富营养化藻类及其控制方法的探讨

文章在通过调研大量文献的基础上，探讨了藻类繁殖与水体富营养化之间的关系及富营养化的评价指标，以蓝藻为例介绍了当前抑制水体富营养化的主要方法，并对新的研究方向进行了展望。     

改进的属性识别模型在湖泊富营养化评价中的应用

随着经济发展,水污染日益加剧,水体富营养化问题目益突出.将改进的属性识别模型结合熵权法对新疆艾比湖的富营养化状况进行了评价,并与综合营养状态指数法和改进密切值法进行比较,结果吻合.该方法计算简便,评价结果客观、合理,为湖泊水质的富营养化评价提供一种简便实用的评价方法.     

西南地区高尔夫球场人工湖水体富营养化状况及其季节变化——以成都麓山高尔夫球场人工湖为例

为评价西南地区高尔夫球场人工湖的营养状态,并探讨影响球场湖泊富营养化的原因,2010年1月至12月,以成都麓山高尔夫球场为例,对球场的4个球道人工湖(12号球道、13号球道、14号球道和16号球道)水体的水体理化性质进行监测。结果显示:人工湖的富营养化程度呈季节性变化,其在试验期内综合营养状态已达到轻度富营养的状态。水体营养盐主要来自于球场草坪的施肥,氮、磷等营养物质随降水输入人工湖,从而引起的湖泊富营养化,尤其体现在多雨的夏季。     

淄博田庄水库水质分布特征与富营养化评价

根据田庄水库的自然地理和水文特征，作者选择7个监测点，定量监测了水库和入库河段的水质分布特征，并采用卡森水质营养状态指数法和特里指数法对水库富营养化情况进行综合评价。研究结果表明，在所有监测点中NH4^＋-N、TN、TP均严重超标，田庄水库现状水体已经达到轻度富营养化水平；从入库、库区至出库的表层水体中，TP的浓度逐渐降低；除DO外，在水库的垂直剖面上，其他指标浓度随深度的增加呈增加的趋势。     

济宁南四湖水质富营养化评价及防治对策研究

以2012年南四湖水质监测数据为依据,采用修正的卡森指数法（TSIM）对南四湖水质进行评价。结果表明,修正卡森指数的评价结果为TSIM=56．04,南四湖已达到富营养化的标准。根据评价结果,从工业废水、生活污水排放、底质、农业生产、渔业养殖的影响方面分析了水体富营养化的原因,从减少外源污染物、应用生物措施和发展健康水产养殖模式三个方面提出了南四湖水体富营养化的防治对策。     

郪江流域遂宁段水环境质量调查和评价

为研究郪江流域遂宁段水环境质量，对郪江干流和8条支流开展了现场调查和定期监测。采用内梅罗综合污染指数、断面类别比例法和水环境质量指数对流域水质进行了综合分析。利用综合营养状态指数对水源地水体富营养化进行了评价。结果表明：郪江流域遂宁段水质不能够达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准要求，水质为轻度污染，枯、平水期水质优于丰水期。支流水质较差，加重了干流水体负荷。流域部分饮用水源地为Ⅳ类水质，同时表现为轻度富营养化。研究成果为水质改善提供理论依据和水生态环境质量稳定达标提供技术支撑。     

三峡库区澎溪河营养盐时空变化特征及富营养化评价

为考察三峡库区澎溪河营养盐的时空分布特征及营养状态,于2013~2014年对澎溪河不同断面透明度、高锰酸盐指数以及总氮、氨氮、总磷、叶绿素a的含量进行取样调查,对营养盐的时空变化特征进行分析,结合相关性分析,利用单因子法和综合营养状态指数法评价水体营养盐结构和营养状态。结果发现,澎溪河营养盐具有明显的季节差异性和空间分布差异性。相关性分析表明澎溪河上游河段叶绿素a含量与透明度、高锰酸盐指数、总氮含量、总磷含量的线性相关性不显著,而中段高阳渡口叶绿素a含量与总磷含量呈极显著正相关。单因子法评价结果显示,澎溪河水质为Ⅱ~Ⅲ类。水体综合营养状态指标范围为56~135,处于富营养至重度富营养化状态之间;春季3~5月及秋季10月,部分断面富营养化状态极高。     

湖泊水环境预测及污染的综合治理措施

湖泊水环境污染问题是世界性的环境问题，本文根据湖泊水的特点及水污染的现状，主要论述了湖泊水体的污染评价方法，及水环境预测方法在湖泊水体治理中的重要作用，并综合分析了富营养化的湖泊水治理措施。     

兴隆湖水生态修复工程对水质影响的研究

近年来，以生物方法为核的水生态修复技术已经越来越多的被应用到城市湖泊治理工作之中。为了评价兴隆湖水生态综合提升工程对湖区水体水质的修复治理效果，本研究对湖区3个点位开展了持续的水质监测，分析工程实施前后水体中总氮、总磷等指标浓度变化情况，采用富营养化状态指数法对比分析湖区富营养化程度变化情况，并对采样点位和水质指标间的关系开展相关性分析。结果如下：相比于治理前，治理后1号点和3号点的TP、NH₃-N、COD浓度值均降至Ⅰ类标准，TN浓度值从Ⅲ类标准降至Ⅱ类，治理效果显著。营养状态评价结果表明，治理后三个点位的营养化等级仍处于“中营养”水平，营养指数变化率分别为15.5%、12.53%、17.01%。相关性分析结果表明，各点位间的水质指标表现出一定的相似性。根据数据分析结果，本工程的实施可显著改善水体水质，治理后的水质指标较治理前基本上都得到了较大的提升，为大型城市人工湖全湖开展水生态修复建立了工程示范，并为日后相关工程的建设提供了经验参考。     

金山湖水体水质评价及主导因子研究

采用综合营养状态指数法(TLI)对金山湖的3个监测点位在2012年的水质进行了评价。结果显示,八号码头监测点全年呈现中营养状态;京口闸监测点在丰水期呈现中营养,在枯水期有轻度富营养状态出现;虹桥港监测点水体呈现"轻度富营养-中营养-轻度富营养"的变化趋势。并采用主成分分析法,分析虹桥港监测点水体富营养化的主导因子,为控制金山湖水污染提供依据。分析结果表明,溶解氧、总磷和高锰酸盐指数是虹桥港监测点水体富营养的主导因子。因此,削减金山湖水体中磷营养盐和高锰酸盐,提高溶解氧含量是控制该监测点水污染的主要措施。     

邛海水质变化趋势及保护对策研究

本文通过对邛海流域现状污染源进行调查,邛海流域COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷产生量分别为5892.1t/a、995.6t/a、2888.2t/a和1105.1t/a,污染负荷主要来自面源污染.通过2002 ～ 2011年邛海水质监测数据分析,邛海水质近10年总体保持Ⅱ～Ⅲ类,处于中营养状态,2004～ 2006年水质相对较差,2006年以后水质逐渐好转.总磷、总氮是邛海主要污染因子,海河口是邛海污染最严重的区域.为实现邛海水质和流域生态环境持续改善,从产业结构优化、流域污染源治理、生态保育和流域生态环境综合监管等方面提出对策建议.     

“Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models” by Dale M. Robertson and David A. Saad2

Richards, R. Peter, Ibrahim Alameddine, J. David Allan, David B. Baker, Nathan S. Bosch, Remegio Confesor, Joseph V. DePinto, David M. Dolan, Jeffrey M. Reutter, and Donald Scavia, 2012. Discussion –“Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models” by Dale M. Robertson and David A. Saad. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐10. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12006 Abstract: Results from the Upper Midwest Major River Basin (MRB3) SPARROW model and underlying Fluxmaster load estimates were compared with detailed data available in the Lake Erie and Ohio River watersheds. Fluxmaster and SPARROW estimates of tributary loads tend to be biased low for total phosphorus and high for total nitrogen. These and other limitations of the application led to an overestimation of the relative contribution of point sources vs. nonpoint sources of phosphorus to eutrophication conditions in Lake Erie, when compared with direct estimates for data‐rich Ohio tributaries. These limitations include the use of a decade‐old reference point (2002), lack of modeling of dissolved phosphorus, lack of inclusion of inputs from the Canadian Lake Erie watersheds and from Lake Huron, and the choice to summarize results for the entire United States Lake Erie watershed, as opposed to the key Western and Central Basin watersheds that drive Lake Erie’s eutrophication processes. Although the MRB3 SPARROW model helps to meet a critical need by modeling unmonitored watersheds and ranking rivers by their estimated relative contributions, we recommend caution in use of the MRB3 SPARRROW model for Lake Erie management, and argue that the management of agricultural nonpoint sources should continue to be the primary focus for the Western and Central Basins of Lake Erie.     

Nutrient Response Modeling in Falls of the Neuse Reservoir

In order to study system responses of Falls of the Neuse Reservoir (Falls Lake) to varied nutrient loadings, a coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic and eutrophication model was applied. The model was calibrated using 2005 and 2006 intensive survey data, and validated using 2007 survey data. Compared with historical hydrological records, 2005 and 2007 were considered as dry years and 2006 was recognized as a normal year. Relatively higher nutrient fluxes from the sediment were specified for dry year model simulations. The differences were probably due to longer residence time and hence higher nutrient retention rate during dry years in Falls Lake. During the normal year of 2006, approximately 70% of total nitrogen (TN) and 80% of total phosphorus (TP) were delivered from the tributaries; about 20% (TN and TP) were from the sediment bottom. During the dry years of 2005 and 2007, the amount of TN released from sediment was equivalent to that introduced from the tributaries, indicating the critical role of nutrient recycling within the system in dry years. The model results also suggest that both nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting phytoplankton growth in Falls Lake. In the upper part of the lake where high turbidity was observed, nitrogen limitation appeared to dominate. Scenario model runs also suggest that great nutrient loading reductions are needed for Falls Lake to meet the water quality standard.     

Lake eutrophication management modeling using dynamic programming

Lake eutrophication problems have received considerable attention in Taiwan, especially because they relate to the quality of drinking water. In this study, steady-state river water quality and lake eutrophication models are solved using dynamic programming algorithms to find the nutrient removal rates for eutrophication control during dry season. The kinetic cycle of chlorophyll-a, phosphorus and nitrogen for a complete-mixed lake is considered in the optimization framework. The Newton-iterative technique is adopted to solve the nonlinear equations for the steady-state lake eutrophication model. The optimization framework is applied to Cheng-Ching Lake in southern Taiwan. Several nutrient loading scenarios for eutrophication control are studied. Optimization results for nutrient removal rates and corresponding wastewater treatment capacities of each reach of the Kao-Ping River define the least cost approach to lake eutrophication control. A natural purification method, structural free water surface wetland, is also suggested to save more investment and improve river water quality at the same time.     

A MONTE CARLO TEST OF LOAD CALCULATION METHODS,LAKE TAHOE BASIN,CALIFORNIA‐NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: The sampling of streams and estimation of total loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment play an important role in efforts to control the eutrophication of Lake Tahoe. We used a Monte Carlo procedure to test the precision and bias of four methods of calculating total constituent loads for nitrate‐nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, total phosphorus, and suspended sediment in one major tributary of the lake. The methods tested were two forms of the Beale's Ratio Estimator, the Period Weighted Sample, and the Rating Curve. Intensive sampling in 1985 (a dry year) and 1986 (a wet year) provided a basis for estimating loads by the “worked record” method for comparison with estimates based on resampling actual data at the lower intensity that characterizes the present monitoring program. The results show that: (1) the Period Weighted Sample method was superior to the other methods for all constituents for 1985; and (2) for total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and suspended sediment, the Rating Curve gave the best results in 1986. Modification of the present sampling program and load calculation methods may be necessary to improve the precision and reduce the bias of estimates of total phosphorus loads in basin streams.     

奥运湖不同补水方案营养状态趋势分析

规划中的奥运湖位于奥林匹克公园，运行中将采用人工补水方式。为保证未来奥运湖的正常景观生态功能，源水经奥运公园中人工湿地处理后再引入湖中。在规划设计阶段，提出三种补水方案：（1）清河再生水厂出水经湿地处理后入湖，（2）清河河水经湿地处理后入湖，（3）经湿地处理达地表水环境标准中的Ⅳ类水要求后入湖。为了考察不同水源补水方案对奥运湖的水质保障程度，本研究对不同方案下奥运公园湖水质的时间、空间变化过程予以模拟，分析评价奥运湖可能出现的富营养化状况，并对各个补水方案带来的富营养化风险和基本成因予以推断，为奥运湖的设计运行提供技术依据。结果表明，方案3的富营养化风险最小、水质保障程度最高。结合三种补水方案水质特点，推断磷是主要限制因子，所以控制磷的浓度是保证水质安全、降低富营养化风险的重要途径。     

Ecological effects after an alum treatment in Spring Lake, Michigan

A whole-lake alum treatment was applied to eutrophic Spring Lake during October and November 2005. Eight months later, an ecological assessment of the lake was performed and compared with data collected in 2003 and 2004. Field measurements showed reduced soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the water column the summer after the alum application, but chlorophyll levels and irradiance profiles were not significantly affected. Total macroinvertebrate density declined significantly in 2006 compared with 2004, with chaoborids and oligochaetes experiencing the greatest reductions. Internal phosphorus release rates, measured using sediment cores incubated in the laboratory, ranged from -0.052 to 0.877 mg TP m(-2) d(-1) under anaerobic conditions. These internal loading rates were significantly lower than those measured in 2003 at three out of four sites. Mean porewater SRP concentrations were lower in 2006 than in 2003, but this difference was statistically significant only under aerobic conditions. The NaOH-extractable SRP fraction in the sediment was also significantly lower in 2006 compared with 2003, whereas the HCl-extractable SRP sediment fraction showed the opposite pattern. Overall, these results indicate that the alum treatment effectively reduced internal P loading in Spring Lake. However, water column phosphorus concentrations remain high in this system, presumably due to high external loading levels, and may account for the high chlorophyll levels. An integrated watershed management approach that includes reducing internal and external inputs of P is necessary to address the cultural eutrophication of Spring Lake.     

Geostatistical analysis and risk assessment on soil total nitrogen and total soil phosphorus in the Dongting Lake plain area, China

Nonpoint-source pollution and water body eutrophication have become increasing concerns for scientists and policymakers. Nitrogen and phosphorus affect environmental pollution, especially lake eutrophication. To assess the environmental risk of soil total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) pollution, a typical ecological unit of Dongting Lake plain was selected as the experimental site. To verify the stationary of the data, a moving windows technique was adopted. Our results showed that Box-Cox transformation achieved normality in the data set and dampened the effect of outliers. The best theoretical model for semivariogram of TN and TP was a spherical model. The ordinary kriging estimates of TN and TP concentrations were mapped. The integrative comparisons of semivariogram parameters with different trends to the kriging prediction errors of TN and TP indicated that the two-order trend is preferable. Kriging SDs provided valuable information that will increase the accuracy of TN and TP mapping. The probability kriging method is useful to assess the risk of N and P pollution by providing the conditional probability of N and P concentrations exceeding the threshold concentrations of 3.2 and 1.05 g/kg, respectively. The probability distribution of TN and TP at different levels will be helpful to conduct risk assessment, optimize fertilization, and control the pollution of N and P.     

POTENTIAL PHOSPHORUS LOAD REDUCTIONS UNDER THE LAKE OKEECHOBEE REGULATORY PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT: Nutrient loading from beef pastures located within the northern Lake Okeechobee watershed in Florida, has been identified as a source of phosphorus contributing to the accelerated eutrophication of the lake. Since 1989 within the watershed, 557 agricultural drainage sites, mainly beef pasture, have been monitored for compliance under a regulatory program. Of those sites, 154 were actively monitored for phosphorus concentrations from October 1, 1998, to September 30, 1999. Of these 154 sites, 77 were considered to be out of compliance (OOC). An OOC site is defined as having runoff with a 12‐month average phosphorus concentration exceeding the permitted discharge limit. The average annual phosphorous load from the 77 OOC sites for an eight‐year study period from October 1, 1991, to September 30, 1999, was estimated using measured concentration values and simulated runoff obtained from an agricultural nonpoint source pollution model, CREAMS‐WT. The 77 OOC sites produced an estimated average annual 46 metric tonnes of phosphorus load, of which an estimated 22 tonnes of phosphorus reached Lake Okeechobee on an average annual basis. The remaining estimated average annual 24 tonnes of phosphorus load was retained by streams and wetlands in the discharge transport system between the sites and the lake. The estimated average annual load reaching Lake Okeechobee from the OOC sites represented 11 percent of the phosphorus load above a five‐year average annual target load for the lake. However, the OOC site drainage areas represented only 3 percent of the northern watershed that drains into the lake. Of the 77 OOC sites, 12 sites had an average annual phosphorus loading rate equal to or greater than 3.0 kg/ha and were placed on the priority list for the Critical Restoration Project in the Lake Okeechobee watershed. To estimate the possible phosphorus load reductions from the 77 sites, two scenarios were modeled. The first scenario reduced phosphorus concentrations in runoff to the permitted discharge limits under the Lake Okeechobee regulatory program. The second scenario changed current land uses to native rangeland with an estimated annual offsite total phosphorus areal loading rate of 0.114 kg/ha. These two scenarios are hypothetical with assumed concentration values and loading rate. Model results showed that the first management scenario reduced the average annual phosphorus load to the lake by an estimated 15 tonnes. The second scenario reduced the average annual phosphorus load to the lake by an estimated 21 tonnes.     

滇池污染与治理的生态学分析

从生态学角度分析了滇池富营养化形成的原因，认为滇池富营养化是滇池流域各子生态系统受到破坏所造成的结果。提出治理滇池应该用生态学的原理和方法分别修复受到破坏的各子生态系统，恢复各子生态系统的合理结构、高效功能和协调关系，并把各子生态系统整合为一个整体协调、自我维持、自我演替的滇池流域生态系统，才能最终实现滇池富营养化治理。