Research on Methods of Ecological Security Assessment of the Middle and Lower Reaches of Liaohe River Based on GIS

1INTRODUCTIONResources and environment crisis are accompanied byincreasing economic development pressures and rapidpopulation growth in many countries of the world(RobSwart,1996).Ecological security is a hotspot.Majorityof scholars have taken in the hot discussions of ecologicalsecurity of different regions,most of which is differentfrom their background of subjects(Alex F.Mc Calla,1999;Xiao Duning,Chen Wenbo and Guo Fuliang,2002).With the development of GIS,GPS,RS and modeltechno…     

Research on Methods of Ecological Security Assessment of the Middle and Lower Reaches of Liaohe River Based on GIS

Abstract

Ecological security assessment and early warning research possess the attributes of spatiality, non-linearity and randomicity, so we must process much spatial information. Spatial analysis and data management are the advantages of GIS, which can define distribution trend and spatial relations of environmental factors, and show ecological security pattern graphically. Spatial differences of ecological security assessment based on GIS are discussed in this paper, of which the middle and lower reaches of the Liaohe River is taken as a study case. First, to work out pressure-state-response (P-S-R) assessment indicators system, and investigate in person and gather information; second, to digitize the watershed; third, to quantize and calculate by the fuzzy method; last, to construct GIS grid database, and expound spatial differences of ecological security by GIS interpolation and assembly analysis.     

基于空间句法的街区制与小区制路网结构与空间感知研究——以南京仙林地区为例

街区制与小区制是现代城市两种不同的居住模式。近年来，随着我国城市化水平的迅速提高和城市规模的扩大，城市居住模式对城市居民生产生活与交通产生何种影响引起众多学科的高度关注。以南京仙林地区为例，运用空间句法理论与GIS空间分析功能，选择可达性和居住区便捷性等空间特征变量，对两种居住模式的路网结构与空间感知研究后发现：（1）研究区实行街区制，路网具有“核心-外围”可达性逐渐减小的空间结构，而小区制可达性高的路网结构与主干道形态相关，呈“井”字型；（2）路网可达性的结构差异影响着居住区便捷性，街区制与小区制相比，存在着核心区与外围区便捷性差异。街区制的核心区全局便捷性较高且分布均匀，而外围区全局便捷性与局部便捷性较低且分布相对不均匀；（3）居住便捷与路网可达是空间感知的基础，街区制呈现核心区高，外围区低的空间感知差异，而小区制的空间感知整体较高并呈均质性特点；（4）空间句法理论运用于居住区模式的路网结构与空间感知研究，拓展了该理论应用的领域，提出了推广街区制的有效措施，也为城市规划实行何种居住模式提供了科学依据     

快速交通对区域中心城市日常可达性影响——以长江三角洲地区为例

近年来高速公路、高速铁路等快速交通不断发展,城市区域可达性得到大幅提高。基于栅格数据的成本加权距离法,利用平均旅行时间、等时圈以及日常可达性等区域可达性指标,比较分析有无高速公路和有无高速铁路情况下长三角地区中心城市可达性空间格局变化,探索两种快速交通方式对中心城市可达性的影响差异。结果显示：由于高速公路网发育程度较好,对城市区域可达性的影响较为均衡,而高速公路桥能显著缩短两岸旅行时间;高速铁路运行速度更快,但主要沿大城市带呈线状分布,因此对沿线可达性改善明显,尤其是对铁路端点城市;高速铁路较高速公路对城市之间日常可达时间优化效果显著;高速公路和高速铁路对于可达性影响各异,需衔接配合方能大幅提高城市日常可达性,促进区域经济社会公平快速发展     

Landslide probability mapping by considering fuzzy numerical risk factor (FNRF) and landscape change for road corridor of Uttarakhand,India

Landslide poses severe threats to the natural landscape of the Lesser Himalayas and the lives and economy of the communities residing in that mountainous topography. This study aims to investigate whether the landscape change has any impact on landslide occurrences in the Kalsi-Chakrata road corridor by detailed investigation through correlation of the landslide susceptibility zones and the landscape change, and finally to demarcate the hotspot villages where influence of landscape on landslide occurrence may be more in future. The rational of this work is to delineate the areas with higher landslide susceptibility using the ensemble model of GIS-based multi-criteria decision making through fuzzy landslide numerical risk factor model along the Kalsi-Chakrata road corridor of Uttarakhand where no previous detailed investigation was carried out applying any contemporary statistical techniques. The approach includes the correlation of the landslide conditioning factors in the study area with the changes in land use and land cover (LULC) over the past decade to understand whether frequent landslides have any link with the physical and hydro-meteorological or, infrastructure, and socioeconomic activities. It was performed through LULC change detection and landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM), and spatial overlay analysis to establish statistical correlation between the said parameters. The LULC change detection was performed using the object-oriented classification of satellite images acquired in 2010 and 2019. The inventory of the past landslides was formed by visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite images supported by an intensive field survey of each landslide area. To assess the landslide susceptibility zones for 2010 and 2019 scenarios, the geo-environmental or conditioning factors such as slope, rainfall, lithology, normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), proximity to road and land use and land cover (LULC) were considered, and the fuzzy LNRF technique was applied. The results indicated that the LULC in the study area was primarily transformed from forest cover and sparse vegetation to open areas and arable land, which is increased by 6.7% in a decade. The increase in built-up areas and agricultural land by 2.3% indicates increasing human interference that is continuously transforming the natural landscape. The landslide susceptibility map of 2019 shows that about 25% of the total area falls under high and very high susceptibility classes. The result shows that 80% of the high landslide susceptible class is contained by LULC classes of open areas, scrubland, and sparse vegetation, which point out the profound impact of landscape change that aggravate landslide occurrence in that area. The result acclaims that specific LULC classes, such as open areas, barren-rocky lands, are more prone to landslides in this Lesser Himalayan road corridor, and the LULC-LSM correlation can be instrumental for landslide probability assessment concerning the changing landscape. The fuzzy LNRF model applied has 89.6% prediction accuracy at 95% confidence level which is highly satisfactory. The present study of the connection of LULC change with the landslide probability and identification of the most fragile landscape at the village level has been instrumental in delineation of landslide susceptible areas, and such studies may help the decision-makers adopt appropriate mitigation measures in those villages where the landscape changes have mainly resulted in increased landslide occurrences and formulate strategic plans to promote ecologically sustainable development of the mountainous communities in India's Lesser Himalayas.

     

山区县域生态系统安全因子遥感和GIS分析--以重庆市忠县为例

数据的高效获取和信息的实时提取,长期以来一直是困扰区域生态安全研究领域和地学过程研究领域的瓶颈和难题。在对案例研究区——重庆忠县地区TM卫星遥感数据进行波谱信息特征分析的基础上,通过人机交互目视判读解译和模型模拟自动信息提取等多种有效技术和方法,实现用遥感影像数据对山区县域生态环境系统安全因子体系中的3个主要因子：土地覆被、水土流失强度、植被盖度等进行数据提取,并用GIS技术对这些指标因子数据进行空间分析。这在一定程度上解决了中尺度山区县域生态环境系统安全评价指标因子数据提取与地学分析的技术和方法难题。通过GIS空间分析,揭示出忠县部分生态安全因子的时空分异特征,为山区县域生态环境退化评价和生态恢复研究提供了一种新的方法尝试。     

Potential flood hazard due to urban expansion in the karst mountainous region of North China

Since China’s economic reform in 1978, the cities of China have experienced rapid expansion and urbanization, thereby profoundly transforming the spatial pattern of urban land use in the karst regions, particularly in the urban mountainous area within city, and urbanization has had and continues to have a negative impact on urban mountain area in cities of China. With the rapid development of urbanization and civilization in these regions, environmental degradation has been increasingly serious, especially in the urban karst mountain area, thereby resulting in the destruction and breakage of urban hills that induce serious natural hazard, i.e., flood hazard.     

重庆市涪陵区G319公路洪灾风险评估研究

公路洪灾对公路安全畅通与发展建设具有重大威胁,并给公路行业带来巨大损失。以重庆市涪陵区境内国道319（G319）线为研究对象,依照该公路沿线地貌和水系分布情况,将其划分为340段作为风险评价尺度单元。从孕灾环境、致灾因子、承灾体因子和灾情因子等4个方面构建由15个评价指标组成的公路洪灾风险评估指标体系,并在ArcGIS软件平台支持下,通过相应的方法获取研究路线各路段洪灾风险评估各指标数据。采用综合评价方法建立公路洪灾风险评估模型,并据此计算得到涪陵区G319线各单元路段洪灾风险综合指数值,依据各风险等级阈值对路段洪灾风险进行综合分区。研究表明：涪陵区G319线洪灾风险以中风险为主,占路段总长度的65.17%;极高风险占0.76%;高风险占23.10%;低风险占10.96%,研究成果为公路防灾减灾及保障公路安全畅通提供科学依据     

鄂西北山区耕层土壤pH值空间变异特征及其影响因素研究

土壤pH值是耕地质量表征的重要指标之一,精确估算土壤pH值具有重要意义。以鄂西北山区十堰市为研究区,采集了701个耕作层土样,测定分析土壤pH值,运用地统计学方法和GIS技术探讨了鄂西北耕层土壤pH值的空间变异特征,利用方差分析和回归分析对其主要影响因素进行量化分析。结果表明:研究区土壤pH值为6.46±0.84,变异系数为13.00%,属中等变异强度。全市土壤pH值空间分布总体特征表现为低值区主要分布在研究区中部和西南部,高值区主要分布在北部和东南部;整体上呈现从东北向西南逐渐降低的空间分布格局,通过回归分析得出成土母质是研究区土壤pH值空间变异的主控因素,能够独立解释空间变异的13.6%,其次是海拔高度,独立解释能力为6.30%,较弱的是土地利用方式,独立解释能力仅为1.4%,坡度几乎没有独立解释能力。说明目前影响研究区耕层土壤pH值空间变异的主要影响因素是结构因素,土地利用方式和生产方式将是研究区土壤pH值进一步变化的重要驱动因素。     

基于GIS技术的洪水淹没计算分析系统建立与应用

洪水淹没范围的计算分析是防汛救灾管理和灾害损失评估的核心任务，而利用高新技术对洪水进行监测管理、计算分析和灾害损失评估，一直是防汛应急管理工作的薄弱环节。为此，探讨防洪流域洪水淹没计算分析系统的解决方案和实现方法，对应用系统的软硬件环境、体系结构、系统内容、系统功能和技术特点等进行详细说明，采用较为成熟的模型技术和计算机手段，研究建立基于GIS技术的洪水淹没计算分析系统，实现多源数据管理、洪水演进模拟、淹没范围计算和灾害损失评估等功能，并在海子水库防汛救灾管理工作中运行良好。应用结果表明：所采用的技术方法和分析模型能准确地计算模拟洪水淹没范围；洪水淹没面积的计算精度以及灾害评估和预测分析的准确性主要取决于空间数据精度的优劣和相关统计数据的完备程度。     

安徽省县域公路交通与经济发展空间格局及耦合研究

交通与经济系统相互影响又互为合作,二者的良性反馈与循环是区域协调均衡发展的切实保证。基于安徽省77个县(市)域研究单元,利用公路交通路网和社会经济数据,借助交通优势度模型、经济发展水平综合评价模型和耦合协调发展评价模型,考量分析了公路交通和经济发展的空间格局及其耦合协调特征。结果表明:(1)安徽省县域公路交通路网密度北高南低,总体较优;交通可达性呈"单核"圈层分异;区位优势度呈"多核"圈层分异;交通优势度正介于"多核"向"单核"圈层转变的过渡状态。(2)各县(市)经济发展水平整体呈"金字塔型"分化,低发展水平单元基数较大;优势单元多集中于皖江城市带地域;地级市市辖区经济发展水平普遍高于周边县(市)。(3)全省县域公路交通与经济发展耦合关系整体良好,但协调度水平总体偏低,绝大多数县(市)公路交通发展超前经济。如何依托既有公路交通支撑,加快推进县域经济发展,是打造全省公路交通与经济协调发展新格局的关键。     

农村聚落功能评价研究——以启东市为例

随着工业化和城镇化的快速发展，农村聚落功能多元化趋势明显，空间异质性深化，但针对农村聚落功能的专门研究并不多见。从效用价值理论和供需分析视角出发，剖析了农村聚落功能的服务内涵和时空动态特征，提出农村聚落生产、生活和生态功能分类体系，构建了功能评价指标和基于信息熵的综合评价模型，以村为单元进行了实证分析。分析表明：农村聚落功能空间分异特征显著，案例区西部和北部远离城镇、交通干线地区农业生产功能较强，城镇周边以及沿江地区工、商、文化教育等功能集聚，东北部吕四港地区休闲娱乐和自然人文景观保护功能较强；农村聚落功能多元化发展在空间上呈现“多中心”的格局特征，从“中心”向外围地区，随着距离增加，聚落功能多元化程度逐步衰减，且不同“中心”的功能构成存在明显的空间差异     

基于主体功能区划的规划布局优化调整方法——以博鳌亚洲论坛特别规划区规划环评为例

针对规划环境影响评价所面临的关键问题之一,即规划布局的优化调整问题,以海南博鳌亚洲论坛特别规划区为研究对象,综合考虑该地区的功能定位及其生态环境特征,筛选出具有代表性的生态适宜性评价因子和生态敏感性评价因子,利用地理信息系统空间分析工具对该地区生态适宜性和敏感性进行评价。根据生态适宜性与敏感性评价结果,进行案例区主体功能区划分。在此基础上,通过比较主体功能区划与案例规划布局,从建设用地地块层面提出具体的规划布局优化调整建议。研究结果表明:规划的141个建设用地地块中,约四成位于禁止开发区和限制开发区,建议控制项目规模或者取消项目。通过基于主体功能区划的规划布局优化调整方法及其案例研究,从环境保护与生态建设角度指导该地区规划布局,同时也丰富和发展了规划环境影响评价技术方法。     

基于GIS的土地适宜性评价决策支持系统——以南京市江宁区淳化镇为例

传统的基于GIS建立的土地适宜性评价系统缺乏对空间问题决策的支持能力，而GIS与DSS技术集成建立土地适宜性评价决策系统一方面可以实现对空间数据的管理和分析，另一方面可以利用模型进行辅助决策，有利于解决与空间有关的决策问题。以MapInfo Professional 6.0为基础平台，以Visual 〖XC夏敏字1.TIF,JZ〗6.0为开发工具，建立了一个土地适宜性评价决策支持系统，该系统包括数据库系统、模型库系统、知识库系统以及人机接口4个部分，具有数据输入输出、图属互查、数据空间分析和辅助决策等功能。系统成功应用于南京市江宁区淳化镇农地适宜性评价实践中，应用结果表明系统能为决策者提供多种决策方案，同时又集成了GIS的数据管理和空间分析功能，满足土地适宜性评价的要求，有推广使用的价值。     

长三角城市群臭氧浓度的时空分异及驱动因素

运用克里金插值、空间自相关分析、冷热点分析和地理探测等定量分析方法，对长三角城市群2015~2017年O3浓度的时空分异特征及驱动因素进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）2015~2017年长三角城市群O3浓度呈上升趋势，O3日最大8 h滑动平均值第90百分位数平均浓度由149 μg/m3上升到166 μg/m3，平均超标率由9.3%上升到12.1%，以O3为首要污染物的天数占超标总天数的比例由32.3%上升到46.4%。（2）受气温和降水量年际波动的影响，各年份O3月均浓度变化曲线形状不同。但O3超标都主要发生在4~9月，超标天数分别占2015、2016、2017年的88.3%、98.2%和97.0%。（3）由于安徽O3浓度快速上升，长三角城市群O3浓度空间分布格局由东高西低演变为北高南低，且同质化增强、异质性减弱。（4）随着O3浓度的上升，O3浓度热点区由环太湖地区向南京都市圈扩展，冷点区在安徽有明显收缩。（5）地理探测表明，长三角城市群O3浓度空间分异主要受经济规模、城市化和排放源等社会经济因素驱动，且均呈正向影响。自然因素中的降水量和风速呈负向影响，分别对O3有显著的清除和扩散作用。     

Spatial assessment for groundwater quality based on GIS and improved fuzzy comprehensive assessment with entropy weights

The objective of the research is to evaluate spatial groundwater quality based on improved fuzzy comprehensive assessment model with entropy weights(FCAEW)in geographical information system(GIS)environment.This paper explores the method of comprehensive evaluation of groundwater and sets up an evaluation model applying GIS and FCAEW.Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from 29 wells in Zhenping County,China.Six parameters were chosen including chloride,sulfate,total hardness,nitrate,fluoride and color.Better spatial interpolation methods for evaluated parameters are found out and selected according to the minimum cross-validation errors from the interpolation methods.FCAEW model was carried out with the help of GIS which makes the evaluating process simpler and easier and more automatically,effectively,efficiently and intelligently.The result embodies the feasibility and effectiveness of FCAEW in GIS when compared with other comprehensive evaluation methods.     

武汉城市圈人口分布的时空格局

基于1990~2010年人口统计数据，结合数理统计分析方法和GIS空间分析方法，探讨了武汉城市圈人口空间分布的时空格局分异规律，得出以下结论：（1）圈域人口规模持续稳步增长，可划分为1990~1999年剧增阶段、1999~2006年滞涨阶段和2006~2010年稳步增长3个阶段；（2）圈域人口格局表现为东西向的交通廊道（宜黄 黄黄 黄小高速）指向且不断得到强化；（3）人口密度的空间变异系数先升后降，圈域人口分布的空间差异先扩大后缩小，但空间差异的绝对水平即空间异质性特征仍较为突出；（4）人口分布的动态变化格局表现为“圈层式”空间分异，圈域人口分布的主要方向为西北 东南向，且在进一步的往东南方向集聚；（5）圈域人口格局是自然地理条件、区域公共政策、社会经济发展和交通运输条件共同作用的结果     

Investigating the malleable socioeconomic resilience pathway to urban cohesion: a case of Taipei metropolitan area

It is known that globalization has led first- and second-tier cities’ urban restructuring trajectories, excreted pressures, and caused tremendous socioeconomic volatility. This resulted in marginalized communities in dire of social empowerment, employment structure variance, and industry sectoral adjustment. Moreover, recent successive climate and health crisis unfolded and affirmed the state of our urban incompetence to sustain socioeconomic resilience or otherwise; lacking swift responses in providing critical management and services, cites are facing multifaceted challenges. Urban well-being and resilience are at stake. Although the environmental and health dimensional effects are apparent, this study ascertains that the transept multi-scalar analysis within the urban socioeconomic structure is crucial in sustaining core resilience to foster health and well-being of the community. As an integral part of the investigation, the revised DPSIR assessment framework is applied to evaluate the sectoral shift; spatial structure disarray and urban codependence degree are examined within the Taipei metropolitan area (TMA), a medium size but densely populated metropolitan area in Taiwan. The place-based DPSIR analysis ascertained the states and impacts in TMA: (1) A population decline speeded the restructuring of the urban core, while the impact of demographic aging and shrinkage rate mandates proper management and planning responses to the decline process; (2) the socioeconomic state effect is determined but does not critically affect the periphery zone, while an uneven demographic shift within the urban core necessitates dynamic adjustment responses to appropriately provide intergenerational services; (3) the uneven sector redistribution stimulated the core’s spatial and structural inter-dependency with peripheral zones, requiring governance with tighter cross-administration cooperation among respective public sectors; and (4) facing the sector/temporal and demographic pressure, urban cohesiveness in the TMA is greatly affected, which in turn disrupts the resilience pathway toward a cohesion. The study ascertained that the revised DPSIR framework could provide cities facing pressing socioeconomic drivers with effective analysis to allocate pressures, states, and impacts and formulate the necessary responses. To assure the socioeconomic resilience and urban cohesiveness, planning policy should carefully monitor and evaluate socio-demographic and sector redistribution factors to promote the urban resilience.

     

基于RS和GIS的三峡库区生态环境综合评价

以遥感影像作为主要数据源,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,以生态环境脆弱典型区——三峡库区为研究对象,针对区域主要生态问题,选取水热条件、地形地貌、土地利用和土壤侵蚀为评价因子,建立了生态环境质量综合评价模型,并对评价结果的空间分异格局进行了分析。结果表明,三峡库区的生态环境现状整体较差,良好等级的区域仅占4.25％,较差及以下等级的区域占区域总面积的60％;生态环境质量的空间分异比较明显,中海拔地区生态环境质量最为脆弱。因此,必须因地制宜地采取相应措施,从而加强库区生态环境的保护。     

江河突发性水污染事故动态模拟与预警——以长江武汉段为例

近年来，频繁发生的突发性水污染给各地水源地安全造成巨大威胁，能够对事故进行模拟预警和快速响应显得日益重要。针对突发性水污染的特点，采用贴体正交网格对河道进行空间离散化，采用平面二维瞬时排放水质数学模型与GIS 集成，基于GIS的可视化功能实现了长江武汉段突发性水污染事故的动态模拟和水源地污染物浓度超标预警。模拟结果表明，该方法有效预测了长江上突发性事故排放形成的污染带的在江内的时空迁移状况，为武汉长江段水环境保护和突发性污染事故的处理提供有力的决策支持