中国城市温室气体清单研究

介绍城市温室气体排放特征和国际城市温室气体清单研究进展,研究了全球城市化和城市CO2排放的强正相关性,以及中国城市清单方法研究起步较早但发展缓慢的特点。分析了城市温室气体清单相对国家清单的特征,即城市清单编制往往采用消费模式,区别于国家清单的生产模式;国际城市清单中往往包括了由于外调电和供暖产生的CO2排放,同时城市温室气体清单编制灵活性和针对性更强。针对我国城市温室气体清单研究的不足,提出了我国城市温室气体清单方法,强调中国城市采用尺度1+尺度2的范围,暂不考虑尺度3的范围,即生产+消费的混合模式,并且在城市市域温室气体排放研究的基础上,加强狭义城市温室气体排放水平的研究。选择北京市和纽约市,对比分析了两个城市CO2排放特征,结果显示,在确定的清单体系下,北京市和纽约市具有较好的可比性。纽约市的总排放量(尺度1+尺度2)略低于北京市排放量,人均排放量略高于北京市。     

城市产业部门CO2排放三层次核算研究

城市是人类生产和生活的中心,超过75%的温室气体从城市产生,其中又以城市产业部门能源消费和工业过程非能源产生的CO2为主。本文基于投入产出模型,评价城市产业部门3个不同层次的CO2排放。以重庆为案例,核算其2002-2008年产业部门三个层次的CO2排放,包括能源消费直接排放、购买电力间接排放和全生命周期排放,并进行多层次对比。结果显示传统能源消耗和购买电力为对象的核算方法低估了产业部门CO2排放水平。2002-2008年,重庆各产业部门排放量逐年增加,碳排放强度整体呈现下降趋势。煤炭开采和洗选业、非金属矿采选业、非金属矿物制品业、电力、热力的生产和供应业,化学工业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、交通运输、仓储及邮电通讯业部门共7大行业是重庆碳排放的重点行业。部门交通设备制造业是重庆的优势产业,排放总量大,但是排放强度却相对较小,因此应大力发展该产业以促进重庆市低碳经济的发展。     

城市低碳发展路线图编制:技术要素与改进建议

着力推进低碳发展是中国特色新型城镇化建设基本要求之一。研究制定城市低碳发展路线图是系统推动控制本地区温室气体排放、建设低碳城市的必要条件。城市低碳发展路线图是根据城市市情,结合国家和地区发展战略,通过规划技术和解决方案,对城市发展转型所制定的低碳战略目标、发展规划、重点部门(行业)行动方案的全景式描述。低碳发展路线图的制定一般需要六个步骤,即了解温室气体排放现状,分析未来的排放情景,设定低碳发展目标,给出重点领域行动方案,评估技术/项目减排潜力,提出实施保障措施。本文根据城市低碳发展路线图编制实践,从部门管理的现实需求出发,建立了温室气体清单"七部门"的编制分析结构,使其与低碳发展重点领域,即IPCC七大重点减排领域对接,并将部门(行业)低碳适用技术需求评估纳入城市低碳发展路线图编制。为了促进温室气体排放清单和低碳适用技术需求评估更好地纳入城市低碳发展路线图编制,特提出三点改进建议:1发挥温室气体清单最核心的直接功能,需改进清单工具分析质量,科学、系统地分析城市温室气体排放的时间分布、部门分布,为城市低碳发展路线图制定和低碳发展决策服务。2发挥温室气体清单为规划、考核和决策服务的衍生功能,需要提升温室气体清单编制质量与时间序列上的连续性。3发挥温室气体清单的衍生功能,需要把改进的温室气体清单、低碳适用技术需求评估纳入低碳发展路线图编制之中。     

基于0.1°网格的中国城市CO2排放特征分析

基于中国0.1°CO2排放网格数据分析研究,全局Moran指数为0.27(P<0.01),说明在空间上中国CO2排放具有显著的正自相关性。局部Moran指数结果表明,以重点城市为核心的区域,其CO2排放具有显著的正向空间相关效应。中国CO2排放在空间上受热点城市影响而形成空间集聚格局,一些重点城市直接决定着我国CO2排放空间格局。因此在城市尺度上分析我国CO2排放特征非常重要。在349个城市层面上分析得到城市CO2排放和人口、经济呈显著正相关关系,说明人口和经济活动强度是影响我国城市CO2排放的重要因素。在中国城市层面上验证了CO2排放EKC曲线的统计显著性,U型拐点出现在一个较高的经济水平。在人均CO2排放和人均GDP二维空间上的城市聚类结果表明,根据碳排放特征,我国城市可以分为6组,其中"低排放、低经济"组是主要类型,占总城市的35.82%,而"低排放、高经济"组是比较理想的城市发展模式,但城市个数最少,仅6个。我国8个低碳试点城市在6组城市中除"高排放、高经济"组没有外,其它组都有入选城市。     

中国对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资的碳排放效应北大核心CSCDCSSCI

确定中国对外直接投资(OFDI)对CO2排放的影响路径,对"一带一路"沿线国家如何有效利用中国OFDI以实现可持续发展具有重要作用。该研究基于2003—2018年45个沿线国家的面板数据,应用具有阈值和动态特征的面板平滑转换回归(PSTR)模型,评估中国OFDI对CO2排放的直接效应和间接效应、线性效应和非线性效应。研究发现:(1)中国OFDI对沿线国家CO2排放的直接影响显著为负。(2)中国OFDI的规模效应增加了沿线国家CO2排放,其结构效应和技术效应进一步抑制了沿线国家CO2排放,且技术效应在间接效应中占有主导地位。(3)异质性分析表明,中国OFDI的碳减排效应更多体现在低收入国家。针对以上研究发现,文章认为沿线国家应持续引进中国OFDI,并通过提高能效和推广应用清洁能源打破经济发展的"不可持续性";中国政府应继续鼓励并引导具有竞争力的企业"走出去",充分发挥中国投资对东道国环境的改善作用,放大中国投资对低收入国家的技术溢出效应;中国应根据沿线国家经济发展水平对东道国实施差异化投资策略,实现中国投资环境效益最优化。     

中国对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资的碳排放效应

确定中国对外直接投资(OFDI)对CO2排放的影响路径,对"一带一路"沿线国家如何有效利用中国OFDI以实现可持续发展具有重要作用。该研究基于2003—2018年45个沿线国家的面板数据,应用具有阈值和动态特征的面板平滑转换回归(PSTR)模型,评估中国OFDI对CO2排放的直接效应和间接效应、线性效应和非线性效应。研究发现:(1)中国OFDI对沿线国家CO2排放的直接影响显著为负。(2)中国OFDI的规模效应增加了沿线国家CO2排放,其结构效应和技术效应进一步抑制了沿线国家CO2排放,且技术效应在间接效应中占有主导地位。(3)异质性分析表明,中国OFDI的碳减排效应更多体现在低收入国家。针对以上研究发现,文章认为沿线国家应持续引进中国OFDI,并通过提高能效和推广应用清洁能源打破经济发展的"不可持续性";中国政府应继续鼓励并引导具有竞争力的企业"走出去",充分发挥中国投资对东道国环境的改善作用,放大中国投资对低收入国家的技术溢出效应;中国应根据沿线国家经济发展水平对东道国实施差异化投资策略,实现中国投资环境效益最优化。     

交通系统碳交易实现途径研究

由于交通运输行业的移动点源碳排放不同于电力和钢铁等固定排放点源,具有不易于管理和监测的特点,且方法学发展滞后,使得大多数碳排放交易系统未将其纳入早期控排范围。本文分析比较了交通系统碳交易方法学的发展状况,将碳交易项目开发潜在领域归纳为4类:道路交通领域,涉及到的方法学比较复杂,有十几种之多;城市轨道交通领域,主要采取ACM0016和CM-028-V01方法学;航空运输领域,至2014年10月尚未有适用于该领域的方法学获得批准;铁路运输领域,涉及到的方法学主要是AM0101。并分别各领域计算出相应的潜在减排量。分析了交通系统3个碳交易项目案例,其中,已在北京环境交易所挂牌的不停车电子收费系统碳开发项目,认可的温室气体清单为:基准线排放量27 078.936 103 t CO2e;项目排放量20 975.456 103 t CO2e;泄露0;项目减排量6 103 t CO2e。已完成碳核查报告的城市燃料替换公共交通项目,第一年减排量计算结果为:基准线排放量218 333 t CO2e;项目排放量158 824 t CO2e;泄露0;项目减排量59 509 t CO2e。正在开发的城市轨道公共交通项目,预计在整个10年的计入期内可以产生减排量2 057 064 t,平均每年205 706 t。基于案例分析,提出在总量控制碳交易试点下的交通系统碳交易项目测量、报告、核查建设要点:1建立交通温室气体排放数据统计、核算和管理体系。2编制城市交通体系温室气体清单。3参与制定《交通行业温室气体排放核算与报告指南》。4建立节能减排管理制度和团队,系统化、规范化管理企业能源消耗以及温室气体排放。     

长江三角洲地区城市二氧化碳排放特征研究

自下而上基于点排放源建立长江三角洲地区1 km CO2排放空间网格数据,以第五次全国人口普查方法确定城市边界,研究长江三角洲地区真正城市的CO2排放特征。结果表明,长江三角洲地区的CO2排放的空间特征受典型城市驱动和影响。上海是整个长江三角洲地区的排放中心,上海的城市边界和城市排放结构与上海区域基本一致;江苏和浙江的城市直接排放分别占各省直接排放的47.05%和36.96%。两省的城市人均CO2排放水平都低于农村和整个区域人均CO2排放水平。这种现象和发达国家城市与郊区、农村的排放比较特征一致,说明在经济较为发达的省份,随着城市化和城市产业结构的合理与成熟,城市排放效率会优于非城市地区的排放效率。长江三角洲地区部分地级市(如苏州市和宁波市等)出现了两个核心排放城市,且彼此排放结构差异很大,而一些城市(如上海和昆山、无锡和张家港等)的城市边界和CO2排放在空间上已经联接成片,构成新的城市排放中心。长江三角洲地区的城市整体CO2排放增长速度要快于城市人口的增长速度,城市人口增加1%,则城市总CO2排放约增加1.35%,说明随着城市规模的增加,城市CO2排放效率呈下降趋势。这种整体态势主要是长江三角洲地区的城市人口规模差异较大,众多城市发育不成熟造成的。低于100万人口的城市,其人均排放水平波动很大,当人口规模超过了100万,城市人均排放水平基本都稳定在10.00 t/人以下,而且城市之间差异较小。     

特大型城市客运交通碳排放与减排对策研究

本文基于对现有城市交通碳排放测算方法的比较分析,以上海市为例,采用IPCC"自下而上"法对特大型城市客运交通CO2排放进行了测算,结果显示:轨道交通是碳排放效率最高的客运方式,出租车最低;客运交通CO2排放总量增长迅速,且碳源结构发生了较大变化;近年客运交通CO2排放增量主要来自私人载客汽车,同时公务交通在客运交通碳排放中始终占较大比重。由此本文认为,控制客运交通碳排放的关键在于对以私人载客汽车和单位载客汽车为主的个体交通的管理和控制,形成以公共交通为主的交通结构。在此基础上,为了将控制碳排放纳入到城市交通政策目标中去,本文就主要城市交通政策对客运交通碳排放产生的影响进行了深入分析,并得出结论:以往的交通供给、需求管理政策对于抑制客运交通碳排放增长的作用有限;而就目前城市空间发展政策的实施效果而言,也不利于降低居民出行的碳排放水平。文章最后分别从交通供给、需求管理以及城市空间角度给出了控制客运交通碳排放的对策。     

旅游业能源消费、CO_2排放及低碳效率评估

本文以投入产出分析思路与IPCC的CO2折算方法为基础,对湖北省17个城市的区域旅游能源消费与CO2排放进行了估算,并利用SBM-Undesirable模型对区域旅游低碳效率及其全要素生产率作出了测度与分析。研究结论显示:湖北省旅游业能源消费量从2007年的2 008 518吨上升到2011年的5 121 460吨,对应CO2排放总量从2007年的6 340 302吨上升到2011年的15 773 041吨;住宿、餐饮、景区游览、购物、娱乐、邮电通信及其他服务等二级部门间接能源消费量(间接CO2排放量)远高于直接能源消费量(直接CO2排放量),而交通部门直接能源消费量(直接CO2排放量)远高于间接能源消费量(间接CO2排放量)。效率评估显示,若不考虑非期望产出,则旅游业发展效率存在被低估的可能;湖北省旅游业低碳效率整体上处于较低水平,不同区域旅游业的低碳效率水平存在较大差异,区域旅游经济系统内部生产要素使用潜力尚待发掘;在分析期内,湖北省区域旅游业低碳效率整体上处于上升状态,规模性因素所推动的技术进步是区域低碳旅游经济发展效率攀升的关键动力,而纯技术效率变化则不利于生产率提升。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

The influence of hot particle contamination on Sr and Cs transfers to milk and on time-integrated ingestion doses

Most models for transfers of radionuclides through the food chain typically assume that the radioactivity is initially deposited in chemically available forms. It is known, however, that releases of radionuclides in the form of hot particles may significantly influence their environmental transfers and uptake to the food chain. This study presents models for time changes in ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs in milk which incorporate hot particle contamination using observed rates of hot particle dissolution following the Chernobyl accident. A general equation is presented for the influence of hot particles on overall ingestion doses. As expected from previous work, fallout of hot particles significantly influences time changes in radionuclide activity concentrations in foodstuffs. It is also shown that incorporation of radionuclides in hot particles influences time-integrated ingestion doses. For a situation in which a large proportion (90–100%) of fallout is in slowly dissolving hot particles, time-integrated ingestion doses from ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs are reduced by a factor of approximately two compared to the case where all radioactivity is deposited in bioavailable forms. However, the influence of rapidly dissolving hot particles on time-integrated ingestion doses is relatively minor. Remaining significant uncertainties in dose estimates are discussed.     

Narratives,Rhetorical Genres,and Environmental Conflict: Responses to Schwarze's “Environmental Melodrama”

The appearance of Steven Schwarze's essay, “Environmental Melodrama” (Schwarze, 2006) as the lead article in a recent issue of The Quarterly Journal of Speech marks an important moment of recognition for environmental communication scholarship. Schwarze's essay demonstrates how studies of environmental rhetoric can contribute to rhetorical theory more generally, while addressing practical questions regarding the rhetorical aspects of environmental conflict. The contributors to this forum respond to Schwarze's arguments, drawing in part upon their own case studies of rhetorical action and narrative in environmental conflict.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.     

Communities of hydrobionts developing at the water-rock interface in Lake Baikal

Development of benthic communities on rocks from the interdisciplinary test site near Cape Berezovyi (southern Baikal) is analyzed. Rock plates were placed on the bottom in the shallow-water zone of Baikal for six months, and a community consisting of microorganisms, microphytobenthos, and meiobenthos developed on them. The development and activity of hydrobionts depended on the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Marble and granite plates were populated by them more selectively than amphibolite plates. It is supposed that the biota plays an important role in destruction of rocks in the shallow-water zone of Baikal.