政府如何推动技术交易市场的发展

政府提供“种子”基金：目的是引导培育高新技术产业的风险投资。风险投资主体的培育首先需要政府的引导,也就是要政府带头投资设立风险投资公司和风险投资基金,拉动风险投资业的快速发展当然这也离不开风险投资退出机制所起的作用。因此,要解决四川省技术产权交易市场上缺乏技术产权收购主体的问题,并使风险投资主体多样化,必须通过政府出资设立“种子”基金,来建立风险投资队伍,用强烈的示范效应,引导社会资金各级投入风险投资业,并建立配套的退出机制。这里关键是要充分利用政府的示范效应,通过政策导向,鼓励民间资本参与组建…     

中国动态

国家发改委、财政部启动实施新兴产业创投计划。首批将与北京、吉林、上海、安徽、湖南、重庆、深圳7省（市）合作，吸引社会投资参与，结合地方产业发展特点和区域优势，发起设立20只创业投资基金。基金主要投向生物医药、新能源、节能环保等国家鼓励发展的高新技术产业，重点扶持处于初创期、成长期的创新型企业和高成长性企业。     

农村污水处理设施建设运营探析——以青岛市黄岛区为例

近几年,国家加大了对农村的扶持力度,一大批农村污水处理设施相继投入建设运营,一定程度改善了农村的生态环境,促进了农村环保工作。但农村污水治理不同于城市,受到运营经费、管理模式、部分农民环保意识不高等影响,农村污水处理设施的运行管理情况并不容乐观,需探索一种适合农村的污水处理方式、运营管理模式和检查监测形式,形成长效管理的有效机制。     

关于深化环保投资体制改革的若干思考

环保投资体制是指在特定经济体制下，由环境保护投资领域中投资主体、计划管理、资金筹集、资金使用以及投资服务市场体系等要素组成的运作体系。环保投资体制是国民经济投资体制中的一个组成部分。随着国民经济投资体制的变革和市场经济体制的逐步形成，现行的环保投资体制正面临着严峻地挑战。因此，深化改革我国现行的环保投资体制，建立一个与市场经济相适应的环保投资体制已迫在眉睫。一、环保投资体制改革现状剖析（一）环保投资体制的改革历程国民经济投资体制改革始于1979年。在此之前，固定资产投资基本上来自国家（中央和地方）财…     

水污染防治领域PPP项目投资回报机制设计

在国家相关政策的支持引导下,采用政府和社会资本合作(PPP)模式实施的水污染防治项目逐渐增多。合理的投资回报是社会资本参与PPP项目的关键所在。本文通过对水污染防治项目特点、不同付费方式及适用条件进行分析,对投资回报的内在机理进行了分析,提出水污染防治PPP项目投资回报机制设计原则,包括应符合市场配置特点,充分考虑项目风险影响,确保社会资本"盈利但不暴利"、以政府财政承受能力为底线、不以保底承诺、固定回报变相融资。在此基础上,从投资回报是社会资本方服务绩效的对价、合理设计保底需求和超额收益分享机制、合理设计服务价格及调整机制、合理拓宽可行性缺口补助投资回报方式等方面对投资回报机制要点进行了探讨,以期为同类项目的实施提供参考。     

看川投如何做大资本“蛋糕”

作为一家省级政府的政策性投资公司,四川省投资集团有限责任公司在资本市场上的名声本不是很响亮。1998年川投集团在两个月的时间里连续整体兼并了两家上市公司长钢和峨铁,因而在中国资本市场上声名鹊起。随之而来的一系列资本经营动作让人们刮目相看,川投集团在资本市场上的运作一步比一步更精彩。 　　四川省投资集团有限责任公司是四川省政府的投资主体,主要从事能源、交通、原材料工业等项目的投资建设,经过10多年的发展,已成为一个拥有10个全资子公司,10余个控股公司,总资产220多亿元,总投资规模超过800亿元的大型投资集团公司。川投集团拥有一批如二滩电站、江油电厂、广安电厂、黄桷庄电厂、宝珠寺电站以及达成铁路、宝成复线、天华大化肥等大中型骨干企业。这些项目正在发挥出效益,它们是川投集团的一批优质资产。近年来,随着中央西部大开发战略的实施,川投集团又加大了对高科技项目的投资力度,一批控股、参股的高新科技企业,正在建设和发展之中。……     

2000年度科技型中小企业技术创新基金环保重点项目指南

科技型中小企业技术创新基金作为中央政府的专项基金,将按照市场经济的客观规律进行运作,遵循诚实申请、公正受理、科学审理、择优支持、公开透明、专款专用的原则。面向各种所有制类型的科技型中小企业,并有效地吸引地方政府、企业、风险投资机构和金融机构对科技型中小企业进行投资,逐步推动建立起符合市场经济客观规律的高新技术产业化投资机制,从而进一步优化科技投资资源,营造有利于科技型中小企业创新和发展的良好环境。 　　根据国务院办公厅颁发的《科技部、财政部关于科技型中小企业技术创新基金的暂行规定》,科技部按照国…     

我国环保产业关联效应的投入产出分析

本文通过对比2007年与2012年投入产出表中环保产业与国民经济42个产业部门间的关联程度及结构的变化,分析得出环保产业的发展现状及产业关联结构有所优化。"环保产业不环保"的现状已有一定的改善,而"环保产业不服务于环保"的现象仍有碍于环保产业投资效率的进一步提升,大部分环保投资仍在中间生产过程中被消耗,产业生产效率水平较低。因此,政府应通过扩大环保技术投资、强化环境规制等政策打好产业组合拳,促进社会资本投资在加强环保产业内部竞争方面的综合作用,从而提高环保产业自身的价值创造能力,促进环保投资效率的提高。     

中国省级土壤污染防治基金设立思考与探索

设立基金是国内外解决土壤污染治理与修复资金不足的通用做法,是新时期绿色金融促进绿色发展的重要措施。土壤污染治理与修复具有投入大、周期长和收益低等特点,设立土壤污染防治基金可充分发挥财政资金的引导、增信和激励作用,是“污染者付费”原则下的重要补充。本文在系统梳理国内外土壤基金资金来源、使用范围、监督管理等特征的基础上,立足于《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》和《土壤污染防治基金管理办法》中的土壤污染防治基金制度框架,针对基金运作模式、启动与支持范围、项目储备与前期研究、制度体系构建等方面提出了省级土壤污染防治基金设立及其优化建议。本文表明,土壤污染防治基金制度是新时期国家生态环境保护和治理理念更新的重要体现,该制度的有效落地对解决当前突出的土壤污染问题意义重大;在上位法的框架下,对基金模式、使用、运行、监督和绩效评估等方面进行细化和规范,有效融合金融财政和土壤污染防治要素,系统构建土壤污染防治基金制度体系将有效促进该政策的顺利落地。本文可为土壤污染防治基金制度的完善和实施提供参考与借鉴。     

公众参与对区域环境治理绩效影响机制的实证研究

本文利用2011—2015年我国省际面板数据,通过主成分分析法构造区域环境污染指标以衡量区域环境治理绩效,进而建立面板数据模型,实证分析了三种公众环境参与方式(即投诉上访、献言建策和自媒体舆论)对区域环境治理绩效的直接和间接影响,以期为构建政府—企业—公众多元共治的环境治理体系提出建议。实证结果表明,我国公众环境参与对提升区域环境治理绩效有一定的积极作用,自媒体舆论对区域环境治理绩效的直接影响最大。同时,我国公众主要是通过参与并监督政府环境行政规制提升区域环境治理绩效,在参与地方政府环境法律政策的制定和实施,以及驱动地方政府环保资金投入方面尚有不足。因此,本文提出提升区域环境治理绩效的三点建议:创建公众环境参与政法平台,健全公众环境参与自媒体方式,增加环境治理的环保投资。     

我国生态环境损害赔偿资金制度的困境与出路

关于环境公益诉讼赔偿资金的归属，我国实践中有环保部门主管、纳入国库、纳入法院指定账户、纳入专项账户等不同归属模式，但在其管理与使用方面，我国尚且存在诸如地方生态环境损害赔偿资金管理办法名称不统一、资金使用系统不透明、社会公众査询难、地方行政机关干预过多、资金监管机制不健全等问题。本文拟建议设立"全国生态环境损害赔偿基金"，对环境公益诉讼产生的损害赔偿金以及各地方未统一管理的环境保护资金等相关资金进行统筹与规范，以期推进我国生态环境损害赔偿资金制度的完善。为此，需要明确生态环境损害赔偿基金的资金来源，规范生态环境损害赔偿基金的使用、监督机制，明确环保部门的监督职责，构建资金使用的信息公开制度，强化环保组织的监督权，在此基础上进一步对生态环境损害赔偿基金制定严格的管理办法，以规范并指导基金的有效运作。     

A model of costs and resources for rural and peri-urban water supply and sanitation in the 1990s

This article develops a model of cost and financing strategies for rural and peri-urban water supply and sanitation. It suggests that significant progress towards the World Summit for Children's goal of universal access to water supply and sanitation can be made if a combination of strategies is adopted. On the cost side, significant cost reductions should be possible through efficiency in resource use and reduction of system management costs. On the financing side, it suggests restructuring the financing of the sector with improved efficiency and greater cost recovery in urban services; full recovery of operation and maintenance costs; cost sharing through community contributions in kind such as local labour and financially in rural and peri-urban water supply for basic levels of service depending on willingness and ability to pay and full cost recovery for higher levels of service; a high degree of cost recovery in rural and peri-urban sanitation; development of institutional structures for both collection and management of revenues; development of alternate financing mechanisms such as rural credit schemes and revolving funds, adapted in specific country contexts, including the required institutional mechanisms; and additional allocations from governments and external support agencies. Additional government or external financing alone, while critical, will not of itself lead to effectiveness in the use of resources. Equally, cost recovery alone cannot lead to universal access and sustainable solutions. A composite set of actions is needed within which building capacities of institutions and people is necessary for sustainability .     

京津冀及周边地区清洁取暖补贴政策现状、问题与对策

京津冀及周边地区以燃煤为主的农户冬季采暖方式是影响区域大气环境质量的重要原因之一,大规模推进清洁取暖改造是优化区域能源结构、改善大气环境质量的重要举措.本文以京津冀大气污染传输通道城市("2+26"城市)为重点,全面梳理了京津冀及周边地区清洁取暖政策特别是补贴政策的实施情况和主要问题,对近期区域清洁取暖改造补贴投资进行测算,提出未来农村清洁取暖补贴政策的优化建议.结果表明,在现行补贴标准下,补贴资金投入额的差异主要来源于清洁取暖技术路径及农居建筑节能性能的差异,使用热泵类设备并进行建筑节能改造对降低补贴资金投入有积极影响;中央财政的清洁取暖试点城市奖补资金只能覆盖2019年改造补贴所需投资总额的20%左右,地方政府财政压力巨大.未来京津冀及周边地区农村清洁取暖补贴政策应继续充分发挥中央财政支持作用,充分利用市场建立多元化投融资机制,已大规模推进农村清洁取暖改造并已制定清洁取暖补贴政策的地区应继续制定新的补贴政策,尚未大规模改造的地区建议通过试点补贴方式逐步引导推广,清洁取暖补贴标准的制定和调整应在农户可接受、政府可承担的前提下逐步实现退坡.     

乡镇经济生态化与生态环境协调发展研究——以浙江省丽水市为例

丽水市乡镇工业崛起迅速,乡镇经济发展成绩明显,但经济增长方式仍以粗放型为主,环境污染出现了蔓延。技术落后、自主创新能力不足,资金短缺、融资困难,行政生态环境有待完善三方面因素阻碍了丽水市乡镇经济生态化建设。为了促进乡镇经济生态化与生态环境协调发展,针对上述问题提出了以优化产业结构、完善金融服务、加快服务型政府建设为基础,以循环经济、特色经济、生态旅游等生态经济化为发展模式,以生态资源有偿使用、生态环境补偿机制为保障的对策。     

CAN STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ASSUME MORE OF THE COSTS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT?1

ABSTRACT As availability of funds in the federal budget for water development has decreased recently, pressure has increased for state and local governments to pay a larger share of the costs. In this situation a difficult question immediately arises-what is the capability of state and local governments to pay a larger share? Of course, there is no easy answer. Expenditures of public funds are policy outcomes of a government's political process in which political, economic, legal and other factors are involved in complex relationships. The traditional sources of capital funds for state and local governments include bond proceeds, tax revenues, and federal financial aid (state aid is also a major source of local government funds). The issuing of bonds is hampered by a variety of legal debt limitations, but there are means for circumventing the limitations. State and local governments vary widely in amounts of taxable resources available and in the extent to which these resources have been tapped. More effective use of revenue resources could be made in some cases. New sources of capital funds for water development ought to be considered-a fee on the use of water per se, for example. Costs associated with water use currently are imposed to cover development costs, but a state might impose additional use fees earmarked for a state water development fund.     

Access and Local Government Research: Methodological Reflections

This methodological paper draws on research from Australia to examine the question of gaining access to local governments in undertaking work on natural resource management. It is argued that a range of macro-level changes have impacted on the local government sector in Australia, and these changes have rendered access problematic for researchers. These changes include an expansion of local government roles, an increase in financial pressure within the sector, a proliferation of audit measures across local governments and a low level of respect amongst local government personnel for academics and academic work. The paper concludes by identifying the reasons why understanding access in qualitative research on local government and environmental sustainability is important.     

地方政府投融资平台信息披露问题研究

地方政府投融资平台在促进地方经济发展，推动城市化进程，应对国际金融危机等方面发挥了重要作用。但由于缺乏统一的管理，各地方政府投融资平台财务状况披露不公开、不透明，债务风险急剧扩大，引起了有关部门和专家学者的高度关注。各地方政府应将融资平台的各种信息，特别是债务情况，定期向主管部门报告，建立地方投融资平台信用评价方法，使得投融资平台朝着健康、良性的方向发展。     

Access and Local Government Research: Methodological Reflections

Abstract

This methodological paper draws on research from Australia to examine the question of gaining access to local governments in undertaking work on natural resource management. It is argued that a range of macro-level changes have impacted on the local government sector in Australia, and these changes have rendered access problematic for researchers. These changes include an expansion of local government roles, an increase in financial pressure within the sector, a proliferation of audit measures across local governments and a low level of respect amongst local government personnel for academics and academic work. The paper concludes by identifying the reasons why understanding access in qualitative research on local government and environmental sustainability is important.     

关于地方环保机构监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革重点任务的基本考虑

为顺利推进省以下环保机构监测监察执法垂直管理制度改革工作进程,本文围绕垂直管理制度改革的方向与主线,对涉及垂直管理改革的环保责任清单、环境监察、环境监测、环境执法、市(地)级派出县级环保分局和省级对市(地)级环保局的双重管理等六个方面的主要改革任务,从改革方案的基本考虑、基本方向和具体实施路径进行系统解读,为下一步试点省份实施垂直管理制度改革提供可操作性的政策指引。     

Environmental auditing: Theory and applications

The environmental audit has become a regular part of corporate environmental management in Canada and is also gaining recognition in the public sector. A 1991 survey of 75 private sector companies across Canada revealed that 76% (57/75) had established environmental auditing programs. A similar survey of 19 federal, provincial, and municipal government departments revealed that 11% (2/19) had established such programs. The information gained from environmental audits can be used to facilitate and enhance environmental management from the single facility level to the national and international levels. This paper is divided into two sections: section one examines environmental audits at the facility/company level and discusses environmental audit characteristics, trends, and driving forces not commonly found in the available literature. Important conclusions are: that wherever possible, an action plan to correct the identified problems should be an integral part of an audit, and therefore there should be a close working relationship between auditors, managers, and employees, and that the first audits will generally be more difficult, time consuming, and expensive than subsequent audits. Section two looks at environmental audits in the broader context and discusses the relationship between environmental audits and three other environmental information gathering/analysis tools: environmental impact assessments, state of the environment reports, and new systems of national accounts. The argument is made that the information collected by environmental audits and environmental impact assessments at the facility/company level can be used as the bases for regional and national state of the environment reports and new systems of national accounts.