"立体互动教学法"在高职"应用写作"教学中的应用

进入新世纪，作为信息载体的应用写作越来越受到社会重视，然而目前高职院校中的应用写作教学现状却与这种重视不相适应。为此，本文试就目前高职教学中如何改革应用写作教学方法的问题，从“应用写作课与相关课程互动”、“写作理论和写作实践互动”、“应用写作文种之间互动”、“促使教学主体进行互动”四个方面提出了看法，以期对高职应用写作教学改革有所裨益。     

英语写作中Chinglish的成因分析

在母语环境中学习外语的过程始终存在母语的干扰。针对大学英语写作中出现的Chinglish——中式英语的现象，从皮亚杰的发生认识论、母语负迁移及中西思维模式差异等方面分析了中式英语的成因。揭示其成因对于大学英语教师改进写作教学具有重要意义，从而更好地帮助学生用英语思维模式写出地道的英文。     

高职院校写作教学点滴谈

为了让今天的受教育者适应信息社会、知识经济时代的需要,让他们能够在尽可能大的范围上满足社会的需求,写作教学应该得到更多的关注和重视,尤其是高等职业教育领域内的写作教学,更是任重道远.而对于高职院校教师来说,做好高职学生的写作训练与指导,最重要的是培养学生的写作意志、写作动机.     

襄樊市市区城市污水处理、回用现状及对策

以湖北省襄樊市为例，分析了襄樊市市区水污染及治理现状，提出在经济欠发达地区控制水污染应因地制宜，采取集中与分散治理相结合，大、中、小型处理设施多管齐下，分层次分阶段实施，削减污染物排放总量，积极开展污水回用，实现废水及其污染物减量化、资源化及达标排放等对策。     

浅谈网络教学的现状以及混合式教学方式的发展

在10多年的网络教学实践中碰到了种种问题：高投资低回报，教师主导地位的丧失，学习活动在低水平层次的重复，学习效果与预设的理想目标相距甚远等等。这些问题促使研究者对网络教学的热潮重新进行理性反思，混合教学方式便应运而生，即传统的教师课堂讲授教学与学生在线学习相结合的混合教学方式。通过这种方式，能把传统学习方式的优势和网络教学的优势结合起来。另外，随着混合式教学方式的发展，对教师技能也提出了新的要求。     

城市“马路拉链“治理对策研究

城市"马路拉链"现象不仅带来了经济和环境损失,还诱发更深层次的社会和谐损失.该现象的产生源于错误的政绩观、城市地下管网管理体制弊端及针对"马路拉链"问题的监督和约束机制之不健全.为此提出三个治理对策:其一,摆正城市公共服务主客体基本立场,树立正确的政绩观;其二,从提高城市道路规划水平入手,对城市地下管网实施系统治理;其三,建立健全"马路拉链"监督与约束机制.     

西部地区危险废物管理立法探讨

我国西部地区危险废物产生量大，处置贮存和综合利用情况不理想。但是，西部地区的立法无论是数量、层次以及内容等还有许多方面不能支持现实的管理工作，有待完善。本文在分析了西部地区危险废物立法不足的基础上，提出应当从加大对危险废物的地方立法，提高立法层次；丰富危险废物的立法内容；完善相关法律责任；增强激励措施这四个方面入手。     

区域旅游市场再细分及其营销策略

旅游市场的竞争日趋激烈，按地理、人口为依据的旅游市场细分局限性越来越明显，区域旅游市场更深层次的再细分成为当前市场开拓的前提与基础。提出频度、客源稳定性、交通时间距离、游客行为动机等市场再细分类型应该值得重视与分析，同时要根据市场再细分类型，采取差异性营销策略。     

浅谈高职学生创新能力的培养模式

为探索高职学生创新能力的培养途径，采用实验法对河北建材职业技术学院高职学生进行了创新教育的实践研究，分析了制约高职学生创新能力发展的因素，提出了要从营造有益于学生创新能力培养的氛围和环境、加快教学内容与考试方法的改革、培养学生的创造性思维、建立科学的创新能力培养体系和创新保障机制等方面建立起高职学生创新能力的培养模式。     

环境教育中的研究性学习与校本课程

问题的提出目前在我国师范院校能提供系统的环境教育训练还不多。据新近调查，我国师范院校非环境类专业学生的环境保护意识普遍较强，但环境方面的知识较弱，获得环境知识的途径大多是大众媒体如电视、报刊、杂志等。师范院校环境保护类课程的开课率较低，仅约10%，且缺乏规范性和约束力，存在着很大的随意性[1]，师范生仅囿于原有的浅层次环境知识，而忽略了横向拓展，因而缺乏分析、解决现实环境问题的能力，难以胜任未来学校的环境教育。在师范院校开设环境教育的选修课可促使学生掌握较系统的环境科学基础知识，增强保护人类环境的责任…     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.