中国循环经济基本法立法架构研究

循环经济基本法立法架构的好与坏，不仅关系循环经济基本法的制定与出台，而且影响循环经济基本法的理解和执行。基于此。就循环经济基本法立法架构展开了综合研究，以期有助于中国循环经济基本法的制定与执行。在比较研究国外循环经济基本法立法架构与综合分析中国循环经济基本法立法架构研究现状的基础上，深入探讨中国循环经济的基本内涵以及中国循环经济基本法的基本定位与基本内容，进而提出一种新的中国循环经济基本法立法架构。从目前实践看，中国特色循环经济的内涵可以概括为是对生产和消费活动中物质能量流动方式的管理经济。中国循环经济建设应该从适度生产系统、适度消费系统和回收利用系统三个环节着手。根据经济基础决定上层建筑的基本原理，中国循环经济基本法作为一部环境友好型经济法以及具有一定强制性与制裁性的促进法，应当按照适度生产-适度消费-回收利用这条主线进行立法架构。     

协商行政视域下生态环境损害赔偿磋商制度的规范表达

《生态环境损害赔偿制度改革试点方案》的出台,标志着生态环境损害赔偿磋商制度的确立。赔偿磋商制度是指经国务院授权的赔偿权利人就生态环境损害在进行生态环境损害调查、鉴定评估、修复方案编制等工作的基础上主动与赔偿义务人磋商,达成赔偿磋商协议并对生态环境进行修复的制度流程。赔偿磋商制度是我国在严峻的生态环境形势下的制度创新,该制度以其手段上的协商性和目的上的公益性区别于传统的环境治理方式。赔偿磋商的主体、磋商程序和保障措施作为赔偿磋商制度锁链上的关键部分直接影响到制度的运行效果。在中央对试点地方关于该制度探索的开放政策安排下,各试点地方关于赔偿磋商制度的构建呈现出不同的样态,不同的制度设计体现出其与现行法律体系的不同契合程度以及在环境治理后不同的社会效果。目前我国各试点地方的赔偿磋商办法存在一系列规范性问题,集中体现在确定赔偿磋商主体时权利内容的疏漏、建构赔偿磋商程序时公众参与的缺失以及履行赔偿磋商协议时司法确认存在不足。这些制度性缺失不仅与现行规范体系相悖,并且不利于赔偿磋商制度的全国性适用。故而需要从生态环境损害赔偿磋商制度的法律关系入手,探究赔偿磋商制度的本质特征和根本保障。把握赔偿磋商法律关系协商性本质、准确理解赔偿磋商的基本制度要在传统公、私法律范畴的张力间把握其根本性质,要在协商行政的语境下认识赔偿磋商制度在治理模式上的本质特征,要通过扩大主体参与、严格磋商程序、完善司法保障的规范展开确保社会公众的环境权益在开放式的公共治理过程中不受减损,从而为赔偿磋商制度提供逻辑和制度上的统一观照。     

跨国界污染案例对处理松花江污染事件的启示

跨国界污染事件的处理或赔偿涉及国家责任、赔偿范围和赔偿主体等问题。本文介绍了与环境保护相关的国际法和国际公约的法律，并对影响较大的几起跨境污染案例作了分析，就处理此次松花江事故污染事件以及跨国污染赔偿等提出相关建议。     

论《环境保护法》的修改与环境法律制度的完善

建立良好、和谐一致的环境法律体系是我国环境法制建设的重要基础。《环境保护法》确立的环境目标责任制、排污收费制度、环境影响评价制度、限期治理制度和公众参与制度等制度已经不能适应新的市场经济体制和科学发展观的要求,需要变革与创新。许多新的行之有效的管理制度亟待上升为法律制度。因此,《环境保护法》扮演着整合性环境立法的角色,修订时应持资源、环境与生态的整体观念。基于调研和理论思考,提出6点建议：提升立法层次、增强法律权威;确立环境优先、追求社会至善;制约行政权力、明确政府责任;提倡环境自治、保障公众参与;突破诉讼瓶颈、鼓励公益诉讼;理顺权责关系、提高管理效率,以期为《环境保护法》的修改和环境法律制度的完善提供参考。〖     

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法研究及其对构建我国《土壤污染防治法》的启示

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法有其自己的特色，通过研究总结出七点立法特点。中国的土壤污染形势严峻，现行土壤污染防治立法多采分散立法的模式，缺乏系统性、专门针对性和可操作性，既不能适应日益严峻的土壤污染形式，也不能满足对我国土壤污染保护的客观需求。因此，制定专门的《土壤污染防治法》有其必要性和紧迫性。针对我国土壤污染立法现状，吸收俄罗斯土壤防治立法的先进之处，近而得出了构建我国专门的《土壤污染防治法》，树立整体的立法观念；制定明确的土壤保护标准及土壤污染防治标准；建立土壤污染预防制度和土壤污染修复制度；加强土壤的国家监督、国家监测和许可等管理制度；注重环境影响评价制度以及信息公开，扩大公民的公众参与权等几点启示。     

论环境健康损害补偿责任主体及补偿方式的多元化

我国目前尚无专门的环境污染健康损害补偿法律或补偿标准。目前环境健康损害事件发生后,受害人较为明确,而补偿责任主体通常不是很清晰,这就导致受害人无法得到及时有效的补偿。本文通过对国内外相关法律制度关于健康损害赔偿的调研分析,讨论了多元化的健康损害补偿方式,主要包括环境责任保险制度、环境健康损害赔偿基金及国家赔偿三种赔偿方式,并对这三种补偿方式的建立及补偿金的来源进行了讨论。最后提出我国应尽早健全并完善多元的社会化补偿机制。     

省级政府提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼的制度困境与规范路径

《生态环境损害赔偿制度改革试点方案》的出台,标志着省级政府提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度的建立,国务院通过授权诉讼的方式赋予省级政府以诉权来源。由接受人民公共信托实施生态环境公有资源管理的省级政府提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼,具备与传统权利救济法律原则和环境保护立法精神相契合意义上的内在合理性与可行性,但结合我国现行法律规定和法学理论对制度进行实然法与法理基础上的深入检视可以发现,授权诉讼面临有悖于《立法法》上的法律保留原则、所有权及其救济以及诉讼请求与诉讼标的之对应性原则的合法性证成困境。有关学者试图借助任意诉讼担当理论解释授权合法性的观点既不符合现行法律体系下的四种法定的任意诉讼担当情形,也不满足出于诉讼担当人利益和出于诉讼被担当人利益的充分条件,难以自圆其说。在我国生态环境损害赔偿领域,以全体社会成员为主体的不特定多数人对于各项生态环境基本要素及其构成的生态环境整体所享有的环境公共利益已经由环境公益诉讼制度做出了较为完善的调整,而就作为全体公民结成的抽象共同体而言,国家对于土地、矿藏、河流、森林等构成生态环境基本要素的自然资源所享有的国家所有权利益则缺少法律救济。通过制定单行法确立和规范诉讼制度并妥善协调生态环境损害赔偿诉讼和环境公益诉讼的关系是破除授权诉讼法律困境的最佳路径选择,单行法应当致力于从请求权主体与基础、生态环境损害鉴定评估、赔偿诉讼规则以及赔偿资金管理等方面完成我国生态环境损害赔偿诉讼法律制度的构建任务。     

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法研究及其对构建我国《土壤污染防治法》的启示

俄罗斯土壤污染防治立法有其自己的特色，通过研究总结出七点立法特点。中国的土壤污染形势严峻，现行土壤污染防治立法多采分散立法的模式，缺乏系统性、专门针对性和可操作性，既不能适应日益严峻的土壤污染形式，也不能满足对我国土壤污染保护的客观需求。因此，制定专门的《土壤污染防治法》有其必要性和紧迫性。针对我国土壤污染立法现状，吸收俄罗斯土壤防治立法的先进之处，近而得出了构建我国专门的《土壤污染防治法》，树立整体的立法观念；制定明确的土壤保护标准及土壤污染防治标准；建立土壤污染预防制度和土壤污染修复制度；加强土壤的国家监督、国家监测和许可等管理制度；注重环境影响评价制度以及信息公开，扩大公民的公众参与权等几点启示。     

国际气候变化适应政策发展动态及其对中国的启示

回顾《联合国气候变化框架公约》下国际气候变化适应政策以及欧盟及其主要成员国、亚太地区主要发达国家、新兴经济体国家和最不发达国家气候变化适应政策的发展历程,并与我国应对气候变化相关政策的发展动态进行对比分析,总结可供我国借鉴的经验和做法。发现进入21世纪以来适应在国际应对气候变化行动中已经获得了与减缓同等的重要性。《联合国气候变化框架公约》下与气候变化适应相关的谈判议题已经从初期单纯关注资金及技术开发和转让机制发展到实施具体的适应计划和行动,主要发达国家和发展中国家2006年以来密集出台了一系列专门的或与气候变化适应相关的政策,包括法律、框架、战略、规划、行动方案等,最不发达国家也在《联合国气候变化框架公约》资金机制的支持下相继开展了《国家适应行动方案》和《国家适应规划》的编制工作,因此制定国家或区域层面的宏观政策以规划和指导气候变化适应行动已成为必然趋势。从2007年开始,我国陆续在国家、地区和部门层次上制定了与气候变化适应相关的政策,但是这些政策在表现形式、制定依据、战略定位、内容构成以及实施机制等方面还存在不足,包括缺乏专门的战略或规划、相关研究基础相对薄弱、政策的国际视野不足、政策落实的责任不明确、缺乏相应的监控和评估机制等。建议我国进一步加强气候变化预测、影响评估、脆弱性和风险评价技术研发,开展气候变化适应政策制定、影响评估和实施机制的方法学和技术研究,抓紧制定专门的气候变化适应战略或规划,并重视其国际视野和战略定位。     

我国强制性清洁生产审核法律政策形成过程的研究与分析

在资源短缺和环境容量不足的双重约束下。清洁生产成为我国工业可持续发展的必然选择，而清洁生产制度的制定和完善一是促进我国清洁生产向纵深发展的关键。本文回顾了我国清洁生产领域相关政策法规的制定和实施情况，对存在的问题进行了总结分析。并对2005年12月13日国家环保总局出台的《重点企业清洁生产审核程序的规定》做了重点说明,提出了目前面临的主要任务。     

Rearticulating Nuclear Power: Energy Activism and Contested Common Sense

This essay utilizes the perspective of articulation theory to examine how environmental advocates, public interest organizations, and citizen-consumers have challenged the nuclear industry's expansion efforts, linking strategies at local and global levels. The industry has articulated a material and discursive formation including reactor construction projects, financial and political arrangements, and an overarching narrative of nuclear necessity and inevitability. Opponents have responded by linking organizations, individuals, histories, geographies, and expertise, re-articulating the place of nuclear power in the field of energy choices. This essay examines those opposing articulations in the context of efforts to construct new nuclear power plants in the southeastern USA. There, opponents have challenged state-level regulatory approval of a corporate merger that would facilitate new nuclear construction and financing arrangements that would shift economic risks from the corporation to consumers. These local engagements have broader consequences: in challenging one corporation's nuclear ambitions, opponents also challenge the global industry narrative of nuclear necessity and inevitability.     

Liquid discharges from the use of radionuclides in medicine (diagnosis)

The production and discharge of liquid radioactive wastes as excreta from patients undergoing Nuclear Medicine Diagnostic (NMD) in a hospital were studied. Instantaneous and accumulated activity, discharged from the hospital to the sewage system, has been estimated keeping in mind radionuclide decay. This study would enable estimation of the environmental impact due to NMD procedures. Annual accumulated activities of 2.2GBq ((131)I), 1.847GBq ((99m)Tc), 0.743GBq ((123)I), 0.337GBq ((67)Ga), 0.169GBq ((111)In) and 0.033GBq ((201)Tl) result from our model when applied to a European hospital. A comparison is made with calculations by other authors that do not consider the radionuclide decay and who overestimate by two orders of magnitude. Doses to critical people as sewage treatment workers are also significantly reduced. So, our results stress the importance of including the decay in the calculations.     

从"低碳经济"谈江西发展核电的必要性和可行性

近年来随着全球气候的变化，“低碳经济”概念应运而生，并备受国际社会关注。核电以其高效、清洁及供能的稳定性而成为各国追求“低碳经济”的必然选择。江西省位于长江中游，改革开放以来其经济发展长期落后于东部沿海地区，自“十五”后江西有了快速发展，但随之也带来了巨大的电力能源缺口及环境污染的加重。江西省尚未发现油气资源，煤炭及水能资源产量严重不足，一次能源主要靠外省调入,但江西有着较为稳定的地质构造、较为发达的水系和充沛的雨水、丰富的铀矿资源、以及象东华理工大学这样的核工业人才储备基地，因此,江西既有发展核电的必要性也有其可行性,发展核电既能为江西经济发展提供稳定的能源后盾又能保护环境、减少环境污染，从而实现江西省经济的跨越式发展。     

Design of automobile engines for remanufacture with quality function deployment

Parallel with the increase in environmental problems, the importance of design of environmentally friendly products has become more important together with the design for remanufacture. This paper presents the application of quality function deployment (QFD) methodology in the design of products for remanufacture. The main goal of this paper is to determine the engineering characteristics of automobile engines that firms have to focus on, in order to design automobile engines for remanufacture. In this paper, how a product can be designed for remanufacture using QFD and house of quality (HOQ) has been highlighted. A questionnaire survey was conducted on automobile engine refurbishing & remanufacturing facilities in order to find out what is required of the products which are remanufactured. With the establishment of the HOQ, the engineering characteristics that firms should focus on for designing automobile engines for remanufacture have been found as ‘position of the parts’ and ‘ types of parts used’.     

低碳经济形势下江西省发展核产业链的潜力和对策

围绕民用核电的发展，核能利用的产业链存在着很大的发展空间。江西省是全国最大的铀矿资源基地，有较齐备的核技术产业体系、国内核学科门类最全的高校、丰富的核电厂址资源等优势，其应加深认识，充分发挥该省铀矿基地优势，通过积极与国家有关涉核单位协作、完善促进核产业链形成的政策措施、加大核领域人才培养力度、加强核技术在农业及农产品加工中的运用、适当发展核供热产业等具体措施培育和发展核产业链，为该省经济增长提供能源支持，实现江西经济的跨越式发展，并能改变该省目前以煤炭为主的能源消费结构，降低碳排放，保护其清洁环境，实现低碳目标     

核电与核废物管理

核能是一种能量密度大、稳定性好、燃料运输量小、综合经济效益好的能源。世界各国核电在总发电量中的比例逐年上升,1992年达17％,而我国仅占0.1％。在目前我国电力短缺的条件下,发展核电、提高核电在总电量中的比例,不失为我国发展能源工业的一个战略目标。在发展核电过程中,要重视核废物的处理和处置,以保证人类健康和环境免遭放射性的污染。     

CAD and DFM: enablers of sustainable product design

Sustainability has been regarded as an important concept for survival in the contemporary scenario. Modern design engineers are in need of approaches for creating sustainable products. In this context, this paper reports a case study carried out in an Indian modular switches manufacturing organisation. The existing handle of the switch has been modelled using computer-aided design (CAD). Then, the sustainability analysis has been carried out for determining the environmental impact. This is followed by the redesign of the handle using design for manufacturability (DFM) principles. The sustainability has been measured in terms of carbon footprint, energy consumption and air–water impacts. It has been found that the redesigned handle possesses minimal environmental impact. It could be inferred from the results of the case study that CAD and DFM could lead to the development of sustainable product design with minimal impact on the environment.     

Development of a new aerosol monitoring system and its application in Fukushima nuclear accident related aerosol radioactivity measurement at the CTBT radionuclide station in Sidney of Canada

A high volume aerosol sampler ("Grey Owl") has been designed and developed at the Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada. Its design guidance is based on the need for a low operational cost and reliable sampler to provide daily aerosol monitoring samples that can be used as reference samples for radiological studies. It has been developed to provide a constant air flow rate at low pressure drops (∼3 kPa for a day sampling) with variations of less than ±1% of the full scale flow rate. Its energy consumption is only about 1.5 kW for a filter sampling over 22,000 standard cubic meter of air. It has been demonstrated in this Fukushima nuclear accident related aerosol radioactivity monitoring study at Sidney station, B.C. that the sampler is robust and reliable. The results provided by the new monitoring system have been used to support decision-making in Canada during an emergency response.     

What is “Chernobyl Syndrome?” The Use of Radiophobia in Nuclear Communications

This article examines the use of “radiophobia,” “Chernobyl syndrome,” “irrationality,” and other similar concepts in communications on nuclear issues. Historically, these terms have been used in two ways: to describe psychological effects among people affected by nuclear disasters such as Hiroshima or Chernobyl, and to explain the concerns of the unaffected lay public about radiation or nuclear power projects. The latter was actively used in the Soviet Union and in post-Soviet countries such as Belarus to rejects citizens’ complaints and to denounce the arguments of the anti-nuclear camp. This study argues that although the terms can legitimately be used in many situations, their use in communications about nuclear issues can be problematic.     

Norway's role in international collaboration towards rehabilitation of Andreeva Bay

Andreeva Bay is one of the largest and most hazardous nuclear legacy sites in northwest Russia. The site is the location of large amounts of Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) and radioactive wastes and the risks associated with the site have precipitated an extensive international collaborative effort towards securing and rehabilitating the site. Given the location and proximity of the site, Norway has and continues to contribute in a number of ways towards this effort. Norway's activities in relation to rehabilitative efforts at Andreeva Bay are focused on both infrastructural and remediative initiatives as well as regulatory collaboration with Russia towards ensuring effective and safe operations during handling and removal of SNF and radioactive materials. This article describes Norway's role within international efforts in the context of the rehabilitation of Andreeva Bay and outlines previous activities and Norway's future direction with respect to the site.