基于Malmquist指数的工业污染治理投入效率分析

本文基于DEA的Malmquist指数方法对我国30个省(市、自治区)的工业污染治理投入效率进行分析。研究结果表明:2006—2014年全国工业污染治理投入全要素生产率平均下降1.9%,其中,11个省市、自治区(占比36.6%)出现了全要素生产率的改善,19个省市、自治区(占比63.3%)出现了下降,下降幅度最大的省市为上海市;从分解指数来看,技术效率指数增长4%,技术进步指数下降2.3%,即全要素生产率下降的主要原因是技术进步的不足;从区域角度来看,东、中西部的全要素生产率指数分别为0.960、0.961和1.025,受规模低的影响,东、中部地区的工业污染治理效率低于西部地区;从时间维度来看,除2008—2011年工业污染治理投资全要素生产率有一定程度的改善外,其他年份的全要素生产率提升不明显,尤其是2011年以来,受技术进步不足影响,全要素生产率逐年下降。基于实证分析,本文从推动企业生产技术创新和污染治理技术创新、正向激励与反向约束并施一同促进工业企业加大污染治理投入、鼓励企业采用环境污染第三方治理方式治污等方面提出政策建议。     

房地产开发企业全要素生产率研究——基于DEA-Malmquist

基于DEA模型的Malmquist指数法,测算了我国31个省(区、市)2005—2014年房地产开发企业全要素生产率的变动情况,并对全要素生产率增长的阶段性与区域性规律分析了技术效率与技术进步。结果表明:该阶段中国房地产开发企业纯技术效率不高,全要素生产率出现负增长,技术进步对全要素生产率增长的影响较大。东部地区的TFP增长率最低,西部地区次之,中部地区最高。除了技术进步因素外,东部地区要改善纯技术效率,中西部地区要改善规模效率。分析了我国房地产开发企业全要素生产率增长低下的原因,提出了可实施性的政策性建议。     

基于DEA-Malmquist指数的辽宁省城市建设用地配置效率研究

从提高城市建设用地配置效率角度出发,运用DEA-Malmquist指数模型,通过选择投入产出要素对辽宁省2006-2012年城市建设用地全要素生产率进行分析,对全省及各市城市建设用地配置效率的变化和技术效率、技术进步对城市建设用地配置效率的影响做出评价.研究表明,研究期内各城市全要素生产率处于小幅增长态势,平均增长率为1.1％,纯技术效率呈波动性增减,表明各城市尚未充分利用先进技术和资源优化配置,规模效率普遍偏低,平均值为0.996＜1,未向最优规模靠近,技术进步对全要素生产率变化指数的增长贡献率不高.     

基于随机前沿分析(SFA)方法的中国旅游业全要素生产率研究

以我国1997—2009年旅游业相关数据为样本,基于随机前沿分析方法,运用Malmquist指数模型对我国各省份、东中西及全国的旅游业全要素生产率指数进行了测算,并进一步分解为技术进步指数和技术效率指数。得到以下结论:样本期内,各省份旅游业全要素生产率呈现不断增长趋势,增长较快的省份主要来自中西部地区,东部地区的省份增长较慢。东中西地区的旅游业全要素生产率增长存在差异性,西部增长最快,东部最慢,三大区域旅游业全要素生产率的增长主要得益于技术进步,西部技术进步水平仍快于中东部地区。全国旅游业全要素生产率年均增长7.6449%,技术进步起了主要作用,技术进步年均增长6.9933%,而技术效率增长仅为0.609%,其影响较小。     

基于DEA-Malmquist指数的中国区域生态效率研究

利用DEA和Malmquist生产率指数模型方法对中国30个省区的生态效率及其变化特征进行分析研究。结果显示,平均综合效率一般,各省区之间差异较为明显,只有少数省区达到了效率最优,东中部地区生态效率高于西部地区,呈现出与我国区域经济格局相似的特征。Malmquist指数分析结果表明,2006—2012年间生产率变化呈现出弱衰退的趋势。从影响因素来看,技术变化指数对生产率变化起着促进作用,而生产率的下降主要是受技术效率衰退的影响,技术效率下降主要是受纯技术效率下降所影响,规模效率变化对生产率变化和技术效率变化的影响相对较弱。     

基于LMDI分解法的我国碳生产率影响因素研究

运用LMDI分解法,以1995-2010年为样本期,按东、中、西三大区域把我国碳生产率总体变动分解为能源效率、碳排放能耗和碳排放结构3个影响因素,得出以下主要结论:1995-2010年我国碳生产率变化除了2003-2005年为负数外,其余期间均为正数,表明我国碳生产率在逐年提高.碳生产率总体变动因素分解的贡献值和贡献率表明,能源效率因素是影响我国碳生产率变动的主要因素,贡献值为0.9722,贡献率为87.66％,其变动趋势决定了碳生产率的变动趋势;单位碳排放能耗因素贡献值为0.1431,贡献率仅为12.9％,影响较小;而碳排放结构因素的贡献值和贡献率分别为-0.0063和-0.56％,表明碳排放结构抑制了碳生产率的增加.因此,提高区域能源效率,改善区域碳排放结构,对提高我国碳生产率具有重要意义.     

江苏省县市经济效率及空间相关性分析

运用DEA模型和Malmquist生产率指数对2000—2015年江苏省县市经济效率及全要素生产率的演化进行了研究,并引入空间自相关探究了江苏省县市经济综合效率的空间集聚演化格局特征。结果表明:(1)江苏省2015年县市经济综合效率水平一般,存在明显的"南—中—北"空间结构,纯技术效率与综合效率之间存在正相关关系,规模效率水平较高。(2)全要素生产率呈波动上升趋势,变动趋势与全国TFP变化基本相同;县市TFP变化主要是源于技术进步的变化,但在实际经济发展中对投入要素的使用存在效率低下问题;规模效率对全要素生产率的影响较小。(3)综合效率空间集聚特征日益明显,L-L和H-H集聚区分布日益集中,H-H集聚区有明显的跨江扩散趋势。     

中部六省科技创新效率与影响因素研究

利用2001—2013年中部六省科技创新活动的投入—产出数据,运用BCC模型和Malmquist指数分别测算了研究期内各省的科技创新效率和全要素生产率变化率,并利用TOBIT模型分析了科技创新效率的影响因素。结果表明:12年间中部六省科技创新活动的综合技术效率均值呈下降趋势;各省的科技创新效率存在较大的地区差异;中部六省科技创新活动的全要素生产率2000—2007年增长了8%,2008—2011年增长了5.7%;政府资金支持对科技创新效率有显著的负面影响,外资利用水平、工业化水平和人力资源水平对科技创新效率有显著的正面影响。     

空间溢出视角下的环境规制与绿色发展——困境还是协调？

绿色发展是未来经济发展的必然趋势，提升绿色全要素生产率是实现绿色发展的重要途径，环境规制是解决环境问题的有效保障。本文采用2004—2019年30个省级面板数据，构建动态空间杜宾模型，实证研究了环境总体规制、工业废气规制、工业废水规制、工业固体废物规制和光污染规制对绿色全要素生产率的空间溢出影响。研究发现，环境总体规制对本地绿色全要素生产率的影响呈U形，工业废气规制、工业废水规制和工业固体废物规制的研究结果存在同一规律，而光污染规制起抑制作用。总体规制对邻地绿色全要素生产率的影响呈倒U形，具体规制的影响各不相同，工业废气规制与总体规制的结果类似，而工业废水规制的空间溢出效应表现为负，工业固体废物规制和光污染规制的空间溢出效应不显著。本文从实证角度验证了“绿水青山”和“金山银山”的兼容性，环境规制和效率提升并不矛盾。在制定环境政策时，需考虑区域间的相互协调和实际产业情况。     

成渝经济区旅游发展效率测度及其影响因素研究

利用DEA分析方法,测度了成渝经济区2010—2015年的旅游发展效率;通过Malmquist指数分析全要素生产率变动,建立面板模型验证了旅游发展效率的影响因素及其作用强度。研究表明:成渝经济区综合效率总体呈现出波动中曲折上升的发展趋势,纯技术效率下降,主要依靠规模效率提升;2012年综合效率呈负增长,短时间内大量资源和技术的涌入没有得到有效利用;旅游发展全要素生产率增长率得益于技术进步、规模效率的整体提高;经济发展水平、政府对旅游经济的干预程度、产业结构、交通便利程度、城市化水平对旅游发展效率均有积极影响。根据实证结果提出发挥政府旅游调控职能、优化旅游产业结构、完善旅游交通体系、优化资源投放结构、提高经济发展水平、刺激旅游消费需求等建议。     

基于EBM模型的长江经济带工业用水效率时空差异及影响因素分析

工业化进程的加快使得工业水资源需求不断增加，工业废水排放量也越来越大，如何提高工业用水效率从而缓解水资源压力成为日益严峻的问题。本文选取工业用水量、工业就业人数、工业固定资本和工业废水治理费用作为投入指标，以工业增加值与工业废水排放量作为期望与非期望产出指标。首先利用EBM模型计算长江经济带2008—2017年工业用水效率，其次利用泰尔指数来分析工业用水效率的区域差距，最后利用面板Tobit模型来分析影响不同地区工业用水效率的驱动因素。结果显示，近年来长江经济带的工业用水效率呈波动下降趋势，不同地区效率差异明显；经济发展水平、工业化程度、技术水平、水资源禀赋和政府环境管制力度对长江经济带的工业用水效率都有一定影响，但存在地区差异。     

Toxicity identification and high-efficiency treatment of aging chemical industrial wastewater from the Hangu Reservoir, China

The Hangu Reservoir, located in Binhai New Area, Tianjin, China, receives mixed wastewater from a chemical industrial park. The aging chemical industrial wastewater is less biodegradable and contains complex hazardous substances, thus having an adverse effect on local ecological service function of the reservoir and on local economic and social development. In this study, key toxicants in the aging chemical industrial wastewater from the Hangu Reservoir were systematically identified by the toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs), and the treatment efficiency of the aging chemical industrial wastewater was examined and optimized by a municipal wastewater treatment process simulated in a laboratory. According to the TIE results using and wheat seeds as tested organisms, Cl, Cu, Pb, and Zn were identified as key toxicants in the aging chemical industrial wastewater, with concentrations of 7349.11, 0.01, 0.07, and 0.07 mg L, respectively, which were confirmed by subsequent spiking approaches. Based on the TIE results, the aging chemical industrial wastewater could be classified as high-salinity wastewater. The co-treatment of the aging chemical industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater may be an effective and low-cost method. The treatment efficiency of the mixed wastewater increased with an increase in the volume ratio of municipal wastewater to aging chemical industrial wastewater. When the volume ratio was 10:1, the best removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, total N, and total P were up to 85.1, 89.3, and 96.5%, respectively, whereas the toxicity unit of the treated wastewater was reduced to 0.50.     

Cost-effectiveness of two operational models at industrial wastewater treatment plants in China: A case study in Shengze town,Suzhou City

The widespread illegal discharge of industrial wastewater in China has posed significant challenges to the effective management of industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) and caused or exacerbated critical social issues such as trans-boundary environmental pollution. This study examines two operational strategies, decentralized model and an innovative integrated model, that have been used in the industrial town of Shengze (located in Suzhou City) over the past two decades at IWTPs handling wastewater from the city’s dyeing industry. Our cost-effectiveness analysis shows that, although the operational cost of IWTPs under the integrated model is higher than under the original decentralized model, the integrated model has significantly improved IWTP performance and effectively reduced illegal discharge of industrial wastewater. As a result, the number of reported incidents of unacceptable pollution in local receiving water bodies had declined from 13 in 2000–1 in 2008. Key factors contributing to the success of the innovative integrated model are strong support from municipal and provincial leaders, mandatory ownership transfer of IWTPs to a centralized management body, strong financial incentives for proper plant management, and geographically-clustered IWTPs.     

大连市生产性服务业效率初探——基于DEA分析

基于数据包络分析，利用BCC模型和Malmquist模型分别衡量了2003--2009年大连市生产性服务业的综合效率和全要素生产率。研究结果表明，大连市生产性服务业总体呈规模收益递减状态，技术进步是推动大连市生产性服务业发展的主要动力，产业发展呈现较大波动性。     

生物活性炭曝气滤池处理油田废水的应用

为实现DB 12/356-2008《天津市污水综合排放标准》(CODCr≤60mg/L)要求,大港油田对原有的废水生化处理工艺进行技术升级改造,优选生物活性炭曝气滤池工艺作为工程改造的主体技术方案。现场实施后,各项水质指标均达到了天津市标准的要求,对大港油田工业废水深度处理工作具有实践指导意义。     

EFFICIENCY PROBLEMS FROM USER FEES IN MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT1

ABSTRACT: The Environmental Protection Agency administers a construction grant program to encourage abatement of wastewater pollution by sharing with municipalities the costs of wastewater treatment facilities. The enabling legislation (P.L. 92–500) specifies that EPA's cost share will be 75% of construction costs. It further requires municipalities to collect user fees from industrial users of the facilities to repay that part of the federal grant allocable to the treatment of industrial wastewater. The municipality must return half of the user fees collected to the U.S. Treasury; the municipality is allowed to retain the remaining half. Retention by municipalities of these user fees lowers their effective cost shares and results in the following consequences: (1) a bias for municipalities to select certain kinds of abatement techniques regardless of whether or not they are the least-cost techniques from the national perspective; (2) a bias for municipalities to select larger-than-optimal scales of abatement facilities; (3) a hidden federal subsidy to industry; and (4) grants that favor industrial communities. This article examines the legislative and regulatory requirements for user charges, derives the algebraic expressions for calculating the real federal, municipal, and industrial cost shares with user fees; computes municipal cost shares for selected values of the determinant factors; evaluates efficiency and other consequences of current user fee arrangements; and concludes that the efficiency distortions brought about by the impacts of user fees on cost sharing could be eliminated by requiring that all user fees collected from industry against the federal cost share be returned to the U.S. Treasury.     

Model evaluation of potential impacts of on-site wastewater systems on phosphorus in Turkey creek watershed

Nutrient loading to surface water systems has traditionally been associated with agricultural sources. Sources such as on-site wastewater systems (OWS) may be of concern especially in rural, nonagricultural watersheds. The impact of various point and nonpoint sources including OWS in Turkey Creek Watershed was evaluated using the Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework, which was calibrated using 10 yr of observed stream flow and total P concentrations. Doubling the population in the watershed or OWS septic tank effluent P concentration increased mean stream total P concentration by a factor of 1.05. Converting all the OWS to a conventional sewer system with a removal efficiency of 93% at the wastewater treatment plant increased the mean total P concentration at the watershed outlet by a factor of 1.26. Reducing the soil adsorption capacity by 50% increased the mean stream total P concentration by a factor of 3.2. Doubling the initial P concentration increased the mean stream total P concentration by a factor of 1.96. Stream flow and sediment transport also substantially affected stream P concentration. The results suggest that OWS contribution to stream P in this watershed is minimal compared with other factors within the simulated time frame of 10 yr.