吉林市城区地下水脆弱性评价与编图

运用DRASTIC指标体系法,考虑含水层埋深、净补给量、含水层介质类型、土壤介质类型、地形坡度、渗流区介质类型和含水层渗透系数等7项参数,按评价单元进行划分,对吉林市城区地下水脆弱性进行了综合评价;并利用AUTOCAD绘制出吉林市城区地下水脆弱性成果图。评价成果为吉林市水利部门制定地下水资源管理和保护措施提供了科学依据。     

基于SPA的海洋产业系统脆弱性与障碍因素研究——以中国沿海地区为例

运用集对分析法从敏感性和应对能力两个角度对中国沿海11个省市的海洋产业系统脆弱性进行了测度。结果表明:中国沿海各地区海洋产业在脆弱性、敏感性和应对能力上差异显著。根据脆弱性评价结果可将各沿海省市分为低脆弱性地区、中等脆弱性地区、较高脆弱性地区和高脆弱性地区等四类;外贸、外资依存度等敏感性因子是低和中等脆弱性地区的主要障碍因素,海洋产业专利比重等应对能力因子是大部分沿海省市的主要障碍因素。     

贵州普定后寨河流域岩溶生态脆弱性的模糊综合评价

本文介绍了基于模糊数学理论的岩溶生态脆弱性评价方法，选取了平均坡度、森林覆盖率、石山裸露、耕地面积、水土流失、人口密度、．人均耕地、人均粮食、人均收入9个主要因素作为评价因素，并以贵州省普定县后寨河流域为例进行了具体计算与分析。评判结果表明：该研究区生态脆弱形势较为严重，在13个典型喀斯特村中有7个属于强度脆弱或极强度脆弱区，2个属于中度脆弱，属于轻度脆弱的有4个，因而需大力加强生态环境保护和重建工作。     

“一带一路”倡议背景下哈萨克斯坦地区综合脆弱性的空间分异特征分析

系统评估沿线国家环境社会系统的发展状态,识别典型地区的脆弱性特征,对于绿色"一带一路"建设至关重要。本文集成了脆弱性与恢复力的概念内涵,构建了综合脆弱性评价指标体系,利用TOPSIS法和障碍度模型对哈萨克斯坦各州的综合脆弱性进行系统评价,分析其空间分异特征和影响因素。结果显示:(1)哈萨克斯坦综合脆弱性总体上处于中度水平,空间上呈现西高东低的特点,西部各要素脆弱性均处于中高位,东部整体脆弱性相对较低,中部则呈现多样性特征;(2)要素间关系复杂,脆弱性降低的瓶颈因素主要集中在资源使用和保障、社会系统保障等方面;(3)系统提升哈萨克斯坦环境社会系统的韧性,需要强化产业结构转型、基础设施建设与生态环境保护,在这些方面中国可以提供强有力的合作条件与经验。     

小管径配水管网水质模型脆弱性研究

小管径配水管网水质模型模拟结果精度高.但由于管网工况的复杂性,水质模型预测结果具有不确定性.通过定义水质模型的本质脆弱性,建立脆弱性分析模型,采用指标评价法研究模型在不同验证工况下的脆弱性,可以有效降低水质模型预测风险、构建水质模型失效“防火墙”,为帮助供水企业更为广泛地应用模型预测水质提供理论依据.     

基于AHP对生态脆弱性的灰色综合评价方法——以湖南省临湘市为例

为了对临湘市的实际生态脆弱性程度做出客观正确的评价,以便对该地区的社会经济持续发展提出科学依据,选取评价指标,构建指标体系并通过层次分析法确定各指标的权重;通过基于三角白化权函数的灰色评价法对各层次指标进行评价和分析并得到综合评价结果。     

基于GIS技术的生态环境脆弱性模糊综合评价

研究过程中摒弃了以往生态环境脆弱性分析中常有的以乡、镇为研究单元的传统模式,改用栅格单元为基本研究单元,切实反映了区域自然环境特征的非均衡性和连续性,使研究结果打破行政区界限从而具有＂空间性＂;并基于栅格单元首次提出了将＂地理信息系统技术＂和＂AHP-模糊综合评价模型＂互相融合的生态环境脆弱性研究的＂分解-合成＂新方法,使得原本数据信息有限的模糊矩阵扩展成包含大量网格信息的巨型空间矩阵,较好的解决了图层属性单一化与模糊隶属最大原则之间的矛盾。文章从＂模糊隶属度＂层面进行生态环境脆弱性综合分析评价。     

敦煌市旅游经济系统脆弱性评价研究

以甘肃省敦煌市为例,将集对分析法引入旅游经济系统脆弱性评价,并利用1990—2012年的统计数据,研究敦煌市旅游经济系统演变格局及其主要影响因素。研究表明:①敦煌市旅游经济系统脆弱性分为1990—1998年、1999—2002年、2003—2008年和2009—2012年4个阶段;②脆弱性和敏感性整体上呈下降趋势,而应对性呈上升趋势;③敏感性对旅游经济系统脆弱性变化影响更大;④主要影响因素有:游客量增长率、旅游总收入增长率、旅游行业利润率、人均GDP等。     

全球气候变化背景下上海社会经济脆弱性评价研究——基于PSR模型

运用PSR模型,重点探讨了全球气候变化背景下上海在自然、经济、社会系统作用下的2001—2012年社会经济脆弱性时序变化情况。在构建脆弱性综合指标体系的基础上,将影响上海社会经济脆弱性的领域划分为风险度、敏感度和失衡度三个方面。计算结果表明,2001—2012年上海面对全球气候变化的脆弱性逐年降低,风险性受自然因素的影响呈波动变化,敏感性、失衡性逐年下降,适应能力逐年提高。     

雷州半岛海岸带生态环境脆弱性初探

对雷州半岛海岸带生态环境系统的脆弱性进行了分析,认为雷州半岛典型的脆弱性海岸生态系统比例大,可在自然和人为因素引起的外界压力下发生迅速退化.针对该地区海岸带生态环境的可持续发展,提出了相应的改善生态环境脆弱性的对策,并指出海洋带综合管理是达到海岸带地区可持续发展的有效途径.     

AN EFFICIENT RESPONSE MATRIX METHOD FOR COUPLING A GROUNDWATER SIMULATOR AND A REGIONAL AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT MODEL1

ABSTRACT: By extending the concept of response matrix to consider “active” and “passive” effects, an efficient response matrix method is developed for coupling a groundwater simulator and a regional agricultural management model The method eliminates the need to store all of the recovery information from preceding time periods. Active effects are those which occur during the actual application of a pumping or recharge stress while passive effects represent the recovery of water levels from an initial departure from steady-state conditions at the beginning of a time step. Derivation of the required matrices and a numerical example are presented for the Salinas Valley groundwater basin in California.     

重碳酸型地下水矿化度测定方法的探讨——以洛阳市浅层地下水为例

矿化度是地下水化学成份测定的重要指标，在环境监测中，用重量法测定矿化度是目前普遍采用的方法。其缺点主要为费时，繁琐，耗电。本文通过测定洛阳市地下水的电导率，分析对比电导率与矿化度的关联，并进一步用回归方程确定电导率与矿化度之间的数量关系，探索出用电导率法间接测定地下水矿化度，具有快速，经济，准确的优点。     

地下水水质评价的多元线性回归分析模型研究

运用回归分析理论和方法,建立了一个基于多元线性回归分析法的地下水水质评价模型,并将该模型用于遵义市海龙坝地下水水质评价.结果表明,建立的模型较符合本研究区的实际情况.     

矿区地下水环境影响评价的关键问题探讨

随着人类社会经济的快速发展,地下水环境问题日益严重,由于地下水环境影响具有隐蔽性和滞后性,在矿区建设生产前必须对地下水环境影响进行评价。结合某拟建整合灰岩矿的地下水环境影响评价,进行了实例分析,确定了保护目标、地下水环境影响识别、矿坑涌水量的计算、预测评价方法的选取等关键技术,以期为相似矿区地下水环境影响评价提供参考。     

Assessment of Groundwater Depletion and Implications for Management in the Denver Basin Aquifer System

The Denver Basin Aquifer System (DBAS) is a critical groundwater resource along the Colorado Front Range. Groundwater depletion has been documented over the past few decades due to the increased water use among users, presenting long‐term sustainability challenges. A spatiotemporal geostatistical analysis is used to estimate potentiometric surfaces and evaluate groundwater storage changes between 1990 and 2016 in each of the four DBAS aquifers. Several key depletion patterns and spatial water‐level changes emerge in this work. Hydraulic head changes are the largest in the west‐central side of the DBAS and have decreased in some areas by up to 180 m since 1990, while areas to the northwest show increases in hydraulic head by over 30.5 m. The Denver and Arapahoe aquifers show the largest groundwater storage losses, with the highest rates occurring in the 2000s. The results highlight uncertainty in the volumetric predictions under various storage coefficient calculations and emphasize the importance of representative aquifer characterization. The observed groundwater storage depletions are due to a combination of factors, which include population growth increasing the demand for water, variable precipitation, and drought influencing recharge, and increased groundwater pumping. The methods applied in this study are transferable to other groundwater systems and provide a framework that can help assess groundwater depletion and inform management decisions at other locations.     

北京市垃圾填埋场地下水中砷、汞含量分析

生活垃圾的处置一直以填埋为主,垃圾填埋承载着巨大的环境压力,尤其是垃圾填埋产生的渗滤液会对地下水造成砷、汞污染。为了解北京市生活垃圾填埋场地下水砷、汞污染水平,在北京市5座生活垃圾填埋场布设采样点,采集36个地下水样品,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光法,分析了地下水砷、汞含量特征。结果表明,36个地下水样品砷浓度范围0.41~4.82μg/L,汞浓度范围0.024~0.121μg/L,北京市典型垃圾填埋场地下水样品不存在砷、汞污染问题。     

Private Actions and Preferences for Coordinated Groundwater Conservation in Colorado's Republican River Basin

Conservation of groundwater resources is critical for maintaining the future productivity of irrigated land in the Ogallala Aquifer Region and beyond. This research explores motivations and behavior related to groundwater conservation among agricultural producers in the Colorado portion of the Republican River Basin, which is part of the Ogallala Aquifer. The empirical modeling uses data from a recently conducted survey to analyze how a common set of producer, farm, and resource characteristics influence groundwater values, concern for future groundwater availability, private conservation actions, and support for coordinated conservation efforts. We find two factors, producer age and land owner status, are consistently correlated with the key conservation‐related outcomes we evaluate. More generally, the results suggest considerable similarities in the characteristics that drive private conservation actions and support for coordinated conservation. This knowledge could be used to better target and incentivize future groundwater conservation efforts in the region. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

Forecasting the Probability of Future Groundwater Levels Declining Below Specified Low Thresholds in the Conterminous U.S.

We present a logistic regression approach for forecasting the probability of future groundwater levels declining or maintaining below specific groundwater‐level thresholds. We tested our approach on 102 groundwater wells in different climatic regions and aquifers of the United States that are part of the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Climate Response Network. We evaluated the importance of current groundwater levels, precipitation, streamflow, seasonal variability, Palmer Drought Severity Index, and atmosphere/ocean indices for developing the logistic regression equations. Several diagnostics of model fit were used to evaluate the regression equations, including testing of autocorrelation of residuals, goodness‐of‐fit metrics, and bootstrap validation testing. The probabilistic predictions were most successful at wells with high persistence (low month‐to‐month variability) in their groundwater records and at wells where the groundwater level remained below the defined low threshold for sustained periods (generally three months or longer). The model fit was weakest at wells with strong seasonal variability in levels and with shorter duration low‐threshold events. We identified challenges in deriving probabilistic‐forecasting models and possible approaches for addressing those challenges.     

Are Investments in Groundwater Irrigation Profitable? A Case of Rice Farms from South India1

Varghese, Shalet Korattukudy, Jeroen Buysse, Aymen Frija, Stijn Speelman, and Guido Van Huylenbroeck, 2012. Are Investments in Groundwater Irrigation Profitable? A Case of Rice Farms from South India. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00690.x Abstract: This article examines the profitability of cultivating double rice under bore well irrigation, given the cumulative interference of and reduced life span of wells, and thus increases the cost of groundwater extraction and use. The overexploitation of groundwater is a common stock problem and the cultivation of water intensive crops, such as rice, further exacerbates the overdraft of groundwater. Under these circumstances, we quantify the marginal benefit of irrigation investments in rice farming by estimating the probability of having a double rice crop as a function of the investment made in wells. Using this information, we explore profit maximization behavior of farms with a mathematical programming model to derive individual economic optima of irrigation costs. The results demonstrate that the ongoing overexploitation of groundwater, and its use to cultivate an economically inefficient crop, such as rice, has resulted in low profitability at farm level. A sensitivity analysis found that even when the investment in irrigation wells is reduced by 70%, small farms are still not economically efficient, thereby confirming the Tragedy of the Commons. Raising awareness amongst farmers with regard to the economics of irrigation would facilitate the participatory implementation of control mechanisms to regulate groundwater extraction.