我国医疗废物处理处置技术及其应用前景

本文针对我国医疗废物处理处置现状和目前国内外医疗废物处理处置技术比较,探讨了我国医疗废物 处理处置技术的应用前景。     

湿式氧化法在法国污泥处理处置中的初步应用

文章简述了法国污泥处理处置的概况,介绍了湿式氧化法在法国污泥处置的初步应用,包括污泥处理的工艺流程、处理结果及湿式氧化技术的优缺点。指出我国应多途径探索经济高效的污泥处置技术,促进污泥资源化发展。     

我国医疗废物处理处置技术发展与创新

文章详细分析了医疗废物处理处置管理要求和技术现状,确定了焚烧处置和消毒处理的行业主导地位,并分别对两类技术中代表性技术的原理、适用性和特点进行了对比分析。在此基础上,对医疗废物处理处置创新技术进行了探索,确定了创新技术的三种分类,包括原理创新型、应用创新型和集成创新型技术,并对每一类别典型技术进行了详细阐述。最后,基于当前我国的标准政策要求,为创新技术的应用推广提出了建议。     

城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置及污染防治技术政策（试行）

为推动城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术进步，明确城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术发展方向和技术原则，指导各地开展城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术研发和推广应用，促进工程建设和运行管理，避免二次污染，保护和改善生态环境，促进节能减排和污泥资源化利用，住房和城乡建设部、环境保护部和科学技术部于2009年2月18日联合发布了《城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置及污染防治技术政策（试行）》（建城[2009]23号）。全文如下。     

北京市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的概况及问题

介绍了北京市污水处理厂污泥处理处置历史和规划编制情况。北京市中心城区经历了堆肥、热干化、石灰干化、水泥窑协同焚烧、热水解+厌氧消化等技术路线选择过程,周边区县采用以堆肥为主的处理技术路线,处置方式均以土地利用为主。提出对上述处理处置技术路线的建议:1)土地利用方式符合北京地区实际情况但应关注相关标准的完善;2)厌氧消化系统运行稳定性、安全性和无害化程度应加以关注;3)区县污泥堆肥设施可采用车间化运营模式;4)应设置应急设施。提出如果土地利用作为最终处置方式得到认可,根据"处置决定处理"的原则,对于上游处理技术应给于全面评估,以确定最佳可行处理技术方案。     

城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置及污染防治技术政策(试行)

关于印发<城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置及污染防治技术政策(试行)>的通知 各省、自治区、直辖市建设厅(建委、市政管委、水务局)、环保局、科技厅(委),计划单列市建委(建设局)、环保局、科技局,新疆生产建设兵团建设局、环保局、科技局: 为推动城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术进步,明确城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术发展方向和技术原则,指导各地开展城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术研发和推广应用,促进工程建设和运行管理,避免二次污染,保护和改善生态环境,促进节能减排和污泥资源化利用,住房和城乡建设部、环境保护部和科学技术部联合制定了<城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置及污染防治技术政策(试行)>.现印发给你们,请结合本地区实际认真执行.     

浅析我国危险废物的处理技术及管理

简要介绍了危险废物的概念、种类和处理处置状况,并对废物的处理处置技术现状及国外较完备的管理制度进行了阐述,提出我国危险废物管理应采取的对策。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置政策及发展分析

论述了我国关于生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置的政策发展,分析了国内垃圾焚烧飞灰处置技术特点及资源化应用情况,指出垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置存在的障碍和应对措施,以期为垃圾焚烧飞灰无害化处置提供参考。     

城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置及污染防治技术政策（试行）——关于印发《城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置及污染防治技术政策（试行）》的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市建设厅（建委、市政管委、水务局）、环保局、科技厅（委），计划单列市建委（建设局）、环保局、科技局，新疆生产建设兵团建设局、环保局、科技局： 为推动城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术进步，明确城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术发展方向和技术原则，指导各地开展城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术研发和推广应用，促进工程建设和运行管理，避免二次污染，保护和改善生态环境，促进节能减排和污泥资源化利用，住房和城乡建设部、环境保护部和科学技术部联合制定了《城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置及污染防治技术政策（试行）》。现印发给你们，请结合本地区实际认真执行。     

贮存油泥取料和前处理技术应用分析

油泥取料和前处理是贮存油泥环保处置工程的制约环节,文章梳理了贮存油泥取料和前处理过程中存在的取料、转移和脱油清洗等技术难点,重点分析了取料技术中取料、杂物分离、输送和供水技术,前处理技术中粗分处理、洗涤和离心分离技术,为贮存油泥的优化处置提供参考和借鉴。     

新时代生态文明法律体系统筹协调与集成创新的进展和建议

在“五位一体”总体布局内，生态环保法律体系通过内外协调，进入以生态文明理念为指导的全面升级时期。绿色、循环、低碳要求的统筹协调和集成创新不断加强，明确了一些流域或区域的综合保护立法。对照生态文明体制改革要求，协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长的法制建设不足，山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理的法制建设不足，一些改革措施并未写入法律法规，一些概念和部门的职责并不清晰，一些特殊区域和流域缺乏综合性保护专门立法，影响绿色、循环、低碳发展的综合绩效。建议全面开展法制梳理，提升降碳、减污、扩绿、增长类法律法规的衔接性和互助性，促进山水林田湖草沙各要素法律法规的兼容性和协同性，针对特定流域和区域的保护、重点行业的绿色、循环、低碳发展及国土空间规划、自然资源资产管理等领域开展专门立法；界定有争议的概念，区分相关监管和监测职责；加强一般立法与流域、区域保护立法的衔接。     

国有自然资源资产管理体制改革的建议与思考

自然资源产权管理和专业监管的分立可充分发挥市场作用,进一步促进简政放权,实现对山水林田湖草的综合管理,克服监管盲点,提升综合保护绩效,促进绿水青山转化为金山银山。设立专门机构开展自然资源资产管理,《生态文明体制改革总体方案》等规定了改革依据;自然资源统一确权登记试点取得积极进展,奠定了工作基础;与自然资源资产负债表、绿色GDP核算、生态文明建设目标评价考核等结合起来,促进改革的系统化和连贯化;建议在国家和省、市成立三级国有自然资源资产管理机构,在部分区域和流域派驻机构。为保障改革的实施,需界定国有自然资源资产的范围及所有权、监管权的角色和权限;改革生态补偿、排污权有偿使用、资源有偿利用等制度;明晰流域与属地的权力(利)关系;明确自然资源资产管理职责和生态环保党政同责的关系;重构环境保护税、资源税和自然资源资产使用费的关系;规定自然资源资产管理的原则、体制、制度和责任;建立自然资源资产清单、权利清单和管理信息平台;厘清各方权利边界和监管边界,建立评价考核和奖惩机制。     

中国生态环境科技创新体系建设研究

分析国内外生态环境科技创新的发展现状，相比较国外以市场机制为导向、以企业为创新主体、政府通过政策和管辖支撑创新的体系特征，我国已形成四大类环境类科创载体，但尚未形成成熟有效的技术成果产业化机制以及市场与政策协同促进科技创新的发展模式。本文根据生态环境科技创新的强政策驱动性、技术验证放大周期长以及集成性强的特点，重点通过环境技术研发、技术成果转化、技术放大与赋能、产业拓展与推广四个方面阐述了生态环境科技创新体系建设的主要环节：环境技术的研发由以科研机构为主的传统自发性研发、企业迭代性研发和联合应用型研发组成；技术成果的转化经历挖掘发现、技术识别与判断、知识产权评估评价后进入已成立的企业或新设公司，在这一过程中，成果转化专业队伍起着至关重要的作用；技术放大与赋能旨在为有创新技术的企业提供科技创新政策、二次研发中试验证、首台套工程案例、投融资等资源的对接，以协助初创企业成长；产业的拓展与推广则通过为解决环境问题形成集成方案、孵化平台为企业背书和产业政策匹配等方式助力企业长期发展。最后从加强专业化创新平台、技术评估体系、成果转化人才培养体系建设以及疏通投融资渠道等方面对中国未来生态环境科技创新发展提出相关建议。     

作物高产高效种植的功能目标和技术调控

本文根据在安宁河流域实施高产高效种植模式的实践,就高产高效栽培的功能目标和技术调控等问题进行了探讨。作物高产高效种植集生物、环境、经济、技术于一体,其中,技术居主导地位,对整个组合进行调控,使之按高产稳产优质低耗高效的目标发展。社会的需求量、农民的积极性、生态良性性、环境吻合性和能量高效转化性是评价高产高效种植模式功能目标的原则。系统的调控机制有三个层次,即自然调控、直接调控、间接调控。农业科技通过生态环境调控、输入输出调控、物种结构调控、综合关系调控等途径实现调控机制。科学技术的选择原则是:生物生理生态适应性、自然环境吻合性、社会经济允许性、配套有序整体性和推广普及性。     

新形势下河北省农村可再生能源管理与政策研究

我国农村可再生能源发展面临生态文明建设、能源安全趋紧、大气污染严重等新的形势变化。作为农业大省,河北省近年来农村可再生能源发展与管理成绩显著,为改善农民生活、保护生态环境、增加能源供应、促进经济社会发展等做出了积极贡献。但新形势下,其农村可再生能源管理也暴露出了思想认识不足、部分法规政策滞后、缺乏宏观科学规划、资金筹措机制单一、后续监督管理不够等问题,需要从加强宣传教育、提高认识水平,完善规章制度、形成法律体系,制定科学规划、明确目标计划,拓宽融资渠道、稳定资金支持、完善服务体系、加强后续管理等方面完善管理与政策,以推进其健康持续发展。     

TOXIC METALS IN SURFACE WATERS FROM COAL ASH1

ABSTRACT: The concentration of 10 [titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (CR), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] toxic elements were measured in the water, benthic sediment, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of an ash basin and its drainage system at a coal-fired power plant of the Savannah River Project, Aiken, S.C., over a period of two years. During 12 months of this period the basin was essentially filled and little settling of ash occurred. In the remaining 12 months, dredging had been completed, adequate settling occurred and most of the effluent turbidity was removed. All elements were more concentrated in sediment and biota than in water, and five (Mn, Cu, As, Zn, and Se) were biomagnified by at least one biotic component as compared to concentration in benthic sediment. Plants had high accumulations of Ti, Mn, As, and Hg; invertebrates had high accumulations of Co, Hg, Cu, Cr, Cd, and As; and vertebrates greatly biomagnified Se and Zn. The streamlined biotic community of the system accomplished major removal of Mn, Zn, As, Se, and Cd from the effluent. The magnitude of bioaccumulation of Ti, Mn, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Hg was increased during the period of adequate settling in the basin.     

Trace elements in camel tissues from a semi-arid region

Trace and minor element concentrations differ in animal tissues as the result of the surrounding environment (feeding plants, soil contaminated with food and drinking water) and animal absorption of these elements. Concentrations of Ag, Au, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, and Zn were determined from different tissues of camel (inter-costal, scapula, sirloin, flank, front knuckle and front limb) from the semi-arid areas of the Aswan desert (Wadi El-Allaqi) and from Aswan city, Egypt. The study included an assessment of these same elements in the desert and city plants used as food by the camels and in soils from the study areas. The results reveal that camel tissues from the desert areas exhibited higher concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Au, Ag, Cu, Co and Zn than in those of the city camels. These higher levels of element are because of the high concentrations of the same elements in the desert plants and soil of the desert area. This, in turn, depends upon the geological formation differences between the desert area and the city area. Camel tissues appear to concentrate high levels of Mn, Ni, Co and Mg in the scapula while flank portions concentrate high levels of Mg and K. The levels of elements in the camel tissues under study were within the recommended safety baseline levels for camel health and human use, as well as within the appropriate limits in the desert and city plants for camel use.     

区域环境司法协作的实践表征及发展理路探析

环境司法协作是促进区域、流域环境整体性治理的重要保障。但当前相关研究侧重某个重点区域、流域的环境司法协作分析，亟待对京津冀、长三角、成渝、长江、黄河等区域、流域环境司法协作实践进行全面的考察和规范分析。可以依据协作目的、内容、空间，将多元化的环境司法协作样态分为政策回应型协作与程序便利型协作、纵向协作与横向协作、省（区、市）内协作与跨省协作等。针对规范性、结构性、机制性等困境，区域环境司法协作需要从纵向协作迈向纵横协作结合、从协议型协作迈向立法型协作、从低位阶协作迈向高位阶协作。未来还需要加强区域、流域、陆海统筹下的立法协同，探索“共享法庭”及其配套治理体系与能力的纳入与应用，推动大数据、区块链、人工智能等新兴技术与司法的深度融合，从而对区域环境司法协作进行全面的规范性补强、结构性调适、协同配合机制的建构及数字化司法转型。     

The influence of use-related,environmental, and managerial factors on soil loss from recreational trails

Recreational uses of unsurfaced trails inevitably result in their degradation, with the type and extent of resource impact influenced by factors such as soil texture, topography, climate, trail design and maintenance, and type and amount of use. Of particular concern, the loss of soil through erosion is generally considered a significant and irreversible form of trail impact. This research investigated the influence of several use-related, environmental, and managerial factors on soil loss on recreational trails and roads at Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, a unit of the U.S. National Park Service. Regression modeling revealed that trail position, trail slope alignment angle, grade, water drainage, and type of use are significant determinants of soil loss. The introduction of individual and groups of variables into a series of regression models provides improved understanding and insights regarding the relative influence of these variables, informing the selection of more effective trail management actions. Study results suggest that trail erosion can be minimized by avoiding “fall-line” alignments, steep grades, and valley-bottom alignments near streams, installing and maintaining adequate densities of tread drainage features, applying gravel to harden treads, and reducing horse and all-terrain vehicle use or restricting them to more resistant routes.     

In situ soil water extraction: a review

The knowledge of the composition and fluxes of vadose zone water is essential for a wide range of scientific and practical fields, including water-use management, pesticide registration, fate of xenobiotics, monitoring of disposal from mining and industries, nutrient management of agricultural and forest ecosystems, ecology, and environmental protection. Nowadays, water and solute flow can be monitored using either in situ methods or minimally invasive geophysical measurements. In situ information, however, is necessary to interpret most geophysical data sets and to determine the chemical composition of seepage water. Therefore, we present a comprehensive review of in situ soil water extraction methods to monitor solute concentration, solute transport, and to calculate mass balances in natural soils. We distinguished six different sampling devices: porous cups, porous plates, capillary wicks, pan lysimeters, resin boxes, and lysimeters. For each of the six sampling devices we discuss the basic principles, the advantages and disadvantages, and limits of data acquisition. We also give decision guidance for the selection of the appropriate sampling system. The choice of material is addressed in terms of potential contamination, filtering, and sorption of the target substances. The information provided in this review will support scientists and professionals in optimizing their experimental set-up for meeting their specific goals.