城市化与北京增温的协整分析

城市增温现象和城市热岛效应对人居环境的影响日益显著，而城市化是否是城市增温现象的一个主要影响因素，为此。利用协整分析等经济计量方法研究城市化对城市增温现象的影响。协整分析是近年来计量经济学发展的最新成果，能够揭示变量之间存在着的长期均衡变动关系。分析发现，城市化因子与城市气候因子之间存在着协整关系。长期看北京市的年平均最低温度与人口密度基本上处于同步增长状态；短期内城市气温的变动受人口和城市化因素的影响较大。为此可知，北京市70年代以来，城市气温的升高基本上与城市化的发展相一致。二者具有长期协同变动的均衡关系。这些发现对我们制定减缓城市热岛效应的城市规划以及合理人口规模的城市发展战略都有很大的帮助。     

Climate change and variability: perception and adaptation strategies of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists across different zones of Burkina Faso

Due to the dependence of its economy on rainfed agriculture and livestock husbandry, Burkina Faso, like other Sahelian countries, is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Adaptation is needed to counteract anticipated drawbacks of climate change on crop and livestock productivity; therefore, we examined climate change perceptions of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists and analysed their adaptation strategies. To this end, focus group discussions were held in six villages distributed across three agro-ecological zones. In three of these sites, 162 farmers were also individually interviewed. Perceptions of farmers were compared to actual trends of different climatic parameters extracted from official long-term meteorological records (1988–2008). Results showed that farmers in Burkina Faso were partly aware of climate change, particularly of changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, but their perception did not match well with the recorded annual rainfall data in the southern Sahelian and Sudanian zones. The most important adaptation strategies mentioned by agro-pastoralists were crop diversification, combination of cropping and livestock operations, use of water harvesting technologies and anti-erosive measures such as half-moons or stone dikes. Strategies of pastoralists included seasonal, annual and permanent migration and taking up of cereal cropping. Logistic regression analysis indicated that agro-ecological zone, cultivated surface, ruminant herd size, household size and education were the most important variables affecting farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies. These factors should be taken into account in the development and implementation of any programme of adaptation to climate change in Burkina Faso.     

基于TVX方法的南京市城区时空格局与地表温度的研究

随着全球气候变化和人类活动的不断加剧,导致生态、资源与环境问题日趋严重,区域空间格局变化与地表温度的研究已成为全球环境变化的热门和重点研究课题。采用2000年、2006年和2010年的TM遥感影像，结合GIS和RS技术研究南京市不同时期的时空分布特征、演变特征以及地表温度的变化。结果表明: 2000～2010年南京市城区建设用地面积增长幅度较大，而耕地面积却呈显著递减趋向，水体和草地面积基本保持稳定，林地面积略有增长。NDVI和MNDWI均与地表温度呈负相关，通过构建TVX空间观察南京城市化进程，发现植被覆盖度持续降低，地表温度急速上升，到2010年，所有土地利用类型的聚类点的转化轨迹趋于一点，变化向量幅度是：林地>草地>水体>耕地，研究结果表明林地和水域对城市地表热环境具有强大的缓解作用，在城市化进程中，要注重城市水域和林地的保护，同时要改善城市绿化、减少能耗和节制热源     

大城市应对气候变化的可持续发展研究——以上海为例

在全球气候变化背景下,社会城镇规划与自然气候变化之间的关系越发密切,城镇规划体系需要纳入气候变化的影响并考虑适应气候变化的策略。首先以发达国家及世界著名大城市为参考,对美国、德国和日本在应对气候变化的城镇可持续发展规划方面的成功经验和实践措施分别进行了综述和提炼;然后,以上海为例,对照分析了我国大城市在城镇化过程中面临的气候变化挑战及存在的脆弱性,包括城镇发展规划与气候环境的相容性考虑不够、城镇化过程对气候环境的影响缺乏充分论证、城镇基础设施抵御气象灾害的能力较低、气候变化对城镇人体健康的影响未给予高度关注等;最后,指出了我国大城市应对气候变化的城镇可持续发展思路及重点方向,即充分考虑区域气候容量、大力构建生态绿色通风廊道;深入开展城镇功能布局的气候可行性论证和气象灾害风险评估;加强城市气候变化研究和实验,不断更新城市规划设计参数和标准规范;加大对脆弱人群和外来常住人口生命安全和人体健康监测预警;积极完善城镇化适应气候变化的机制等,以期为城镇发展体系的编制和应用提供参考和借鉴。     

Options for water storage and rainwater harvesting to improve health and resilience against climate change in Africa

West and East Africa experience high variability of rainfall that is expected to increase with climate change. This results in fluctuations in water availability for food production and other socioeconomic activities. Water harvesting and storage can mitigate the adverse effects of rainfall variability. But past studies have shown that when investments in water storage are not guided by environmental health considerations, the increased availability of open water surface may increase the transmission of water-related diseases. This is demonstrated for schistosomiasis associated with small reservoirs in Burkina Faso, and for malaria in Ethiopia around large dams, small dams, and water harvesting ponds. The concern is that the rush to develop water harvesting and storage for climate change adaptation may increase the risk for already vulnerable people, in some cases more than canceling out the benefits of greater water availability. Taking health issues into account in a participatory approach to planning, design, and management of rainwater harvesting and water storage, as well as considering the full range of water storage options would enable better opportunities for enhancing resilience against climate change in vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa.     

城市化过程及其绿地储碳研究——以上海“城-郊-乡”样带为例

城市化会影响城市生态系统的结构和功能,基于航空遥感影像,选取了上海市典型的"城-郊-乡"样带,利用地理信息系统(ArcGIS9.3)和景观格局分析(Frastates3.3)软件,选用6个城市化指标,基于主成分分析(PCA)和多元线性回归分析,在对研究区域城市化水平进行评估的基础上,结合植物相关生长方程和城市绿地冠层面积,对研究区域绿地系统碳储量的空间分异性进行研究。结果表明:(1)所选用的城市化物理指标和景观指数,能够快速地用于评估城市化水平;(2)"城-郊-乡"样带上,总的碳储量为4 475 410.7 Mg C,碳密度为71.1Mg C/hm2;(3)城市绿地系统碳储量空间分异性明显,绿地碳储量大小表现为城市化水平高的市中心、城市化水平相对较高的郊区以及城市化水平最低的乡村依次升高,主要原因是由于市中心绿地分散且面积较小,而在农村和郊区其面积较大的生产绿地较多。     

城市绿化屋顶的微气候调节与径流削减效应研究

快速城市化与气候变化双重作用下,热岛效应与城市内涝成为最为突出的城市环境问题。绿化屋顶因能有效利用闲置屋面添緑、帮助城市缓解热岛和暴雨径流而受到关注。以往研究较多探讨单种气象条件下、单个小面积实验型绿化屋面的气候水文调节功能,本研究基于夏秋两季的微气候水文观测数据,定量分析不同气象条件下5种典型绿化屋顶的降温和径流削减效应。首先选择晴朗、多云、降雨3种典型夏日天气条件,分析草坪、裸土、菜地、小面积花园、大面积花园5种类型绿化屋顶与对照光屋顶之间的温度差日变化规律,探讨绿化屋顶热效应强度及时空特征;其次,选择暴雨、大雨、中雨及小雨4次典型降雨,分析大面积草坪与花园型绿化屋顶上的降雨-滞蓄过程及径流削减率。研究结果表明:绿化屋顶降温与升温效应并存,晴朗无风天气条件下,距离屋面10 cm和150 cm两个高度上,绿化屋顶最高可降低气温5.3℃和2.5℃,多云及降雨天气条件下降温强度下降,升温时段延长;白天草坪与裸土上的大气温度高于对照光屋顶,其它绿化屋顶的温度低于对照屋顶;夜间5个绿化屋顶的大气温度均低于对照屋顶,且降温效应按照大面积花园、草坪、小面积花园、裸土、菜地的顺序递减。绿化屋顶径流削减效益与绿化类型及降雨强度密切相关,花园型绿化对一次典型暴雨、大雨、中雨、小雨的径流削减率分别为50.8%、78%、100%、100%,简易型绿化的4次径流削减率分别为24.3%,58.6%,98.2%和100%。研究结果可为同气候区其他城市绿化屋顶环境设计及管理提供一定参考价值。     

试论宜居性城市绿地的规划与建设

在生态城市、可持续发展等社会思潮的推动下，宜居性城市已逐渐成为新的城市发展观。我国的城市绿地建设也由过去的点缀性工作上升为城市基础设施建设的重点内容。但从城市的宜居性角度分析，我国城市绿地的规划与建设主要存在定位比较模糊，重综合公园和专类公园绿地、轻社区绿地，重绿地美化亮化效果、轻绿地生态效益，重整体性评价指标、轻宜居性指标等问题。立足于城市绿地规划的宜居性导向，提出了合理定位、绿地工程与主体工程“四同时”， 按自然规律进行城市绿地的建设与管理，突出社区性绿地，推行“绿径＋缀块”的绿地网络布局，强调绿地的“可达性＋开放性＋复合性”，以及适度兼顾绿地规模等宜居性城市绿地规划与建设的策略。     

基于CVM调查法评估城市公共绿地服务价值 ——以西部省会城市为例

随着人口增长和城市化程度越来越高，作为城市土地利用类型之一的公共绿地往往最容易被改变性质和用途。开展城市公共绿地价值评估，是当前城市规划、绿地保护与建设中迫切需要解决的问题。通过梳理西部城市群中典型的甘青宁3个省会城市的公共绿地存在的主要问题，并采用CVM调查法评估城市公共绿地的服务价值。研究表明：兰州市城市公共绿地提供的生态服务总价值约为 3 324~3 761 万元之间，西宁、银川两市因城市规模相对较小，城市公共绿地提供的生态服务总价值较兰州市略低；分析社会因素对支付意愿的影响，得出职业、收入、性别等变量对支付意愿的正向影响作用较大；比较单位公共绿地面积的生态服务价值产出可以发现，兰州市单位公共绿地面积的生态服务价值产出最高约为1.57~1.77元/m²，兰州市城市公共绿地的生态服务价值产出效率较高。     

An integrated assessment of climate change impacts for Greece in the near future

Climate changes in the Mediterranean region, related to a significant increase in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns, can potentially affect local economies. Agriculture and tourism are undoubtedly the most important economic sources for Greece and these may be more strongly affected by changing future climate conditions. Climate change and their various negative impacts on human life are also detected in their environment; hence this study deals with implications, caused by changing climate, in urban and forest areas. Potential changes for the mid-twenty-first century (2021–2050) are analysed using a high-resolution regional climate model. This paper presents relevant climatic indices, indicative for potential implications which may jeopardise vital economic/environmental sectors of the country. The results provide insights into particular regions of the Greek territory that may undergo substantial impacts due to climate change. It is concluded that the duration of dry days is expected to increase in most of the studied agricultural regions. Winter precipitation generally decreases, whereas an increase in autumn precipitation is projected in most areas. Changing climate conditions associated with increased minimum temperatures (approximately 1.3°C) and decreased winter precipitation by 15% on average suggest that the risk for forest fires is intensified in the future. In urban areas, unpleasantly high temperatures during day and night will increase the feeling of discomfort in the citizens, while flash floods events are expected to occur more frequently. Another impact of climate change in urban regions is the increasing energy demand for cooling in summer. Finally, it was found that continental tourist areas of the Greek mainland will more often face heatwave episodes. In coastal regions, increased temperatures especially at night in combination with high levels of relative humidity can lead to conditions that are nothing less than uncomfortable for foreigners and the local population. In general, projected changes associated with temperature have a higher degree of confidence than those associated with precipitation.     

Climate variability and changes in the major cities of Bangladesh: observations,possible impacts and adaptation

High population density, inadequate infrastructure and low adaptive capacity have made the urban population of Bangladesh highly vulnerable to climate change. Trends in climate and climate-related extreme events in five major cities have been analyzed in this paper to decipher the variability and ongoing changes in urban Bangladesh. An analysis of 55 years (1958–2012) of daily rainfall and temperature data using nonparametric statistical methods shows a significant increase in annual and seasonal mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures in all five cities. A significant increase in climate-related extreme events, such as heavy rainfall events (>20 mm), hot days (>32 °C) and hot nights (>25 °C), is also observed. Climate model results suggest that these trends will continue through the twenty-first century. Vulnerability of urban livelihoods and physical structures to climate change is estimated by considering certainty and timing of impacts. It has been predicted that public health and urban infrastructures, viz. water and power supply, would be the imminent affected sectors in the urban areas of Bangladesh. Adaptation measures that can be adopted to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change are also discussed.     

城市化进程对长江下游平原河网水系格局演变的影响

以长江下游典型平原河网地区苏州市为例,基于1970s、1990s、2010s的遥感影像以及1960s、1980s、2010s水系数据,构建水系结构参数指标,重点探讨不同城市扩张方式对不同等级水系的干扰程度,以揭示城市空间扩展与水系结构演变的关系。结果表明:(1)城市扩展具有阶段性、趋向性,且受到自然环境和社会经济的影响与制约。(2)河网水系的改造和演化在不同城市化进程下表现出区域差异:近年来快速城市化区域的河网密度、水面率等水系结构指标变幅较大;80年代城市化区域变幅次之;进入高度城市化阶段的老城区,变化最小且稍有增加,其中近50年来河网密度在上述3个区域总体变幅为-21.06%、-16.23%以及1.88%。(3)河流结构发育受城市化进程显著影响,自然状态下河流长度与面积之比较大,河流结构更为稳定,而进入城市化阶段后,河流结构稳定性随之降低。该研究为城市化地区河流水系保护、城市规划及防洪减灾提供参考与理论支撑。     

武汉城市群夏季热岛特征及演变

利用2000~2010年共11期MODIS地表温度资料和多源多时相的遥感影像分类结果揭示武汉城市群的夏季热岛效应,反演并计算出10 a间武汉城市群日间和夜间的热岛强度变化、土地覆盖类型和城镇用地面积。在对不同时相的地表温度数据进行热岛指数归一化处理的基础上,分析了武汉城市群热岛的分布特征及年代演变,定量分析了武汉城市群以及中心城市武汉市不同热状况区面积的变化和热场的变迁。结果表明,武汉城市群夏季热岛效应较为明显,其中武汉市是主要热源和热中心;自2000年起,武汉城市群城乡温度差异逐步减小,热中心分布向外扩散,城市热岛区域急速扩张,整体热环境趋于恶化;新兴城区的开发增加了武汉市的热源分布,人工表面的增加以及自然表面的减少导致城市热岛效应不断加剧。     

Investigating the current status of geospatial data and urban growth indicators in Jordan and Irbid municipality: implications for urban and environmental planning

The increasing levels of urbanization with intensive use of resources became a common problem across all countries. Jordan is a country with limited resources that require periodic assessment and frequent monitoring. The geospatial data, maps and urban growth indicators are fundamental requirements to monitor and evaluate cities expansion, development and resources use. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the availability and accessibility of geospatial data needed for city’s urban planning research and calculate recent urban growth indicators for Greater Irbid Municipality (GIM). All National governmental institutions were visited and surveyed. Landsat-8 images, geographic information system, classification workflow in ENVI-5 and statistical methods were used to assess selected urban growth indicators for GIM. The results showed that only one-fourth of Jordan national authorities use spatial data for urban planning. Researchers are expected to face complexities in identifying the available national geospatial data, accessing and acquisition of the available data with sufficient accuracy and comprehensiveness. The GIM showed lack of certain geospatial data (land use categories, population and built-up densities). These data were calculated, and results showed that the green, urban, open space densities for the year 2015 were 49, 25 and 26%, respectively. The population and built-up densities relative to the urban area was 7879 capita/km² and 20%, respectively. Therefore, the GIM is a dense city and its land use categories need to be monitored. Funds are needed to develop complete, comprehensive and accurate national geodata infrastructure that are governed with policies and regulations to facilitate researchers’ mission to support sustainability.     

Quantification of land use/land cover changes in Pearl River Delta and its impact on regional climate in summer using numerical modeling

This study quantified land use/land cover (LULC) changes in Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China and its impact on regional climate over the last two decades. The LULC change analyses were accomplished by applying a change detection method to a set of Landsat imagery and ancillary data acquired from 1970s to 2000. The results indicate that the urban expansion is the prevailing LULC change in the PRD. Impact of LULC change on regional climate was simulated by using a mesoscale climate model. Two different land cover datasets circa 1990 and 2000 were input to the model to investigate the impact of urbanization on regional weather and climate condition in summer 2005. The simulation results show that rapid urban expansion can substantially alter regional climate conditions in the PRD region including monthly mean temperature, precipitation, moisture, and surface heat fluxes.     

南京城镇空间形态的度量和分析

进入20世纪80年代,中国的城市化进程开始加快,城市化使城镇空间结构发生迅速的变化,并伴随着城镇形态的变化。城镇形态的变化不仅反映了城镇发展的方向、发展规模的变化,也反映了城镇与自然环境的关系,揭示了城镇发展与区域空间结构的关系。对城镇形态的定量化研究不仅深化城镇空间结构和城镇化的理论研究,而且有助于城镇规划的科学性,包括城镇的发展方向、发展规模、发展速度的优化和调控等。主要以南京市域城镇为案例,利用遥感技术的仿归一化植被指数法,提取2000年9月份南京Landsat TM影像上的城镇空间信 息,并用定量的方法,对城镇形态进行度量、分类,最后根据分类结果分析了城镇形态形成的背景和机制。据此,为城镇化进程中的城镇发展规划提供科学的参考依据。     

城乡生态单元分类、评价与制图研究——以苏州市花桥镇为例

生态单元制图是通过对区域遥感信息的解译及与现场调查信息的叠合,得到可视性较强的生态信息图谱,是将景观生态学成果应用到城乡规划中的一条有效途径。生态单元制图如何与中国城乡规划编制相衔接,提供专业、可靠的基础性研究成果,是本文期待解决的主要问题。提出了将城市所有用地类型都作为研究对象的"本土化"和"城市化"的生态单元分类方法,完成了符合我国《城市用地分类与建设用地标准》的生态单元制图分类系统(9大类37小类)及其景观生态学指数分析;通过绿地率、建筑密度、乔木树冠覆盖度、植物物种丰富度等各单项指标进行分层及叠加综合评价制图,科学全面地识别不同用地的生态价值。认为可以通过提出诸如各类城市用地的附属绿地的面积、容积率高低、建筑退让范围、大乔木的保护措施等具体细致的规划要求,来保护及调整城市用地内部的绿地面积及植被丰富度、乔木的覆盖度等生态指标,确保重要的城镇自然系统在城市开发过程中不受冲击,以及如何实现我国城市绿地的"精明增长"等后续研究方向。     

近30 a三峡库区(重庆段)城镇化发展的气温响应图谱诊断

城镇化发展是区域气候变化的重要影响因素之一。以Landsat TM影像数据、多期土地利用类型数据、城镇化率数据、DEM数据、气象站点时空数据为基础,通过城镇发展指数法、气温变异指数法,以图谱方式对三峡库区(重庆段)近30 a城镇化发展格局、气温变异格局进行可视化,运用一元线性回归模型,建立了重庆三峡库区城镇发展的气温响应模型。研究表明:(1)研究区全域城镇建设用地增长3.83倍,城镇化发展指数年增长率为4.56%,总量呈现出西南高东北低格局。(2)气温变异指数从20世纪90年代后期开始迅速增加,2005~2014保持在高指数状态,库区蓄水对气温变异指数增长的影响未达显著性水平。(3)从城镇发展的气温响应状况看,呈较强正相关性且拟合精度较高,绝大部分区县t概率值(p值)达到0.05的显著性水平。分析表明,库区下垫面物质环境的改变和人类活动的增加对区域气温的长期同向变化具有较强解释力。     

道路交通网络与城市土地利用时空耦合关系——以南京市为例

城市的扩张与道路交通的发展是相辅相成的。道路建设造成了城市景观的破碎化，使城市景观呈现不同的空间格局和空间异质性特征，并且这种空间异质性随着时间的变化而发生改变。在RS和GIS技术的支持下，利用1989、1999和2008年的Landsat TM/ETM+数据，以南京市为例对道路交通网络与城市土地利用之间关系进行了不同层次和尺度的空间分析。结果表明：1989～2008年近20 a来，南京市城市空间形态扩展迅速，建设用地面积从1989年的1003 km2增加到2008年的6847 km2；在不同时期，南京市城市化过程表现出不同的道路交通网络结构和城市空间扩展模式；由道路交通建设造成的局部区域的景观破碎度在一定程度上能够反映周边区域的土地利用强度；土地利用强度和由道路交通建设造成的景观破碎度均表现出显著的空间自相关性，随时间推移，这种特征愈加明显，并且二者在表征城市空间拓展方面具有较高的耦合度；受其他辐射中心的作用，交通干线周边地区土地利用强度并未表现出距离指数衰减效应     

上海春季近地面大气CO_2浓度空间分布特征及其影响因素分析

基于移动监测手段获取上海春季典型样带近地面CO2浓度监测数据,在明确近地面CO2浓度空间分布格局的基础上,分析了城市化水平以及土地利用类型对近地面CO2浓度的影响。结果表明上海市春季近地面CO2浓度空间分布呈现西高东低、北高南低的特征,空间异质性较为明显,市中心比郊区高出55.1μmol/mol(13.3%),存在着明显的城市"CO2"岛现象。城市化水平对于上海市近地面CO2浓度影响较为显著,总体上呈现随城市化水平上升而下降的趋势,距市中心距离每增加1km,CO2浓度下降1.56μmol/mol。上海市近地面CO2浓度与5km范围内下垫面土地利用类型相关性显著,其中近地面CO2浓度与林地以及建设用地覆盖率相关性最高,依次为-0.64和0.63。进一步分析表明近地面CO2浓度与土地利用类型的相关性在高度城市化以及城郊区域较高,在中低城市化水平区域较低。