膜分离技术在环保节能减排中的应用

膜分离技术在纺织印染行业中的应用主要体现在印染废水回用、退浆废水浆料回收、碱减量废水中碱和PTA回收、洗毛废水中油脂回收等方面。其中应用最广的是印染废水的回用。     

短暂交替曝气方式在PSB法处理高浓度苯胺废水中的应用

利用酸化—PSB—活性污泥法工艺处理高浓度毒性苯胺废水,在24h的停留时间下,比较PSB阶段不同曝气时间对苯胺废水处理效果的差异。结果表明:不同时间的曝气处理对光合细菌处理苯胺废水的效果存在差异。以曝气时间为2h的反应器处理效果最佳,COD去除率达96.1%,苯胺去除率达97%,同时,相邻周期交替采用1h、2h曝气处理,废水COD去除率提高了20%以上,苯胺去除率提高了10.9%~14.2%。     

洗毛碳化废水循环处理试验介绍

洗毛碳化废水处理是一项难度较大的科研课题,目前国内外尚无突破性进展。本文介绍从改革洗毛碳化工艺入手,采用多系统综合处理废水的试验结果。实验证明,经除泥渣和提取油脂后的废水,可循环使用至三天,节约了软水、蒸汽、洗剂、助剂,减少了排放量,降低了废水中有机物含量,费用支出略有盈余。最终将废水纳入二级处理系统,力争使废水达到国家排放标准。     

高效生物处理技术在炼油厂碱渣废水处理中的应用

结合大港石化实际情况,在详细介绍柴油碱渣应用QBR高效生物处理技术取得成功的基础上,提出酸化回收粗酚或环烷酸并配套QBR、QBF等高效生物处理技术处理各种碱渣的新型工艺路线。经QBR处理后,出水COD去除率可达97%以上,石油类和挥发酚的去除率可达98%以上,硫化物去除率在99%以上。该技术的成功应用解决了困扰石化公司多年的碱渣废水处理的老大难问题,为炼厂碱渣废水乃至高浓度有机废水的处理开辟了一条新的途径。     

S-诱抗素生产废水预处理研究

以S-诱抗素生产过程中产生的超高浓度萃取废水为处理对象,研究了蒸发浓缩、汽提分离回收和综合调理法3种预处理方法的技术经济可行性。对3种工艺经济技术分析表明,萃取废水经综合调理器处理后,出水pH为8~9,COD Cr去除率为20%~33%,NH3-N去除率为25%~29%,SO2-4去除率达到95%左右,该工艺设备简单、投资少,最大单位运行成本(按浓水计)为2.39元,更适合于S-诱抗素萃取废水的预处理。     

聚合硅酸硫酸铁处理印染废水的实验研究

介绍了聚合硅酸硫酸铁的制备及处理印染废水的方法,研究了最佳的实验条件。该方法工艺流程简单,药剂成本较低,废水的COD去除率达80%,脱色率达90%,出水水质达到了印染废水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

超滤技术在废水处理中的应用

文章对超滤原理、超滤膜种类、国内外超滤技术发展现状等做了较详尽的阐述,同时着重介绍了超滤技术在油田含油废水、石化含油废水、金属加工用乳化废液、纤维加工油剂废水及羊毛精制废水中回收羊毛脂的应用实例。     

混凝-Fenton法深度处理焦化废水

以经A~2/O生化法处理后的焦化废水为研究对象,采用混凝-Fenton法对其进行深度处理。确定了聚合硫酸铁等铁盐处理焦化废水的最佳投药量和pH值,讨论了影响其混凝效果的主要因素。处理后出水的COD去除率达40%以上。混凝剂处理焦化生化外排水中的难降解有机物,COD去除率只有40%左右。但经过Fenton试剂氧化后,去除率可达到70%左右,外排水达到国家排放标准。     

厌氧--活性污泥法处理高浓度绢纺废水

介绍了厌氧—活性污泥法用复叶推流式曝气对高浓度绢纺废水治理的工程实例 ,运行结果表明 :CODcr去除率达 96.2 % ,BOD5 去除率达 92 .7%。     

洗毛碳化废水处理系统的设想

毛纺工业的洗毛、碳化废水是羊毛在洗涤、碳化生产过程中产生的。洗毛、碳化一吨原毛约需软质水90吨,年洗碳2600吨原毛约耗用234000吨软质水。如此大量的废水,     

Isotopes, Wool, and Rangeland Monitoring: Let the Sheep Do the Sampling

3 and C₄ plant species consumed by animals. Sheep sample vegetation continuously throughout a year, and as their wool grows it integrates and stores information about their diet. In subtropical and tropical rangelands the majority of grass species are C₄. Since sheep prefer to graze, and their wool is an isotopic record of their diet, we now have the potential to develop a high resolution index to the availability of grass from a sheep's perspective. Isotopic analyses of wool suggest a new direction for monitoring grazing and for the reconstruction of past vegetation changes, which will make a significant contribution to traditional rangeland ecology and management. It is recommended that isotopic and other analyses of wool be further developed for use in rangeland monitoring programs to provide valuable feedback for land managers.     

棉、毛、混纺成衣加工废水处理工程实践

本文介绍了采用混凝沉淀 生物接触氧化法处理无印染工序的棉、毛、混纺成衣加工废水及厂区生活污水的工程实例,应用该方法可使出水达到广东省地方一级排放标准,对同类废水的处理提供了参考.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.