基于数据分析的打印设备能效评估

为了更有效地执行我国能效等级评价标准和降低办公能耗,着重讨论了打印设备的能源效率评价。通过收集的数据来分析打印机能效限定值及相应的能效等级标准的测试方法测试过程中的关键点。通过引入计算模型和介绍测量典型能耗分析法(TEC),操作模式功率法(OM)的步骤和检测方法。对检测需要注意的项目以及有效降低电力能源消耗提出对应的方案和建议。     

变频空调器中国能效与美国能效标准计算差异分析

空调能效标准作为产品节能控制的有效手段,已普遍被各国采用。本文针对美国能效标准ARI Standard 210/240-2008~([1])与中国能效标准GB/T 7725-2004~([2])中的季节能效测试及计算方法的差异进行了解析,分析并实验验证了两种标准下的能效值差异,提出国标发展方向建议。通过验证,同一样机美标下得出的制冷季节能效SEER值始终高于国标。国标入门1级能效样品的SEER和HSPF分别高出美国能源之星要求的47.3 %、37.4 %,为国标与美标能效等级的横向对应关系提供参考。     

城市居住建筑能耗预测模型

针对城市居住建筑能耗问题,利用相关分析、鱼骨图模型得出城市能耗与影响因素联系程度,并结合SVM原理构建城市能耗预测模型。鱼骨图以城市能耗为原因问题,以城市能耗直接相关的因素作为原因,间接相关作为子原因,相关系数作为联系值,得出相关的关系系数并作为因素权重。以28组工程项目数据作为训练样本,利用SVM模型建立相应的预测模型,并采用平均绝对误差进行评估,再以5组测试样本进行检验。研究结果表明,夏温度设定与各因素的相关性极弱;户主年龄较重要,电脑台数较不重要。     

电器产品测试用供水系统的研制

本文介绍的是一种能为与水源连接的电器产品安全及性能测试提供高精度多参数供水系统的研制思路。本系统由PLC(可编程逻辑控制器)、模糊PID(管路及仪表布置图)调节仪、变频器、电动阀、计量泵等组成,实现了供水温度、压力、流量、电阻率、pH值、硬度等多参数的全自动控制。经实际测试,该供水系统各项参数均能达到标准规定的供水要求。     

旋转曝气机能效限定值及能效等级标准解读

文章介绍了国内外污水处理用旋转曝气机的发展及现状,讲述了制定污水处理用旋转曝气机强制性能效标准的历史背景和依据原则,介绍了旋转式曝气机强制性能效标准的主要内容,旨在通过该标准的实施,普遍提高国产污水处理用旋转曝气机的能效,推动行业技术水平提高并持续发展。     

环境试验箱加装太阳辐射试验装置的设计

为了利用现有的步入式温度、湿热试验箱进行太阳辐射试验,本文采用一套或两套可移动门架式辐射试验装置来满足测试要求。该装置采用整体或分段式结构,由可移动门架式灯架车、辐射高度角度调节机构、红外线辐照灯组、太阳总辐射表、辐照度采集、记录、辐照强度调节、控制系统等组成。试验结果表明该装置能够模拟太阳辐射,达到测试要求。可以为同类试验箱的加改装提供借鉴。     

波轮洗衣机洗净率测试不确定度分析

根据洗衣机能效标准的要求,基于对波轮洗衣机洗净率测试的不确定度的分析和计算,通过试验及实测数据总结其不确定因素的来源情况和影响程度,并提出能有效提高测量精度,降低不确定因素的相关措施,进一步增加测量值的确定性和准确性。     

基于PLC可编程序控制器的件数差压铸造电气控制系统设计

面对航空航天、国防和汽车等工业领域对复杂薄壁铸件的需求,本次研究了基于PLC可编程序控制器的件数差压铸造电气控制系统。该系统主要针对传统差压铸造电气控制系统资源利用率低、吞吐量性能差的问题,利用PLC控制器改善其性能。系统按照B/S结构将分为采集层、传输层以及主控层三个层次,首先利用采集层中的绝压传感器和表压传感器采集差压铸造设备中的压力值,并对其进行转换和滤波处理,然后将压力数据通过CAN总线传输到主控层当中,利用PLC可编程序控制器对数据进行分析、结果显示等,判断数值是否超过预设值,并根据结果利用调节阀进行相应的执行操作。结果表明:与传统差压铸造电气控制系统相比,基于PLC可编程序控制器的件数差压铸造电气控制系统的资源利用率更高,系统吞吐量性能更好。     

基于ISSA-PID试验箱温度控制算法的研究

为了提高试验箱温度控制系统的精准度,缩短系统调节时间,提出了一种基于改进的麻雀搜索算法优化PID控制参数的方法（ISSA-PID）。利用PWLCM混沌映射初始化麻雀种群,丰富麻雀种群的多样性,采用Levy飞行策略改进了SSA算法种群中发现者和警戒者的位置更新方程,避免算法陷入局部最优,建立了试验箱加热温度控制系统的数学模型,利用改进的麻雀搜索算法（ISSA）优化了其模型PID控制参数。分别采用试凑法、麻雀搜索算法和ISSA算法对试验箱加热温度控制系统的PID控制参数进行了优化并对其仿真分析。仿真结果表明,ISSA算法使得控制系统超调量减少了18.9%,系统调节时间减少了704s,并利用PLC、触摸屏和试验箱搭建的实验装置开展实际实验测试。通过仿真和实验表明,ISSA算法对PID控制参数的优化效果更佳,且验证了ISSA算法优化PID控制参数在试验箱中应用的可行性。     

一种有效实验室用热电偶质量控制方法

热电偶作为检测实验室的一种基础耗材,被广泛用于电子电器产品、新能源产品等的安全、能效测试中。目前,测试实验室在用热电偶一般采用抽样的方式送计量,故而不能确保全部热电偶的精度。针对这一现状,本文提出了一种高效便捷的热电偶期间核查方法。以自然界容易获得的0℃和100℃为标准温度基准,确定被测热电偶和该标准温度基准的偏差,判定其合格率。该方法可方便快捷的对热电偶进行期间核查,促进实验室基础耗材质量控制。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.