合理有效地实现农村剩余劳动力就地转移──以桂东县为例

农村剩余劳动力是社会人口学中与农村经济发展关系较为密切的一个重要因素,农村剩余劳动力的走向直接关系到本地区的经济发展趋势,因此研究和探讨农村剩余劳动力的走向对探索本地区经济发展战略具有重要作用。实现农村剩余劳动力转移包括就地转移、异地开发和迁移转移3种模式[1],其中就地转移模式对地方经济发展具有积极促进作用,其转移速度可以标示本地经济发展的快慢．本文以湖南省桂东县为例,就贫困地区如何实现农村剩余劳动力就地转移作了较深入的探讨。1桂东县农村剩余劳动力现状据统计,1994年桂东县总人口为16．8万人,其中农业…     

湘西民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移问题探讨——以湘西龙山县劳动力转移情况为例

对中西方关于农村剩余劳动力转移理论进行了比较，在介绍Lee E S“推拉”模型的基础之上，结合湘西龙山县的具体情况分析了民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移的动因和湘西农村剩余劳动力转移存在的问题，提出了解决的对策，并将“推拉理论”运用到我国民族地区农村剩余劳动力转移的实证分析上。     

市场经济下我国农村剩余劳动力的转移与开发

市场经济的高速发展使我国农村发生了重大变革,农村剩余劳动力问题成为社会关注的一个重要课题。本文通过对农村劳动力的基本状况和转移特征的论述,客观地分析了剩余劳动力转移的阶段性,提出了劳动力转移开发的几种模式,并就这一问题提出了建议     

六安市农村剩余劳动力问题研究

农村剩余劳动力的产生有其特定的背景和原因,同时也与"三农"问题息息相关,农村剩余劳动力问题长期受到学术界的关注。在计算安徽省六安市剩余劳动力存量的基础上,采用灰色关联分析方法,对影响六安市农村剩余劳动力的因素进行分析,并结合区域实际情况,探讨由剩余劳动力过多所产生的一系列问题,提出剩余劳动力转移的对策。     

海南特区农村剩余劳动力资源的开发与利用

本文论述了海南特区农村剩余劳动力资源的现状及其影响劳动力资源开发利用的主要因素，提出了海南特区农村剩余劳动力资源开发与利用的途径。     

中国农村劳动力转移对经济增长的真实贡献研究——基于机会成本视角下分析

农村劳动力转移是城市化发展的必然趋势,也是促进我国经济增长的推动力之一。农民在放弃农业生产转移至城市务工的同时,必然使农村劳动力转移产生机会成本,导致农村劳动力转移的实际收入较少、城乡居民收入差距扩大。因此,在农村劳动力转移的机会成本视角下,探究农村劳动力转移对经济增长的真实贡献是十分必要的。分析了我国农村劳动力资源及转移状况,在机会成本下通过农村劳动力转移的机会成本对第二、三产业总产值和第一产业总产值进行回归分析,得到机会成本每增加1%,其贡献率分别为0.716%、0.870%。在考虑三大产业对GDP贡献率的前提下,得出劳动力转移对我国GDP的真实贡献率为0.638%。在农村劳动力转移背景下,城乡收入差距在进一步扩大。基于此,提出了农村劳动力转移有利于城市和农村经济共同发展的对策建议。     

谈乡镇企业经济发展与环境污染控制

党的十一届三中全会以来,随着农村经济体制改革的深入,乡镇企业得到了蓬勃发展。现在我国已有1500多万个乡镇企业,吸收了农村20％的剩余劳动力,非农产业第一     

烟台地区在业人口就业结构分析

根据人口普查资料，本文从行业和职业方面对烟台地区在业人口的就业结构现状及变动特点进行了系统分析，并在此基础上对农业剩余劳动力的转移问题作了深入探讨。     

我国农村人力资源的开发现状及其对策

农村人力资源的开发和利用，在很大程度上决定着农村经济发展速度和农民的收入水平，甚至决定着整个国民经济的发展潜力。我国农村人力资源开发的现状不容乐观，作者认为必须加大人力资本投资力度，把农村劳动力资源开发与乡镇企业发展及非农化进程、城镇化战略结合起来，以推动农村人力资源的开发向深度和广度迈进。     

环江县异地扶贫开发与持续发展途径探讨

广泛分布的喀斯特地区是我国最贫困的地区之一，消除该类地区贫困的主要措施是开展异地扶贫开发。本文从异地扶贫开发与持续发展的角度出发，阐述了环江县异地扶贫开发的现状及其存在的问题，提出了异地扶贫开发与持续发展的模式、途径和战略。     

Simulating urban encroachment on rural land with fuzzy-logic-controlled cellular automata in a geographical information system

Encroachment on rural land is a serious problem in developing countries, particularly in regions that are undergoing rapid economic development. Monitoring and simulating land conversions thus are critical to the formulation of a sustainable development strategy. This paper describes a computer-based approach for simulating land encroachment with fuzzy-logic-controlled cellular automata (CA). Unlike CA models developed in the domain of natural sciences, this simulation model seeks to integrate rule definition with explicit, interactive and heuristic decision-making processes. Fuzzy logic was used to capture the feature of land conversion behaviour, while CA was to used to simulate global pattern from local rules and implemented in a geographical information system (GIS) using ARC/INFO software. By providing a series of simulation scenarios, the study reveals potential hazardous consequences inherent in some development policies that would jeopardize sustainable development of the region and demonstrates that this approach is a useful tool to provide decision support.1998 Academic Press     

不同生态区域油气田开发对土地覆盖变化的影响

利用RS-GIS技术,分析了四川合兴场气田周围1988年和2000年TM影像和新疆艾桑油气田周围1992年和2000年TM影像土地变化情况。分析结果表明:生态发达的四川合兴场气田周围在油田田开发前后主要为耕地,而建设用地在1988年占区域面积的12.6%,到2000年增加到17.8%。位于生态脆弱区的艾桑油气田,兴建前后主要土地利用类型均为戈壁荒漠、盐碱地,建设用地面积则明显增加,从1992年占总面积的0.02%增加到2000年的0.24%。由此可见,大面积分布式的油气田开发改变了油气田周围土地利用类型的分布。景观格局分析指数表明,四川合兴场周围多样性指数及均匀度指数均呈增加趋势,而艾桑油气田周围多样性指数及均匀度指数均呈现下降趋势。四川合兴场气田周围空间景观呈多样化发展,而新疆艾桑油气田周围空间景观多样性下降,荒漠土地呈扩大化发展趋势。     

新疆土地资源的开发利用及对环境的影响

新疆土地面积占国土面积1/6，幅员辽阔的地域决定了土地资源自然类型和可利用类型的多样性，近几十年来，新疆土地的开发仍是以农业土地开发为主，其包括开荒扩大耕地面积和广度开发和集约化生产提高单位产量的深度开发，随着西部大开发战略逐渐实施，新疆城市规模不断扩大，工业加速发展，用地需求与日俱增，本文在总结以往的土地开发利用对环境产生的利与弊基础上，为未来土地利用提出了一些趋利避害的建议。     

全域土地综合整治背景下的乡村“三生空间”治理路径——以山水乡旅乡村振兴示范走廊为例

全域土地综合整治是土地整治的发展演变与创新探索，是生态文明背景下缓解土地资源供需矛盾、推进农用地、建设用地集约高效利用，强化生态空间保护与修复的重要手段。三生空间涵盖了乡村发展所需的空间类型，成为推动生态文明建设、优化国土空间格局、实施乡村振兴战略的载体。着力探讨全域土地综合整治与三生空间逻辑关系，并以全域土地综合整治为手段，探索新时期乡村三生空间治理路径，提出以全域整治盘活存量用地、建立用地指标纵向传导体系、强化生态全要素修复和注重“人-地-财-社区”的制度保障设计等规划策略，以期达到优化乡村空间布局、促进资源要素流动，推动全域全要素精细化管理的目的，以期为同类地区乡村发展提供新思路。     

石油开发对辽河油田湿地景观格局变化的影响分析

通过对1989-2009年20年间景观格局的空间分布、变化特征以及变化趋势分析,揭示了造成双台子河自然保护区环境变化的主要驱动力是人类活动和社会经济发展的影响,定量计算了石油开发对研究区域景观格局变化的影响。结果显示:1989-2009年双台河口自然保护区的土地利用类型发生了很大的变化,景观破碎度明显增加,人类活动导致保护区内的土地利用和景观格局也发生了明显变化,但油田开发在总的土地利用变化中的贡献率仅为4.6%。     

基于RS和GIS的西藏芒康县景观空间格局

选择Landsat TM影像和区域1:5万的地形数据及社会经济统计资料为基础数据,运用RS和GIS手段,得出西藏芒康县景观生态的空间格局是以自然景观(有林地、灌木林地和草地)为主.利用地形数据分析3种景观类型空间分布与地形间的关系,得出3种主要自然景观沿海拔高度、坡度、坡向分布的规律,为保护区域生态环境,合理利用自然资源,制定区域景观生态规划和促进区域社会经济可持续发展提供决策支持.     

From Forest Landscape to Agricultural Landscape in the Developing Tropical Country of Malaysia: Pattern,Process, and Their Significance on Policy

Agricultural expansion and deforestation are spatial processes of land transformation that impact on landscape pattern. In peninsular Malaysia, the conversion of forested areas into two major cash crops—rubber and oil palm plantations—has been identified as driving significant environmental change. To date, there has been insufficient literature studying the link between changes in landscape patterns and land-related development policies. Therefore, this paper examines: (i) the links between development policies and changes in land use/land cover and landscape pattern and (ii) the significance and implications of these links for future development policies. The objective is to generate insights on the changing process of land use/land cover and landscape pattern as a functional response to development policies and their consequences for environmental conditions. Over the last century, the development of cash crops has changed the country from one dominated by natural landscapes to one dominated by agricultural landscapes. But the last decade of the century saw urbanization beginning to impact significantly. This process aligned with the establishment of various development policies, from land development for agriculture between the mid 1950s and the 1970s to an emphasis on manufacturing from the 1980s onward. Based on a case study in Selangor, peninsular Malaysia, a model of landscape pattern change is presented. It contains three stages according to the relative importance of rubber (first stage: 1900–1950s), oil palm (second stage: 1960s–1970s), and urban (third stage: 1980s–1990s) development that influenced landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity. The environmental consequences of this change have been depicted through loss of biodiversity, geohazard incidences, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. The spatial ecological information can be useful to development policy formulation, allowing diagnosis of the country’s “health” and sustainability. The final section outlines the usefulness of landscape analysis in the policy-making process to prevent further fragmentation of the landscape and forest loss in Malaysia in the face of rapid economic development.

Agricultural Abandonment in the North Eastern Iberian Peninsula: The Use of Basic Landscape Metrics to Support Planning

Land abandonment is an important cause of changes in landscape patterns in the Mediterranean area. There is a need to monitor land use and land cover changes in order to provide quantitative evidence of the relationship between land abandonment and the formation of new landscape patterns. Appropriate management policies to encourage sustainable development can then be developed. This paper describes how to monitor landscape dynamics using different temporal land use and land cover data generated from field survey and airborne information. The results showed that the abandonment of agricultural land generally results in an increase of vegetation biomass. This process leads to homogenization of the landscape. In addition, abandonment promotes fragmentation of agricultural land. Based on these results, the paper discusses the implications for rural management policies concerning the abandonment of agricultural land and suggests recommendations for the development of such policies.     

Maintaining land use agreements in Papua New Guinea Mining: ‘Business as usual’?

Most large scale resource extraction projects in Papua New Guinea (PNG) require companies to negotiate with customary landowners for access to development sites. In the discussion of process and challenges of development and operation of projects, particularly mines, the paper, basing as a case study of land use arrangements in PNG mining, has several objectives to address. First, it discusses land use arrangements in the mining industry and how they have evolved over the last few decades. Today, most of these arrangements involve pluralistic framework agreements which have been shaped by land tenure debates, civil uprisings, government initiatives and increasingly politically savvy customary landowners. This pluralistic process encourages key stakeholder involvement, particularly customary landowner participation which has been an innovative piece of sustainable mineral policy development in PNG. Second, the paper argues that ‘it is not business as usual’ for mining companies as it would generally be the case in developed and many developing countries because they are increasingly forced to be proactive in addressing landowner and community interests while managing mining projects. A brief overview of land use debates in PNG is summarised at the outset to provide background to mining and development in the country. Third, the significance of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) paradigm and its impact on business, particularly the mining industry is acknowledged intermittently in the discussion to shed light on how it is influencing development of local communities. Finally, the paper argues that the post-Bougainville period has led to a change of the old enclave model of mining development to a broad based community driven form of development around mining. However, it is difficult to predict as to how this model of mining led development in rural PNG will span out in the long run. In the meantime, genuine landowner partnerships with developers and government in the management and operation of mining projects in the country are proving to be a positive outcome for everyone despite some major challenges.     

浅析黄河三角洲地区土地开发整理中的农业生态环境保护问题

土地开发整理是一项旨在提高土地生产力,改善农业生产条件和生态环境的活动,本文从目前黄河三角洲地区实际土地开发整理的情况分析,通过土地开发整理增加耕地面积,提高土地生产力,进一步呼吁对农业生态环境保护这一目标加强重视,形成一整套完整的土地开发整理生态绩效的评价体系和方法,以利于土地经济和土地生态的均衡发展。从生态学的角度对这一问题做出了比较全面的思考。