环境管理动态

《大气污染防治法》修订草案获通过,明年起实施8月29日,十二届全国人大常委会第十六次会议通过《大气污染防治法》修订草案,修改后的《大气污染防治法》自2016年1月1日起施行。该法对现在大气污染的主要污染源燃煤、工业、机动车等都做了有针对性的具体规定,尤其对重点区域联防联治、重污染天气的应对措施作了明确要求。新法共129条,其中法律责任条款就达30条,具体的处罚行为和种类接近90种,提高了法律的操作性和针对性,并注重强化了地方政府的责任,加强了对地方政府的监督。尤其值得一提的是,修订后的大气法显示出在尊重公民财产权基础上,治理“车轮上的污染”的立法思路,该法最终未加入机动车限行的规定。为在源头解决机动车大气污染问题,该法修订后增加规定:一是制定燃油质量标准,应当符合国家大气污染物控制要求;二是石油炼制企业应当按照燃油质量标准生产燃油。     

环境纠纷行政处理机制的新思考

目前,我国正在进行《水污染防治法》的修订工作,十届全国人大常委会第二十九次会议在初次审议《水污染防治法(修订草案)》后,公开向社会征求了意见。修订草案第85条第1款规定,"水污染赔偿责任和赔偿金额的纠纷,可以根据当事人的请求,由环境保     

大气污染防治法,就等你了

正今年11月26日,国务院常务会议审议通过了《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》。会议决定,草案经进一步修改后将提请人大常委会审议。修订草案强调源头治理、全民参与,强化污染排放总量和浓度控制,增加了对重点区域和重点领域开展多污染物协同治理和区域联防联控的专门规定,明确了对无证、超标排放和监测数据作假等行为的处罚措施。将大气污染防治提高到单独立法高度,这对各地经济发展是个前所未有的考验。在那些以重化工     

中国动态

开展多污染物协同治理 国务院总理李克强近日主持召开国务院常务会议,部署加快发展服务外包产业、打造外贸竞争新优势,讨论通过《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法（修订草案）》。草案强调源头治理、全民参与,强化污染排放总量和浓度控制,增加了对重点区域和燃煤、工业、机动车、扬尘等重点领域开展多污染物协同治理和区域联防联控的专门规定。     

关于固体废物污染环境防治法修改的研究思考

2019年6月,《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法（修订草案）》（以下简称草案）经国务院审议通过,并初次提请全国人大常委会审议。草案修订力度之大,值得充分肯定。同时,草案还存在不少提升空间,需要进一步深入研究。本文以习近平生态文明思想为引领,按照中央全面依法治国委员会第二次会议提出的加强立法统筹、立改废释并举要求,剖析了当前我国固体废物环境管理及其立法修法中面临的挑战,以及存在的突出问题;并从明确固废污染防治立法原则、强化政府统筹管理、明确各部门职责、强化区域统筹、完善跨区域转移监管机制、统筹国内外相关法律法规及政策文件等方面提出了完善草案的建议,以期为我国固废管理决策和草案修改提供参考。     

关于环境保护税法(草案)几个问题的探讨

《环境保护税法(草案)》已经初次审议并公布草案全文征求意见,本文对草案中有关问题进行了探讨,期望这些建议能为修改法律草案条文提供参考。关于水污染物环境保护税的纳税人,建议按照直接向环境排放污水的企业事业单位和其他生产经营者、城镇污水集中处理设施、园区污水集中处理设施等三类区分;关于大气污染物、水污染物的征税范围与方法,建议近期将大气污染物中的重金属项目也纳入应税污染物,与水污染物征税范围保持一致,远期考虑与排放标准脱钩,重新审视、确定应税污染物的范围、筛选原则与当量值;关于综合利用固体废物征收环境保护税问题,建议对综合利用过程在满足环保标准要求条件下,免征环境保护税,而综合利用形成的原材料或产品则不适用本法。另外本文还提出了未来环境保护税应覆盖产品全生命周期的生产、使用、废弃等环节的观点。     

政策法规

刑法修正案（八）草案降低环境犯罪定罪门槛 十一届全国人大常委会8月25日分组审议刑法修正案（八）草案，刑法修正案（八）草案规定了严重环境污染罪，建议修改刑法第三百三十八条重大环境污染事故罪的法律规定，降低犯罪构成条件，增强可操作性。本次修正案将“危险废物”改为“有害物质”，扩大了犯罪行为类型；不再将财产损失或人身伤亡等作为犯罪要件，只要“严重污染环境”就构成犯罪。     

四川核发机动车环保标志促进交通从高耗能、高污染向绿色、低碳转变

据中国环境报报道,自10月1日起,四川全面启动机动车环保检验合格标志发放工作。四川省环保厅新闻发言人、副厅长杨雪鸿指出,目前,四川已经基本建立了比较完备的机动车污染防治法规管理体系,以环保标志发放管理为核心的监督管理体系也正在建立。在此基础性上,四川将分阶段淘汰高排放车辆,促进城市交通从高耗能、高污染向绿色、环保、低碳转变。杨雪鸿强调,"十二五"期间,全省将分阶段淘汰黄标车。合理限制"黄标车"通行,科学划定"黄标车"限行区域、方式和时段;严格控制"黄标车"流转。     

大气污染物排放标准制定的法律原则和程序研究

《大气污染防治法》授权国家环境保护主管部门制定大气污染物排放标准,但关于标准的法律规则还不够全面,在一定程度上影响了排放标准的功能发挥,也给标准限值确定带来了困难。当前国家正在对《大气污染防治法》进行修订,为完善相关标准条款,本文在对我国大气污染物排放标准立法现状分析的基础上,借鉴国外相关标准的立法规则和我国标准实践经验,提出了适用于我国的大气污染物排放标准制定的主要法律原则和程序建议。研究认为,制定大气污染物排放标准应考虑污染物对公众健康、空气质量和生态环境的影响,以及可采取的污染控制技术措施等情况,通过技术经济论证确定排放限值和相关技术要求,做到技术可行、经济合理、减排效益突出。标准制定过程要充分听取各方意见,经标准评审委员会审查通过后方可按照部门规章批准发布。     

每月动态

《大气污染法(修订)》、《环境监测管理条例》等列入《国务院2009年立法计划》国务院印发了《国务院2009年立法工作计划》(以下简称《工作计划》)。按照《工作计划》,今年,《大气污染法(修订)》、《环境监测管理条例》、《畜禽养殖污染防治条例》等与节约能源资源、保护生态环境有关的法律、法规将制定、修订,或提请全国人大委员会审议。按照《工作计划》,为了规范能源开发利用和管理行为,保障能源安全,提高能源利用效率,今年将提请审议《能源法(草案)》。为了加强对消耗臭氧层物质的管理,保护生态环境,今年将制定《消耗臭氧层物质管理条例》。按照《工作计划》,国务院今年还将制定、修订一些与能源、资源和环境有关的法律、法规,或提请全国人大委员会审议。其中包括,《煤炭法(修订)》、《矿产资源法(修订)》、《节约用水条例》、《太湖管理条例》、《湿地保护条例》、《排污许可证条例》、《城镇排水和污水处理条例》、《气象探测环境和设施保护条例》、《报废汽车回收管理办法》和《极地活动管理条例》等。     

Article 4 Directions and Development Control: Planning Myths,Present Uses and Future Possibilities

This paper deals with the issue of the restriction of what is ordinarily classified as permitted development under the General Development Order (GDO) through the making of Directions under Article 4 of the GDO. The planning literature contains a number of assertions about the levels of use, procedural problems and utility of such Directions. These 'planning myths' are tested through quantitative and qualitative analyses of a stratified sample survey of 50% of the local planning authorities in Great Britain. The field of built environment conservation is shown to be the largest single user of Directions, and this aspect is dealt with in greater detail. However, the second highest use of Directions, and probably the fastest-growing field, is in the control of markets and car boot sales. As additional conservation controls were announced in 1994, this may be the area of future public pressure on permitted development rights. The potential utility of Directions in formulating area-based planning policies is discussed.     

国家“十四五”环境经济政策改革路线图

"十三五"时期环境经济政策对建立我国生态文明建设长效机制发挥了重要作用,"十四五"时期需要通过进一步深化环境经济政策改革与创新以适应新时代生态文明建设需要。本文研究提出了我国"十四五"时期环境经济政策改革思路、框架与重点,认为我国"十四五"时期环境经济政策改革要深入贯彻习近平生态文明思想,系统考虑政策改革创新面临的新形势和新要求,推进建立"两山"转化和环境质量达标的长效激励机制,突出环境质量持续改善激励、突出经济过程全链条调控,突出政策手段的系统优化与协同增效,突出政策执行能力保障。继续推进生态环境财政制度改革,深化绿色价格税费机制创新,推进建立多元化、市场化生态补偿制度,健全生态环境权益交易机制,完善绿色金融体系,并同步推进完善生态环境价值核算、环境信息公开和信用体系、资源环境名录、政策绩效评估等政策实施配套能力建设,构建全面支撑生态文明建设的环境经济政策体系,推进环境治理体系和治理能力现代化。     

Implementation and Participation in China's Local Environmental Politics: Challenges and Innovations

With its recently published 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP, 2011–2015) China's leaders have set ambitious national environmental targets and goals for developing a more sustainable economy and society. Past records, however, show that ambitious goals and regulations too often fail due to shortcomings in local implementation and civil society participation. At the sub-national level, economic, political, and social interests continue to dictate the political agenda and the participation of non-state actors remains limited. This article analyses these implementation and participation gaps and reviews recent innovations and experiments to address these gaps in local environmental politics in China. Although many ongoing experiments and new institutional arrangements can be identified, these projects and initiatives remain limited in scope and geographical spread. Further advances in policy enforcement and in opening up policy design to citizens and other non-state actors at the local level are needed in order to turn the article ambitions of the 12th FYP into reality.     

中央环保绩效考核对地方二氧化硫排放量的影响：基于“十一五”与“十二五”时期的检验

基于"十一五"和"十二五"期间(2006—2015)我国31个省份的面板数据,以二氧化硫排放量为研究对象,发现以环境约束性指标为抓手的环保绩效考核有效减少了地方的二氧化硫排放量,且"十二五"期间的政策驱动力比"十一五"期间更强。随着环保绩效考核的持续推进,年轻的省委书记越来越关注污染减排,但与年长的省委书记相比,环境绩效依然较差。总体来说,官员异质性对环境政策执行效果的影响正在逐渐减弱,制度化机制对地方环境治理的驱动效果正在增强。在"十四五"期间,进一步优化中央环保绩效考核制度将成为"打赢蓝天保卫战"的关键所在。     

The Definition of Brownfield

This paper discusses the need for a more robust definition of the term 'brownfield' from a multidisciplinary perspective. It examines the issues involved in constructing an agreed and accepted definition and its importance with regard to UK government policy. Current usage of the term 'brownfield' and related terminology is reviewed. The paper proposes that: a brownfield site is any land or premises which has previously been used or developed and is not currently fully in use, although it may be partially occupied or utilized. It may also be vacant, derelict or contaminated. Therefore a brownfield site is not necessarily available for immediate use without intervention. Interpretation of the terminology incorporated with the definition is presented herein. The definition is subsequently evaluated with respect to the views of different stakeholder groups involved in the redevelopment of brownfield sites.     

USE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MUNICIPAL WATER RESTRICTIONS DURING DROUGHT IN COLORADO1

ABSTRACT: Drought conditions in the summer of 2002 prompted several cities along Colorado's Front Range to enact restrictions on outdoor water use, focusing primarily on limiting the frequency of lawn watering. The different approaches utilized by eight water providers were tracked to determine the level of water savings achieved, measured as a comparison of 2002 usage to 2000 to 2001 average usage, and also based on a statistical estimate of 2002 “expected use” that accounts for the impact of drought conditions on demand. Mandatory restrictions were shown to be an effective tool for drought coping. During periods of mandatory restrictions, savings measured in expected use per capita ranged from 18 to 56 percent, compared to just 4 to 12 percent savings during periods of voluntary restrictions. As anticipated, providers with the most stringent restrictions achieved the greatest savings.     

Local or global food markets: A comparison of energy use for transport

Abstract

This study compares energy use for food transport to a farmers' market in Sweden with energy use for transport in the conventional food system. The farmers' market was investigated through data sampling from on-site investigations. The conventional food system was studied with the aid of life cycle assessments reported in the literature. Overall, the study found no significant differences in levels of energy use for transport to the farmers' market compared with the conventional food system. For certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, transport-related energy use was much lower in the local system although the season in Sweden for this kind of product is restricted to two or three months at the end of the summer. However, there is considerable potential to increase energy efficiency in local food systems by organizing the selling in new ways and by using more energy efficient vehicles.     

Mining amid decentralization. Local governments and mining in the Philippines

In recent years, as part of its neoliberal development paradigm, the Government of the Philippines has engaged in efforts to encourage extraction of the nation's mineral resources. The Philippines is also a country where decentralization has devolved substantial powers to local governments. Concern over potentially adverse environmental effects has led to opposition to mining by some local governments in the Philippines. This opposition has led to the withholding of consent to mining projects by local governments and, in some cases, the implementation of moratoriums banning mining. Central to this opposition have been the activities of civil society groups, and their collaboration with local governments. This collaboration has involved the drafting of legislation prohibiting mining and support of candidates for office who are opposed to mining. Collectively, Filipino local governments and civil society groups are examples of the concept of governance, a dispersed process wherein society manages itself for the betterment of all its members. For mining companies seeking to implement projects, it is no longer sufficient to have the consent of the national Government — that of local governance forces must also be considered.     

CONTROLLING NONPOINT EXTERNALITIES WITH INPUT RESTRICTIONS IN AN IRRIGATED RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Irrigated agriculture is a major nonpoint source of surface water quality degradation. Nonpoint source discharges can be controlled by either output taxes or restrictions, or input taxes or restrictions. The economic theory of externality control with taxes or restrictions on input use is developed. The effectiveness of alternative input control policies in improving surface water quality is demonstrated with a mathematical model of the agriculture and water quality in Washington State's Yakima River Basin. Water quality parameters considered were river nitrogen concentration, water temperature, and cropland soil losses. Producer and social abatement costs were the most important measures of policy effectiveness.     

区域大气污染防治管理系统建设需求分析

区域大气污染防治管理系统是生态环境保护信息化工程(《"十二五"国家政务信息化工程建设规划》中规划的国家级信息系统之一)项目建设的重要内容之一.本文对区域大气污染防治管理系统的建设需求进行了分析,系统针对大尺度的区域性大气环境质量问题,紧密结合国务院"大气污染防治行动计划"的目标任务要求,开展数据调度与综合分析等功能的建设,旨在通过数据分析提高重点区域大气环境质量状况与污染成因的评估能力,通过情景模拟与模型运算为区域大气污染治理措施的制定与动态调整提供定量化数据支持.系统的建设与实施将有望成为国家大气污染防治领域跨部门数据共享与交换的基础工程,为区域大气污染防治工作提供有力的信息化技术支撑.