我国城市地下空间开发研究初论

城市地下空间是城市空间资源的重要组成部分，在提高土地利用效率、缓解城市矛盾、节约能源、保护环境等方面起着举足轻重的作用，其开发利用与规划工作已被国家列入城市规划的重要内容。回顾国内地下空间开发方面的研究，可以概括为解决了开发情况介绍、开发效益分析、内部环境研究、利用规划管理4类，只要我们解决了研究存在的一些问题，就可更好推动我国地下空间建设健康协调发展。     

试论长沙市地下商业街的合理开发利用

地下商业街作为地下空间开发利用的主要形式之一,在缓解"城市综合症"中所发挥的重要作用越来越受到重视.在深入调查长沙市两大地下商业街开发利用现状的基础上,从经济条件和市场条件进行论证表明,长沙市进行大规模开发利用地下商业街的条件已经成熟.从地下环境、经营管理、立法等方面对长沙市目前开发利用地下空间存在的问题进行了剖析,在实践中具有一定的应用价值.     

建设用地使用权分层设立研究

由于历史、经济等各方面原因,我国建设用地使用权分层设立方面的研究刚刚起步,这方面的法律法规仍是空白,不足以保障我国土地空间资源分层开发利用的顺利进行.在对分层建设用地使用权内涵、性质进行深入阐述的基础上,在对我国建设用地使用权分层设立中可能产生的具体问题进行深入剖析,就建设用地使用权分层中存在的问题提出了切实可行的对策,以期对完善我国建设用地使用权分层设立的研究有所帮助.     

国有划拨土地权益金额确定问题的探讨

随着城市建设和经济发展，划拨土地使用权将进入市场流通。明确划拨土地使用权的财产权性质、合理评估其价格已很必要。与出让土地使用权相比，划拨土地使用权具有特殊性，其价格不宜采用先评估出让土地使用权后扣除出让金的方式评估。作为尝试，可以先评估划拨土地基准地价，用以指导划拨土地价格评估，衡量评估结果。     

基于GIS技术的可达性分析在城市总体规划中的应用研究

我国可达性研究相对薄弱，尤其在城市尺度内的研究比较缺乏。探讨了可达性在城市规划中的应用，提出了可达性与城市规划结合的新理念；选择势能模型构建可达性分析模型，结合GIS技术中的网络分析、空间插值，评价了城市总体规划对居民可达性的影响。通过规划，居民出行时耗显著减少，居民出行便捷程度全面改善；将可达性理论与GIS技术结合应用于城市总体规划，提出了规划自检的新方法，有助于决策者做出最优决策。     

《地下式城镇污水处理厂工程技术指南》解读

地下式污水处理厂具有土地集约、资源利用、环境友好的特点,可以有效释放地面空间,解决邻避问题,实现污水资源化,近年来在我国得到快速发展。2019年12月,我国首例针对地下式污水处理厂的技术标准《地下式城镇污水处理厂工程技术指南》(T/CAEPI 23—2019)正式发布。文章针对新发布的团体标准,详细解读了标准制定的背景、意义与作用,重点分析了标准的关键技术内容及参数要求,希望对该标准的理解、应用与推广起到积极的推动作用。     

城市规模对能源消耗的空间溢出效应

基于我国285个城市2006—2015年的面板数据,在STIRPAT模型基础上,引入内生时空权重矩阵,建立空间STIRPAT模型,考查城市规模对能源消耗的空间溢出效应,探讨空间溢出效应的时间传导效应。结果显示:城市能源消耗东西差异大于南北差异,并存在显著的正向空间自相关性;城市规模对能源消耗的空间溢出效应存在距离阈值,阈值为350km。进一步采用分组研究发现,城市规模对能源消耗的空间溢出效应为异质性,验证了环境库兹涅茨曲线的存在。依据上述结果,提出促进城市节能减排的针对性措施,为我国现代化城市建设提供参考依据。     

城市环境总体规划的空间管控体系研究——以贵阳城市环境总体规划为例

环境空间管控和环境空间规划是我国城市空间规划体系中的短板,我国亟需建立起一套城市环境空间管控体系,来参与城市空间规划体系的建立,进而彻底扭转城市环境污染被动治理的尴尬局面。构建覆盖城市各领域的环境空间管控体系是城市环境总体规划的主要任务。本文梳理了我国环境空间管控发展现状和问题,从城市环境总体规划的角度,在城市层面构建了由环境功能区划、以生态保护红线为核心的严格管控区以及环境承载调控等手段组成的环境空间管控体系,并以贵阳城市环境总体规划为案例,进行了环境空间管控体系的构建。最后提出了实施城市环境总体规划空间管控的政策建议,保障空间管控体系能够落地和发挥作用。     

芜湖市开发区对城市空间结构演进分析

城市空间结构的演进是对城市经济发展的一种适应性.开发区是20世纪90年代以来我国工业经济发展的一种空间形式,对我国城市经济发展和空间结构演进有着重大影响.开发区建设成为芜湖市重要的经济增长点,带动了整个城市经济的发展.在此基础上,从开发区布局建设对芜湖市城市空间结构的影响即导致城市空间增长、城市形态变化及城市地域结构变化等方面阐述了开发区与芜湖城市空间结构演进的关系.     

长春市地下空间立法情况研究

从长春市地下空间立法现状出发,通过归纳、分析和对比,探讨了长春市地下空间立法存在的问题,并结合国内外经验提出适合长春市地下空间开发利用的立法建议,为长春市地下空间开发利用的法制建设奠定基础。     

Managing Urban Trees and Their Soil Envelopes in a Contiguously Developed City Environment

Urban Hong Kong is covered by high building, road, and population densities. Its urban morphology is inherently not conducive to extensive or high-grade greening. Recent renewal of old areas has squeezed out some limited interstitial plantable space, although in new development areas modest spaces have been earmarked for greenery. The study aims at evaluating the major constraints to urban trees and their companion urban soil envelopes and at providing specific recommendations to improve tree management in the city. The analysis covers the above-ground confinements that dampen tree performance, the less tangible but rather difficult institutional restrictions that impose a somewhat unnecessary lid on tree planting, the multiplicity of players and stakeholders involved in urban-tree management that militates against coordination and cooperation, the widespread occupation of underground space by utility lines often to the exclusion of trees, and the extremely poor quality of urban soils that are often used without amelioration to support tree growth. The management recommendations furnish practical suggestions and hints to improve the short- and long-term welfare of trees in terms of quality, quantity, and spatial distribution. The conclusion enumerates some concrete measures for consideration by decision-makers to upgrade the city's greenery to close the gap between science and policy.     

环境工艺方法论研究——上天入地法

上天入地法是环境工艺技术一般方法的重要组成部分。文章给出了上天入地法的定义,在环境工艺中的应用实例,并探究了其哲学内涵。     

成都市地气地球化学初探——以土壤氡为例

城市地下库中的气体元素（如氧）能透过地面迁移、扩散到地上环境中，不同的地表覆盖材料会有不同的透气性。整个城市地层可以看作是零星分布着“软盖层”网孔的一个大“硬盖层”，表面大多覆盖着如水泥混凝土、地砖、沥青等硬质材料。以成都市土壤氡研究为例，证明在那些网孔和硬覆盖层边缘往往出现地气异常现象。因此，城市地气地球化学引出了新的研究思路，对城市建设和环境评价具有指导性意义。     

城市犯罪问题中的非公共空间盲区微观环境分析

城市地域空间内部的各类空间盲区是城市犯罪事件构成要件中必不可少的环节,非公共空间作为城市内部最常见的一种空间表现形式,存在其中的盲区是城市犯罪问题中的关键点。非公共空间盲区的形成有赖于微观环境的广泛性和独特性,剖析根植其中不同的致盲因素,对预防犯罪问题的产生和遏制犯罪事件的发展有着至关重要的作用。     

缓解城市环境问题的有效途径

从区域环境和城市环境的角度出发，介绍了城市绿地系统在维护城市生态平衡、保护城市环境中的重要作用，揭示了在城市可持续发展战略中，加强城市绿地系统规划与建设的重要性。     

Effects of Increasing Urbanization on the Ecological Integrity of Open Space Preserves

This article analyzes the effects of increasing urbanization on open space preserves within the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Time series analysis is used in 10-year increments over 40 years to study urban landscape change. Three landscape metrics—(1) matrix utility (measures intensity of adjacent land uses), (2) isolation (measures distances to other open space patches), and (3) connectivity (measures physical links to other open space patches and corridors)—are used to assess changes in landscape patterns and serve as indicators of urban ecological integrity of the open space preserves. Results show that in the case of both open space preserves, general decline in indicators of urban ecological integrity was evident. The matrix utility analysis demonstrated that increasing intensity of land uses adjacent to preserve is likely to increase edge effects, reducing the habitat value of interior or core habitat areas. Isolation analysis showed that both preserves have experienced increasing isolation from other open space elements over time. Also, connectivity analysis indicated that terrestrial connections to other open space elements have also deteriorated. Conclusions of this research demonstrate that while preservation of natural areas as open space is important in an urban context, intense development of surrounding areas reduces the urban ecological integrity significantly.     

The value of urban open space: Meta-analyses of contingent valuation and hedonic pricing results

Urban open space provides a number of valuable services to urban populations, including recreational opportunities, aesthetic enjoyment, environmental functions, and may also be associated with existence values. In separate meta-analyses of the contingent valuation (CV) and hedonic pricing (HP) literature we examine which physical, socio-economic, and study characteristics determine the value of open space. The dependent variable in the CV meta-regression is defined as the value of open space per hectare per year in 2003 US$, and in the HP model as the percentage change in house price for a 10 m decrease in distance to open space. Using a multi-level modelling approach we find in both the CV and HP analyses that there is a positive and significant relationship between the value of urban open space and population density, indicating that scarcity and crowdedness matter, and that the value of open space does not vary significantly with income. Further, urban parks are more highly valued than other types of urban open space (forests, agricultural and undeveloped land) and methodological differences in study design have a large influence on estimated values from both CV and HP. We also find important regional differences in preferences for urban open space, which suggests that the potential for transferring estimated values between regions is likely to be limited.     

基于POI数据的城市群医疗与居住空间协同发展研究--以闽三角城市群为例

探索城市群医疗与居住空间协同发展问题,可为城市群公共医疗资源均衡发展提供参考。运用闽三角城市群医疗与居住POI数据,通过ArcGIS软件空间分析方法,从4个角度进行空间协同分析,并基于城市群内部与整体两个层面讨论了协同发展未来方向。结果表明:闽三角城市群内部医疗与居住空间协同发展情况不同,需要把握各自特点,积极整合医疗资源。未来,医疗与居住空间协同发展需要以厦门市为核心,发挥“厦泉”与“厦漳”的区域优势,同时注意整体和局部的均衡。     

流动人口空间结构分析

在人本主义地理学框架下，对城市社会空间结构的分类研究成为必然。以流动人口空间结构为主题，总结了城市化一空间的二元分析框架。在此基础上重点构建了流动人口空间结构体系，对流动人口区位空间、行为空间和感应空间的涵义、特征、功能等进行解析。认为流动人口空间是在城市空间基底上叠加的具有流动人口特质的空间形态，是一种再造的空间。提出流动人口收入水平及行为活动的多少是影响流动人口空间关系的主要因素。     

Applicability of sustainable urban drainage systems: an evaluation by multi-criteria analysis

Urban flooding has become more serious and worldwide in recent years, especially in the big cities of developing countries. This study uses a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach to evaluate the applicability of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), a flood control measure, in the central part of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The output of the personal computer storm water management model along with interviews with 140 households was used to assess the efficacy and acceptability of four SUDS alternatives: rainwater harvesting, green roof, urban green space and pervious pavement. On technical performance, green roof was the best alternative, followed by pervious pavement, urban green space and rainwater harvesting. Results of the social survey, however, diverged largely from the results of the technical assessments. In particular, people generally prefer public SUDS such as urban green space and pervious pavements to household solutions. With respect to the MCA, we applied four different procedures: Borda count, pair-wise voting, range of value and analytic hierarchy process. Despite some differences, the integrated results from MCA largely agree that urban green space is the most favourable type of SUDS, followed by green roof, pervious pavement and rainwater harvesting.