电子废弃物聚丙烯制备木塑复合材的研究

探讨了电子废弃物聚丙烯(PP)制备木塑复合材料(WPC)的可行性及其主要影响因子。研究结果表明:电子废弃物PP具备制备木塑复合材料的可行性,PP和木纤维混合比例是影响WPC性能的关键因子之一,加入适量的PPg-MAH有利于提高WPC的力学性能,并大幅度降低其吸水性,当PP与木纤维比例为60∶40,PP-g-MAH使用量为10%时,WPC可获得较好的综合性能指标。     

阻燃剂的现状和发展趋势

从燃烧机理和阻燃机理以及主要研究现状方面介绍了阻燃剂,并就未来阻燃剂的研究方向进行了探讨。     

PP333对孔雀草穴盘苗生长的控制作用研究

多效唑(PP333)常用来控制植物徒长,孔雀草穴盘育苗因夏季温度和湿度过高等原因易发生徒长,使产品质量降低.因此,采用不同浓度的PP333溶液在种子萌动前对孔雀草穴盘苗进行喷施处理,测定株高、根冠比、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,筛选出最佳浓度,并研究其与对照的内源激素水平以及茎部细胞形态,探讨其作用机理.结果表明,萌前期喷施10-30mg/L的PP333能安全有效地抑制植株的生长高度,增强SOD和POD活性,从而提高花卉种苗的质量及抗逆性,且浓度越高,效果越明显,其中最佳处理为30mg/L PP333.PP333降低了孔雀草的GA和IAA含量,提高了ABA含量,抑制了孔雀草茎段细胞的伸长,从而使节间缩短,控制植株生长,提高植株抗逆性.     

应用高能辐照法制备新型高吸附聚丙烯功能纤维

文章通过高能辐照诱导接枝的方法,在聚丙烯（PP）纤维基体表面引入对苯乙烯磺酸钠（SS）单体,制备一种新型的高性能吸附材料,进而对油气田水环境中的微溶毒性有机物进行有效吸附。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和静态接触角（CA）对接枝改性前后聚丙烯纤维基体表面的形态结构及疏水性能进行了表征。实验结果证明：功能纤维的接枝率可以通过改变接枝条件得到有效控制。此外,文章还以丙烯酰胺为被吸附有机物考察了纤维改性前后的吸附性能。当改性聚丙烯纤维的接枝率为15．35％时,其对水中丙烯酰胺的去除率从原纤维的25．4％提高到87．4％,极大提高了对油气田水环境中的丙烯酰胺等有机物的处理能力。     

旅游交通弱势群体景区偏好与可达度研究——以大学生秦岭景区旅游为例

针对交通弱势群体的旅游可达问题,通过RBF插值法对秦岭景区大学生的偏好度与公共交通可达度(PTA)之间的关系进行研究.研究发现:①现实偏好度(AP)和潜在偏好度(PP)的高聚集区和低分散区吻合,而其他区域的差异较大,AP呈阶梯状变化而PP分布均衡；②可达性较高区域中的AP与PP吻合,而在较低区域中差异较大；③邻近中心城镇区域中PP与PTA呈正相关,而远离中心城镇区域中两者的影响不大.因此,提高公共交通可达度有助于实现旅游的民生功能.     

厨余垃圾燃烧特性研究

厨余垃圾(干基)热值较高,采用热处理可对其同时实现无害化和资源化。以热重分析为切入点,探讨了不同升温速率条件下厨余垃圾的燃烧特性,其热重曲线反应了主要的失重阶段,分别是液化脱挥发分(242～335℃);稳定的环状有机物裂解和碳化(390～568℃)。另外,其分段燃烧模型表明,厨余垃圾的燃烧反应可用连续的一级反应拟合(R~2:0. 889～0. 977)。     

增强型选择性非催化还原技术的工业应用

介绍了ESNCR(增强型选择性非催化还原法)脱硝技术在某FCC(流化催化裂化)装置烟气脱硝系统中的应用效果,叙述了ESNCR技术在原SNCR(选择性非催化还原)技术上的改进,指出ESNCR技术具有经济性高、反应可以在较低温度下进行等优势。分析了喷氨后、喷氢后以及降温后2~#锅炉烟气中NO_X含量的变化情况,应用实践表明:在适宜温度及采用低氮燃烧的条件下,烟气中NO_X维持在约100mg/Nm~3,脱硝效果显著。验证了低氮燃烧改造和ESNCR脱硝技术的实用性。     

炼油化工污水处理中活性污泥膨胀原因分析

针对工业废水采用普通活性污泥法处理易出现的丝状菌型污泥膨胀,分析和总结出五种主要膨胀类型:低负荷型、低溶解氧型、营养缺乏型、高硫化物型、pH值不平衡型。对污泥负荷、溶解氧、污水种类、营养成分及pH值和温度的变化等因素对污泥膨胀中菌胶团和丝状菌生长的相互影响进行阐述,给出污泥膨胀理论,并对不同类型的污泥膨胀提出相应的控制方法。     

油页岩废物半焦燃烧产生的废气污染物控制措施研究

半焦作为油页岩炼油产生的固废,利用其热值可进行燃烧发电和供热,实现废物再利用。本文通过对山东龙口油页岩半焦燃烧产生的废气污染物分析,通过类比法可得,二氧化硫(SO2)、氮氧化物(NOx)、颗粒物、氯化氢(HCl)、氟化氢(HF)、重金属等均可通过常规火电厂废气污染控制措施的方式去除并达标排放;一氧化碳(CO)可以通过控制锅炉燃烧方式进行控制,二噁英则需在布袋除尘器前附加活性炭吸附装置。通过采取这些污染控制措施,废气污染物可达标排放。     

触破式微胶囊杀虫剂

天牛类害虫是林木常见的病害 ,用一般缓释型微胶囊喷洒防治天牛成虫时 ,因其个体大 ,体外被坚硬外壳防护 ,耐药力强 ,一般靠恒定释放的剂量不足以将其杀死 ,反而有可能诱导抗药性的产生。触破式微胶囊杀虫剂采用新型有机成分制成囊壁 ,既薄又脆 ,被害虫爬行或取食时易触破 ,壁内高浓度药芯快速一次性释放至害虫体内 ,将其致死。囊壁材料的密闭性好 ,无孔 ,大大延长了微胶囊内有效成分的持效期。本品还可推广应用于杀灭各种农作物害虫和家庭卫生害虫。(ＣＮ 1 2 560 70Ａ)触破式微胶囊杀虫剂     

Sound management of brominated flame retarded (BFR) plastics from electronic wastes: State of the art and options in Nigeria

Management of flame retarded plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been posing a major challenge to waste management experts because of the potential environmental contamination issues especially the formation of polybrominated-dioxins and -furans (PBDD/F) during processing. In Nigeria, large quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) are currently being managed—a significant quantity of which is imported illegally as secondhand electronics. As much as 75% of these illegal imports are never reused but are rather discarded. These waste electronic devices are mostly older equipment that contains brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as penta-brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) which are presently banned in Europe under the EU WEEE and RoHS Directives. Risk assessment studies found both to be persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic. The present management practices for waste plastics from WEEE in Nigeria, such as open burning and disposal at open dumps, creates potential for serious environmental pollution. This paper reviews the options in the environmentally sound management of waste plastics from electronic wastes. Options available include mechanical recycling, reprocessing into chemicals (chemical feedstock recycling) and energy recovery. The Creasolv^® and Centrevap^® processes, which are the outcome of the extensive research at achieving sound management of waste plastics from WEEE in Europe, are also reviewed. These are solvent-based methods of removing BFRs and they presently offer the best commercial and environmental option in the sound management of waste BFR-containing plastics. Because these developments have not been commercialized, WEEE and WEEE plastics are still being exported to developing countries. The industrial application of these processes and the development of eco-friendlier alternative flame retardants will help assure sound management of WEEE plastics.     

Selective flotation separation of plastics by chemical conditioning with methyl cellulose

The floatability of seven plastics (POM, PVC, PET, PMMA, PC, PS and ABS) in the presence of methyl cellulose (MC) and separation of plastics mixtures were investigated in this paper. It was found that the seven plastics can be separated into three groups by using the wetting agent MC. Group one includes POM and PVC. They are depressed at very low MC concentrations. Group two, including PET, PMMA and PC, has an intermediate floatability. Group three (ABS and PS) has a high floatability. They are almost not depressed within the given MC concentration range. In order to understand the mechanism of selective flotation of plastics and the chemical conditioning process, surface chemical factors, such as wettability of plastics and surface tension of flotation medium, and gravity factors, such as particle density and shape, were studied. It was found that the depressing effect of MC on plastics is ascribed mainly to its adsorption on the plastics surfaces. The MC molecules absorbed on plastics expose some of their polar groups oriented towards the aqueous phase, hence making the plastics surfaces hydrophilic. In addition, flotation selectivity for the plastics is dominated not only by wettability of plastics, but also by particle size, density and shape.     

Optimization of the high-pressure, near-critical liquid-based microsortation of recyclable post-consumer plastics

High-pressure, near-critical liquids were used as float-sink separation media for the microsortation of polyolefin mixtures and PET/PVC mixtures. Near-critical carbon dioxide was used for the refinement of the polyolefins, and sulfur hexafluoride was used to separate post-consumer PVC from PET. Preliminary experiments indicated that there was no overlap in the density ranges of post-consumer HDPE, LDPE and PP containers. There was no overlap in the PET and PVC densities, with the exception of a single PVC packaging material with a density in the PET range. These initial results indicated that a float-sink separation was a viable means of microsortation. Separations of 91% LDPE (1/8′ beads)/9% PP (1/8′ chopped strands) resin mixtures and mixed post-consumer polyolefin flakes were then conducted in a laboratory-scale, 1-I batch apparatus. This apparatus not only permitted the observation of the separation, but also enabled the separated fractions to be removed from the high-pressure environment. The results indicated that LDPE purity of greater than 98.9% was obtained in 3 min or less if (a) the fluid density was 0.018 g/cm³ greater than the PP density and only 0.002 g/cm³ less than the LDPE density, thereby providing the greatest buoyancy force for the removal of the PP, (b) the fluid was recirculated upward through the bed of mixed plastics, facilitating the upward movement of the PP, and (c) the loading was kept at levels below 40% by volume. HDPE purity of 99% was also attained with clean, dry, post-consumer mixed plastic flakes. The loadings for these separations were very low, however, due to the difficulty in agitating the mixed bed of plastics using fluid recirculation. An economic analysis of these microsortation processes indicated that the value of the sorted plastics relative to the mixed feed must increase by approx. $0.08/lb for the CO₂-based separation and approx. $0.27/lb for the SF₆-based separation to justify the implementation of these high-pressure processes.     

Assessment of plastic packaging waste: Material origin,methods, properties

The global plastics production has increased annually and a substantial part is used for packaging (in Europe 39%). Most plastic packages are discarded after a relatively short service life and the resulting plastic packaging waste is subsequently landfilled, incinerated or recycled. Laws of several European and Asian countries require that plastic packaging waste collected from households has to be sorted, reprocessed, compounded and reused. These recycling schemes typically produce milled goods of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene) (PE), isotactic poly(propylene) (PP), mixed plastics, and agglomerates from film material. The present study documents the composition and properties of post-consumer polyolefin recyclates originating from both source separation and mechanical recovery from municipal solid refuse waste (MSRW). The overall composition by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were determined and compared with the sorting results of the sorted fractions prior to the reprocessing into milled goods. This study shows that the collection method for the plastic packaging waste has hardly any influence on the final quality of the recyclate; however, the sorting and reprocessing steps influence the final quality of the recyclate. Although the mechanical properties of recyclate are clearly different than those of virgin polymers, changes to the sorting and reprocessing steps can improve the quality.     

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE WATER USE STRATEGIES AT CATCHMENT LEVEL TAKING INTO ACCOUNT AN INSTREAM FLOW REQUIREMENT1

ABSTRACT: A mathematical model of agricultural water use and a hydrological and economic simulation model were linked to quantify the economic and hydrological impact of deficit irrigation, increased water application efficiency, and farm storage dams when maintaining an IFR (instream flow requirement) under stochastic water supply conditions. The main finding was that a water conservation policy aimed at reducing the amount of water withdrawn from the river could bring more pressure to bear on stream flow. Water can only be saved if consumptive use is reduced. Increased water application efficiency is detrimental to other users as a result of reduced return flow. The economic cost of maintaining a specific IFR increases with the use of all three strategies as the probability of maintaining the IFR increases. Because of the control that can be exercised over the supply of water, a farm storage dam is the best strategy for minimizing the costs for irrigators. The interaction between water legislation, water policy administration, technology, hydrology, and human value systems necessitates an integrated approach to facilitate water management at catchment level and to formulate policies that will be in the interest of society.     

Determination of redox-sensitive phosphorus in field runoff without sediment preconcentration

Reduction-induced phosphorus (P) release from particles transported by field runoff has been poorly studied for want of a method that could be used for large surveys. To rectify this shortcoming, we modified the bicarbonate-dithionite (BD) extraction step of a sediment P speciation scheme for analyzing redox-sensitive P in runoff without sample preconcentration. The extraction comprised the addition of bicarbonate (pH buffer) and dithionite (reducing agent) into a runoff sample, 15 min of gentle shaking, filtration, and sample digestion. The samples were greatly reduced (Eh < -200 mV), and Fe and P were solubilized, but Al solubility was not increased. Phosphorus release from rock phosphates (calcium phosphates) was greater in the BD extraction than in water or bicarbonate solution, although no more than 0.2% of the total P was released. For runoff from a very fine Typic Cryaquept, the particulate phosphorus (PP) versus BD-PP relationship was linear up to a PP concentration of about 1.0 mg L(-1), but over the whole PP range studied (up to 2.6 mg L(-1)) somewhat better described by an exponential equation (BD-PP = 0.297 x PP(0.766); r2 = 0.91, n = 79). The minimum detectable value given by the method was relatively low, 0.023 mg L(-1), but reproducibility varied, with the coefficient of variation for 10 samples analyzed with 5 replicates ranging from 1.8 to 28.5%. Considering the variable reproducibility of the results and the lack of suitable reference material, the method needs further refinement and testing if it is to be used for quantitative determination of redox-sensitive P in runoff.     

An evaluation of public participation information for land use decisions: public comment,surveys, and participatory mapping

ABSTRACT

Public participation in the form of public meetings and written submissions has been criticised as a democratic ritual that fails to give citizens a real voice in government decisions. Participatory mapping and community surveys are alternative public participation (PP) methods that can augment legally required processes for land use planning. To date, there has been little evaluation research comparing the information content generated by required PP processes and alternative PP sources with respect to local land use decisions. Using multiple development projects from a case study community, we analysed and compared information generated from three different sources of public participation: (1) formal public comment (written submissions), (2) responses to community survey questions, and (3) land use preferences generated from participatory mapping. We found public comment strongly supported development while results from survey questions and participatory mapping methods revealed community ambivalence. The differences in public opinion are attributed to two key factors: the representativeness of participants in the PP process and the specific methods used for measuring public opinion. Community surveys and participatory mapping generated more accurate and representative community information compared to the formal PP process which was characterised by lower participation and vulnerability to special interest manipulation. For local government decision makers, the political risk of broadening PP information appears high relative to the risk of inaccurately assessing public opinion thus limiting adoption of alternative PP methods such as participatory mapping.     

Mechanical performance of woodfibre–waste plastic composite materials

Plastic products used for packaging are often discarded after a single use resulting in an inexhaustible supply of waste polymeric materials. The stiffness and strength of polymeric materials have been known to improve with the addition of lignocellulosic fibres available in abundance in nature. Hence, composite materials containing natural fibres and waste plastics would result in the reduction of solid wastes and the use of cheap, renewable resources. Composite specimens, consisting of waste plastics obtained from a Kerbside collection (high density polyethylene (HDPE) waste, Janitorial waste, Kerbside waste I and Kerbside waste II) and Pinus radiata woodfibres (medium density fibres (MDF)), have been produced through melt blending and injection moulding. The effects of fibre content, matrix type and interfacial bonding on the tensile and flexural properties of these composite materials have been determined through extensive testing at various conditions. The mechanical properties of these composites at room temperature and humidity depend on the amount of woodfibres, the mechanical properties of the waste plastics used and the presence of a suitable coupling agent. The tensile strengths of MDF/waste plastic composites do not generally change with fibre content except for 40% MDF/HDPE waste and 40% MDF/Kerbside waste II (plus 1% Epolene™) composites, where the tensile strengths increase by about 25% compared to those of the corresponding waste plastics. Flexural strengths of MDF/waste plastic composites increase with the addition of medium density fibres with the exception of MDF/Kerbside waste I composites. The tensile and flexural moduli of MDF/waste plastic composites mostly increase with increasing fibre content.     

Waste electric and electronic toys: Management practices and characterisation

The main objective of this paper is to characterise, both physically and chemically, waste electric and electronic toys, belonging to the category 7 of the Directive, 2012/19/UE, in order to obtain information about the generation and composition of this waste which is not widely found in the literature. For this, a campaign was designed with the aim of collecting a representative sample of waste toys in different schools in a Spanish town. Altogether 1014.25 kg of waste toys were collected, of which 31.83% corresponded to the electric and electronic fraction, which is the object of study. The collected wastes were divided into subcategories and a representative sample of each was one used to characterise them physically and chemically. Physical characterisation provided information about the materials they were made of, the electrical and electronic parts, fixing and assembly systems, and so forth. The results showed that the weight of a toy is comprised of 72.30% of plastics, 12.07% of electrical and electronic components, 4.47% of metals, and 11.15% other materials. In general, the most common types of polymers were PS, PP and ABS. Chemical characterisation made it possible to analyse the composition of the plastic components, which is information that is essential to be able to determine the feasibility of recovering the resulting fractions. The results showed that the content of hazardous substances in these plastics is far below the limits stipulated in Directive 2002/95/EC (RoSH Directive). The findings of this study show a need for a specific management system for this fraction of domestic wastes and a wide range of potential reusability of the discarded toys since 65% of the toys from the collected sample worked in perfect condition. We also found that the end-of-life is one of the aspects that have not been considered during their design as both materials and disassembly sequence do not facilitate the end-of-life of this type of wastes. This information could be used to improve the ecodesign of electrical and electronic equipment toys regarding their end-of-life.     

低氟聚氨酯泡沫塑料在冷库保温上的应用

聚氨酯(以下简称PU)泡沫塑料喷涂发泡采取低氯氟烃(以下简称低氟)发泡配方与工艺，即配方中降低CFC发泡剂50％--60％的用量，以水代替其发泡。试验结果表明，用本配方及工艺实施的泡沫保温层各种性能良好，保持了传统单纯采用氯氟烃发泡剂的聚氨酯泡沫的优异性能，施工工艺简单、可靠，对环境友好。