general population matches were highly variable between ecoregions, as nutrients at the 75th percentile of reference corresponded to percentiles ranging from the 4th to the 97th of the general population. In contrast, case studies‐to‐reference matches were more consistent, matching on average to the 86th percentile of reference, with a coefficient of variation of 13%.     

Increase in phosphorus losses from grassland in response to Olsen-P accumulation

The Olsen-P status of grazed grassland (Lolium perenne L.) swards in Northern Ireland was increased over a 5-yr period (March 2000 to February 2005) by applying different rates of P fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1)) to assess the relationship between soil P status and P losses in land drainage water and overland flow. Plots (0.2 ha) were hydrologically isolated and artificially drained to v-notch weirs, with flow proportional monitoring of drainage water and overland flow. Annually, the collectors for overland flow intercepted between 11 and 35% of the surplus rainfall. Single flow events accounted for up to 52% of the annual dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) load. The Olsen-P status of the soil influenced DRP and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in land drainage water and overland flow. Annual TP loss was highly variable and ranged from 0.19 to 1.55 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) for the plot receiving no P fertilizer and from 0.35 to 2.94 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) for the plot receiving 80 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1). Despite the Olsen-P status in the soils ranging from 22 to 99 mg P kg(-1), after 5 yr of fertilizer P applications it was difficult to identify a clear Olsen-P concentration at which P losses increased. Any relationship was confounded by annual variability of hydrologic events and flows and by hydrologic differences between plots. Withholding P fertilizer for over 5 yr was not long enough to lower P losses or to have an adverse effect on herbage P concentrations.     

Parsing participation: models of engagement for outcomes monitoring in urban stewardship

Few urban environmental stewardship, or civic ecology, practices monitor their impacts on local communities and ecosystems. This lack of monitoring prevents lay stewards from adapting their practices based on outcomes. For those that do collect data on their practices, we see different forms of practitioner engagement in outcomes monitoring. We categorise these different forms of engagement according to five published models of public participation in scientific research, revealing different strategies for collecting and analysing data towards adaptive co-management in urban ecosystems. We propose two broad strategies for expanding outcomes monitoring in these contexts: creating openly accessible tools and protocols for do-it-yourself inquiry and supporting more resource-intensive partnerships between practitioners and scientists for more complex forms of outcomes monitoring.