垃圾分类收费推进我国城市垃圾分类收集的探讨

我国城市生活垃圾产生量逐渐增大，严重威胁人体健康及城市环境。分类收集是实现废弃物减量化、资源化、无害化的有效手段。我国城市生活垃圾分类收集状况不佳，大部分城市均为混合收集，给垃圾处理和城市环境带来了巨大压力。本文从国外发达国家城市生活垃圾分类收费促进生活垃圾分类收集的成功经验出发，提出几点推动我国垃圾分类的对策。     

我国城市生活垃圾危害及法律对策研究

本文在对我国城市生活垃圾问题的严重性及其危害的分析的基础上,详细分析了我国在城市生活垃圾污染防治上存在的法律法规不健全和政府管理薄弱的问题,并从法律角度对我国城市生活垃圾污染提出了防治对策。     

我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率测算及其统计数据收集对策

我国将生活垃圾分类收集定位为重要民生工程和生态文明建设的工作内容,并对实施生活垃圾强制分类的示范城市明确提出了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的绩效考核目标。由于城市生活垃圾处理和再生资源回收利用由不同职能部门负责管理,不同来源的生活垃圾回收利用统计数据未有效整合,目前还缺乏我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率指标测算的相关研究。本文界定了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的科学内涵,并以城市建设、再生资源利用等统计资料和物质流分析文献为基础,初步测算了全国尺度的城市生活垃圾回收利用率。研究表明,我国2006—2015年的城市生活垃圾回收利用率从12.1%上升至17.0%,然后又缓慢下降至15.6%,由于数据缺乏,该数值可能在-28%~+32%波动。生活垃圾中回收利用量较大的可再生资源分别为废纸、废塑料、废钢铁、废玻璃等。本文还分析了目前测算生活垃圾回收利用率的数据不确定性和局限性,提出了面向生活垃圾分类管理实际评价的统计数据收集对策。     

城市生活垃圾处理的环境经济政策分析

如何处理城市生活垃圾是我国面临的一个重要问题,本文对我国面临的城市生活垃圾问题及原因、城市生活垃圾处理技术、与城市生活垃圾处理相关的环境经济政策进行了较为深入的分析。     

城市生活垃圾的资源化处理及对策分析

简要介绍了城市生活垃圾处理的现状,阐述了该领域存在的问题,对目前城市生活垃圾处理技术的优缺点进行对比分析。针对我国城市生活垃圾混合收集、无机物含量高的特点,提出了一种以生活垃圾能源化利用为目标,兼顾资源循环回收利用的城市生活垃圾资源化综合处理利用的解决方案。     

浅析我国城市生活垃圾的资源化

文章分析了我国城市生活垃圾资源的现状和危害，探讨了生活垃圾的利用途径和开发价值，并就合理开发利用我国的生活垃圾提出了几点建议及措施。     

基于共词分析的城市生活垃圾治理公共政策变迁量化分析

以1979—2020年我国中央政府颁发的411份城市生活垃圾治理政策文本作为研究对象,运用共词与聚类分析方法研究了我国不同时期城市生活垃圾治理公共政策焦点的演变规律。结果发现:纵观我国城市生活垃圾治理公共政策焦点的演变轨迹,在"技术路线"、"垃圾属性"、"管理手段"、"治理结构"和"保障机制"方面发生了显著的政策主题变迁,呈现出垃圾治理朝更加绿色、更加经济方向发展的趋势。未来,应从监管体系、资源评估、财政补贴、空间布局4个方面保障生活垃圾零污染、高价值资源化治理。     

我国城市生活垃圾处理问题和分选技术的研究

对我国城市生活垃圾特性及处理现状进行了分析,并提出解决我国城市生活垃圾问题的根本是处理技术,同时对将成为垃圾处理技术重要发展趋势的分选技术进行介绍及可行性分析,举出垃圾分选技术的一个成功案例——“水力机械前部全分选技术”。     

城市生活垃圾资源化存在的问题与对策探讨

对我国城市生活垃圾的构成及资源利用现状进行了介绍,分析了生活垃圾资源化存在的问题,探讨了资源化利用途径以及提高资源化利用水平的措施,提出了垃圾治理可持续发展的思路,为生活垃圾走资源化之路指明方向。     

城市生活垃圾资源化存在的问题与对策探讨

对我国城市生活垃圾的构成及资源利用现状进行了介绍,分析了生活垃圾资源化存在的问题,探讨了资源化利用途径以及提高资源化利用水平的措施,提出了垃圾治理可持续发展的思路,为生活垃圾走资源化之路指明方向。     

Euro-trash: searching Europe for a more sustainable approach to waste management

How an economically affordable, environmentally effective and socially acceptable municipal solid waste management system can be developed is currently unclear. Considerable research has been carried out on the practical aspects of municipal waste management (i.e. transport, treatment and disposal) and how citizens feel about source separation, recycling, incineration and landfill but the perspective of the waste manager within the context of long term planning is often ignored. In this study, waste managers from 11 different leading-edge European municipal solid waste programs in nine different countries were interviewed. The economic, social, political, environmental, legal and technical factors of their specific programs were explored and analyzed. The transition of municipal solid waste management to urban resources management was observed and key ‘system drivers’ for more sustainable waste management practices were identified. Programs visited were: Brescia (I), Copenhagen (DK), Hampshire (UK), Helsinki (FI), Lahn-Dill-Kreis (D), Malmö (SE), Pamplona (E), Prato (I), Saarbrücken (D), Vienna (A), and Zürich (CH).     

Environmental Management of Quarries as Waste Disposal Facilities

Problems associated with the disposal of municipal solid waste have become a source of public concern worldwide as awareness of potential adverse environmental impacts and health threats from solid waste has increased. Communities are concerned about the generation and management of solid waste to the extent of refusing to allow new disposal facilities near their homes, often after witnessing the legacy of existing facilities. Under these conditions, the development of national policies for the management of solid waste becomes highly political, all while requiring appropriate technical solutions that ensure environmental protection and proper management plans that support an acceptable solution for the disposal of municipal solid waste. In some locations, the conversion of old quarries into well-engineered and controlled landfills appears as a promising solution to a continuously increasing problem, at least for many decades to come. This paper describes the environmental impacts associated with solid waste disposal in a converted quarry site and the mitigation measures that can be adopted to alleviate potential adverse impacts. Environmental management and monitoring plans are also discussed in the context of ensuring adequate environmental protection during and after the conversion process.     

A comparison of two models for dealing with urban solid waste: Management by contract and management by public–private partnership

In work, we compared two models for dealing with urban solid waste in Brazil, namely, management by contract and management by public–private partnership. Management by contract, which is widely used by the public sector (municipalities) for urban solid waste collection and disposal and for acquiring goods and services for periods not greater than 60 months, is governed by Federal Law 8.666/93. Management by public–private partnership is governed by Federal Law 11.079/04 for contracts worth more than US$11,000,000 and involves costs for the private partner and public partner. The financial return for the private partner must be clearly delineated and the contract should last from 5 to 35 years. Management by public–private partnership that involves the management of municipal solid waste is very recent in Brazil. For this reason, the comparison between the two forms of management of municipal solid waste (management by contract and management by public–private partnership) described in this work is unprecedented in this country. Both of these models are used in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. For this study, information was gathered through semi-structured interviews with public works managers in São Bernardo do Campo, with members of an Association of Recyclable Material Collectors and with managers of a company contracted by the São Bernardo do Campo city hall, and also by researching public documents provided by the city hall. The interviews with the managers of the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo, the Association and the company were held in the headquarters of each institution. The documents analyzed, such as the plan for dealing with municipal solid waste, contracts and bids were made available electronically. Analysis of the results indicated that management by a public–private partnership was more advantageous for dealing with urban solid waste than management by contract since the former provided a strong selective collection program, reduced the amount of solid waste sent to sanitary embankments, led to the recovery an area of land previously degraded by the incorrect disposal of urban solid waste and stimulated the installation of an energy recovery unit.     

FSILP: fuzzy-stochastic-interval linear programming for supporting municipal solid waste management

Although many studies on municipal solid waste management (MSW management) were conducted under uncertain conditions of fuzzy, stochastic, and interval coexistence, the solution to the conventional linear programming problems of integrating fuzzy method with the other two was inefficient. In this study, a fuzzy-stochastic-interval linear programming (FSILP) method is developed by integrating Nguyen's method with conventional linear programming for supporting municipal solid waste management. The Nguyen's method was used to convert the fuzzy and fuzzy-stochastic linear programming problems into the conventional linear programs, by measuring the attainment values of fuzzy numbers and/or fuzzy random variables, as well as superiority and inferiority between triangular fuzzy numbers/triangular fuzzy-stochastic variables. The developed method can effectively tackle uncertainties described in terms of probability density functions, fuzzy membership functions, and discrete intervals. Moreover, the method can also improve upon the conventional interval fuzzy programming and two-stage stochastic programming approaches, with advantageous capabilities that are easily achieved with fewer constraints and significantly reduces consumption time. The developed model was applied to a case study of municipal solid waste management system in a city. The results indicated that reasonable solutions had been generated. The solution can help quantify the relationship between the change of system cost and the uncertainties, which could support further analysis of tradeoffs between the waste management cost and the system failure risk.     

The Prospect of Municipal Waste Landfill Diversion Depends on Geographical Location

This study reports on experimentation with municipal and industrial solid waste in Brazil, on mutual inspection of municipal sanitation models in selected Spanish and Brazilian towns, and on observations of municipal solid waste (MSW) management models effective in Argentina, Great Britain, Sweden, and Germany. The diversity of management strategies inhibits technology transfer. Judging by the models inspected, Sweden and Germany appear to be best prepared for stricter European landfill diversion targets in the near future. Experimentation in Brazil has resulted in a proactive MSW management model based on divided collection, which achieves 80 percent landfill diversion. This result, surprisingly, meets and exceeds European diversion targets in a South American context. As the gap in strategy and target narrows between South America and Europe, both technology and management methods may gain intercontinental mobility and thus enhance commercial ties between the two markets in the specific branch of MSW management.     

广州市生活垃圾的综合处理与利用探讨

分析了广州市现行垃圾处理方式存在的主要问题,并结合广州市垃圾的产出特点,就如何实现该市生活垃圾的综合处理,尤其是资源化利用作了探讨。     

Source separation-driven reverse logistics in MSW management

The research reported here characterizes municipal solid waste in terms of the quantity produced as a function of time and pre-sorting as well as post-sorting composition in a municipality with 90,000 inhabitants located in Central Brazil. It pursues the objective of identifying the basic strategy of a municipal solid waste management model specific to household waste. It shows that sorted-waste composition, and not raw waste composition, drives reverse logistics. The household waste production rate is 45 tons per day. The research provides data on the base case of progressive annual tipping rates without a diversion target. It goes on to determine a landfill diversion potential of 67 % of domestic waste produced, based on sorted waste composition data. Annual progress indicators required to reach this potential within a chosen timeframe are detailed. Reverse logistics capacity is identified and found sufficient to remove all inert waste items separated at the source. The necessary logistics for biodegradable matter, based on decentralized composting tests, is outlined. The challenge of the municipal administration is identified as the promotion of source separation, and the funds required for this undertaking are shown to derive from the correspondingly reduced landfill maintenance.     

An inexact reverse logistics model for municipal solid waste management systems

This paper proposed an inexact reverse logistics model for municipal solid waste management systems (IRWM). Waste managers, suppliers, industries and distributors were involved in strategic planning and operational execution through reverse logistics management. All the parameters were assumed to be intervals to quantify the uncertainties in the optimization process and solutions in IRWM. To solve this model, a piecewise interval programming was developed to deal with Min-Min functions in both objectives and constraints. The application of the model was illustrated through a classical municipal solid waste management case. With different cost parameters for landfill and the WTE, two scenarios were analyzed. The IRWM could reflect the dynamic and uncertain characteristics of MSW management systems, and could facilitate the generation of desired management plans. The model could be further advanced through incorporating methods of stochastic or fuzzy parameters into its framework. Design of multi-waste, multi-echelon, multi-uncertainty reverse logistics model for waste management network would also be preferred.     

城市生活垃圾处理若干问题的探讨

本文根据四川实际,对垃圾处理工程规划布局、工艺选择、堆肥工艺中的问题、垃圾处理厂运行体制和垃圾处理的政策措施进行了探讨,提出了对策。