Difference among the Growth of GDP and Urbanization of the Provinces and the Cities in West China since the Reform and Opening-up

Since the reform and opening-up, the difference between the development of the west region and the other regions in China is increasing. In addition, the condition of the development of cities in west China needs amelioration. Developing conditions of the west provinces and its cities using economic barometers (e.g. gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita GDP) and urban population datum (e.g. urbanization level and city primary degree) have been analyzed in this article. Five indexes have been chosen to work on the development of the provinces, for example, the contribution degree of the increment in GDP, the contribution degree of the increment of per capita GDP, urbanization level, city primary degree, city primacy ratio. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The growth of the GDP and per capita GDP of the western provinces is in a poor way; moreover, it is not steady going. (2) The comparability among the characteristics of the urbanization level growth of the provinces is at a low level. (3) The urbanization levels of Inner Mongolia province and Sinkiang province are more-sensitive responders to the growth of per capita GDP, whereas those of Guangxi province and Tibet province are less-sensitive responders. (4) The urban population in most of the provinces are highly concentrated, which can be shown by city primary degrees and city primacy ratios. While working on these cities in west China, some earlier zone-organic cities are chosen as sample cities, and these cities are also analyzed using economic barometers and population datum. By analyzing the difference among the cities and comparing the research findings of Professor Zhou and the author, the following conclusions are made: (1) the growth of the GDP and per capita GDP of the cities are mostly not steady going; (2) the middle and big cities are more-sensitive responders to the growth of economy, whereas the small and mega cities are less-sensitive responders; (3) the sizes of southwest cities have a higher speed than those of northwest ones, and furthermore, the differences between them are still increasing.     

退耕还林工程费用有效性的影响因素分析

费用有效性评价是工程评价的重要方面。从政策制定和执行角度对退耕还林的费用有效性及其影响因素进行分析。具有重要的意义。利用实地调研数据和相关统计数据．从退耕地选择和造林入手对退耕还林工程实施的费用有效性殛其影响因素进行考察．并尝试对这些因素的作用机制进行了分析。研究指出由于缺乏长期的和有效的退耕还林规划以及相关政策措施的缺失．使得退耕还林费用有效性的损失在微观层面和宏观层面广泛存在。而各利益主体的利益不相害性是影响工程有效实施的基本矛盾。有必要在遇耕还林中确立明确的规划、清晰的退耕地选择标准。建立和完善管理信息系统和及时有效的反馈和控制机制。构建协调多方利益的长期稳定的生态补偿机制。从而改进退耕还林工程的费用有效性。     

Public Discourse and the Rhetorical Construction of the Technospecter

Modern technological disasters and their human and environmental consequences often defy the imagination in their immensity and complexity. As such, their rhetorical constructions often lack tangibility and a sense of material reality for those not directly involved. These amorphous constructions are consolidated into a view of technological disaster and threats of disaster in which the rhetorical dimensions are analogous to those of ghosts portrayed in popular literature and film—a view the author terms the “technospecter.” Drawing on the public discourse surrounding a tragic pipeline explosion near Carlsbad, New Mexico, this study identifies the rhetorical dimensions of the technospecter and discusses how the construction of the specter reinforces the meta-narratives that constrain pro-environmental action.     

Sustainable Development and the Role of the Financial World

The incapacity to finance sustainable development through philanthropic official assistance turned the Johannesburg Summit to business world and the financial industry. Pioneering financial institutions – including development banks and private banks – have developed a wide range of innovations that can support sustainable development. This article highlights a few innovative products and markets and focuses on the progress made by financial players on the level of standards, metrics and guidelines to improve sustainability management systems, reporting and accounting practices and the multi-stakeholder dynamic. The role of the socially responsible investing (SRI) community has been underexposed by the Summit. Through its voice and market success, SRI has moved from a green market niche to the mainstream, however not becoming mainstream. The invaluable levering effect of SRI has just been discovered by authorities and market regulators and is becoming instrumental. In order to show the business case of Corporate Social Responsibility and to prove the financial viability of the People, Planet, Prosperity investing approach, the SRI community should critically reflect on its own quality assurance systems, sound disclosure and verification practices.     

汉江下游鱼类早期资源及梯级联合生态调度对鱼类繁殖影响的初步分析

汉江是长江一级支流，鱼类资源较为丰富。目前汉江中下游建有4座水利枢纽工程，对鱼类洄游和繁殖产生较大影响。在鱼类繁殖季节，为促进汉江中下游鱼类繁殖，2018年6月汉江中下游首次实施梯级联合生态调度。该研究在汉江下游汉川段设置监测断面，采集鱼类早期资源，以分析汉江下游鱼类早期资源多样性，及生态调度对促进汉江下游鱼类繁殖的效果。监测结果表明汉江下游卵苗种类共有36种（属），其中22种为产漂流性卵鱼类。监测期间卵苗总径流量为118.78亿尾（粒），其中四大家鱼卵苗为0.87亿尾（粒），占0.73%，其中鱼卵0.69亿粒，推测汉江下游有4处四大家鱼产卵场。梯级联合生态调度期间，汉川江段出现一次鱼类产卵高峰，鱼卵径流量占总径流量的34.1%，其中四大家鱼鱼卵占家鱼卵总径流量的85.5%，表明梯级联合生态调度对汉江下游鱼类，特别是四大家鱼的繁殖具有积极的作用。建议今后继续开展生态调度，并加强监测和分析工作。     

Formation and degradation of meadows under the impact of hay harvesting and grazing in the Vychegda and Pechora floodplains

Transformation of meadow communities under the impact of hay harvesting and livestock grazing has been studied in the floodplains of the Vychegda and Pechora rivers. Changes in the floristic composition, structure, and productivity of meadows have been evaluated using synanthropization and adventization indices. On this basis, meadow phytocenoses at three different stages of pasture digression have been distinguished.     

Perception of the effects of climate change in winter and summer tourist areas: the Pyrenees and the Catalan and Balearic coasts,Spain

In this study, we compare the perception of climate change in two different tourist settings of northeastern Spain: the Catalan Pyrenees and the Catalan Mediterranean coast and the Balearic Islands. We carried out a survey of 906 cases (506 in the coastal areas of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands and 400 in the Catalan Pyrenees) asking residents on those areas to assess the possible effects of climate change on tourist-related activities. While the existence of climate change and of its estimated impacts is widely accepted, we observe statistically significant differences in most of the questions between residents in the coastal areas and residents in the Pyrenees. In general terms, respondents from the Pyrenees display a much higher concern regarding the economic impacts of climate change on tourism. On the other hand, the results also show that some demographic groups, such as women, members of large households, or unemployed, tend to present higher levels of concern. This study may give new hints on which tourist modalities and which groups are more concerned for the impacts of climate change in Mediterranean tourist environments and could translate into more targeted adaptive and mitigation practices.     

秦岭-淮河南北高温高湿天气时空演变分析

基于1960~2017年秦岭-淮河196个气象站点逐日最高温、最低温、相对湿度数据，以表观温度指数为基础,采用极点对称模态分解（ESMD）及专用气象要素空间插值软件ANUSPLIN，对秦岭-淮河南北高温高湿天气时空变化特征进行分析，进而利用小波相干方法探讨该区高温高湿天气与赤道东太平洋海温异常的多时间尺度响应关系。结果表明：(1) 以20世纪80年代中期及2010年为时间节点，秦岭-淮河以北及秦巴山区高温高湿天气日数呈“下降-缓慢上升-快速上升”阶段性变化特征，秦岭-淮河以南及淮河平原呈“下降-缓慢上升-下降”趋势；(2) 秦岭-淮河南北高温高湿天气呈“东多西少、南多北少”的空间分布特征，且影响范围向北扩大；(3)赤道东太平洋东部地区海温异常对秦岭-淮河南北各区高温高湿天气的影响比西部地区更显著且长时间周期尺度比短时间周期尺度更稳定。     

三峡水库运行下长江与洞庭湖交汇区水情态势及相互顶托作用

基于1990～2017年监利、城陵矶、螺山3站水位及流量数据,采用差值法、流量距平法、相关系数分析法,分析三峡水库运行下长江与洞庭湖交汇区的水情态势及相互顶托作用。与三峡水库运行前比较:(1)三峡水库不同调度方式运行后在不同流量、水位下江湖交汇区的监利、城陵矶、螺山3站水位流量均有所变化,调洪期3站在不同流量下水位降幅均大于0.50 m,不同水位下流量减幅均超过2 000 m~3/s,补水期流量增加幅度均在1 000 m~3/s以上,水位上升幅度都在0.50～1.00 m之间;(2)三峡水库全程调度运行后监利、城陵矶、螺山3站之间的水位流量相关系数在0.50～0.96之间,相关系数提升0.1～0.35,表明交汇区水位流量相互顶托作用均呈减弱状态;(3)三峡水库在预泄、调洪、蓄水、补水4个调度时段中,监利、城陵矶、螺山3站调洪期和补水期相关系数变动幅度分别为0.04～0.35和0.1～0.39,预泄期和蓄水期的相关系数变动幅度分别为0.01～0.1和0.005～0.4,总体上江湖交汇区的水文相互顶托强度有所减弱。     

循环经济立法研究--模式选择与范围限制

发展循环经济是我国未来社会可持续发展的最佳模式选择，法律应该保障和促进循环的形成和发展。本文分析了循环经济的内涵、特征及其法治化，并对国外循环经济立法作了系统分类，在分析了我国循环经济立法应考量的因素、指导思想和限制条件的基础上，提出我国应选择的循环经济立法模式以及立法范围的限制。     

Overview of the Belgian programme for the surveillance of the territory and the implications of the international recommendations or directives on the monitoring programme

The Royal Decree of 20th July has entrusted the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) with the task of controlling the territorial radioactivity and the doses received by the population. Within this agenda, a monitoring programme has been developed over many years, in order to follow the main potential exposure pathways of the population. In practice, several potential vectors of contamination are controlled: air (and rain), surface water (including sediments and biota), soils around nuclear installations, food chain, drinking water etc. To carry out such work, the FANC has collaborated with public or private reputable organisations: The Centre of Nuclear Energy Studies of Mol, The National Institute of Radionuclides of Fleurus, and The Louis Pasteur Public Health Institute of Brussels. A synthesis of this monitoring programme will be presented and the most important deductions will be pointed out. For many years, the tendency has been for tighter control of artificial and natural radioactivity in the environment. This has been achieved by increasingly stringent regulations, regarding environmental monitoring efforts, from international organisations (EC, OSPAR, IAEA). In this context, the FANC in Belgium, is involved in a process that will lead to the adaptation of the Belgian monitoring programme. Different aspects of these adaptations and of their consequences will be presented for illustrative purposes.     

论可持续发展观的贯彻与水资源论证制度的完善

可持续发展理念要求以环境资源承载力为依据规范人们开发、利用自然资源的行为。水资源论证制度是贯彻、实施可持续发展理念的良好制度形式,对于促进经济社会可持续发展意义重大,但我国现行立法中规定的水资源论证制度还不完善,影响了制度作用的充分发挥。完善相关立法,提高水资源论证制度的法律地位,是在水资源管理与保护方面贯彻可持续发展要求的关键任务。     

Evolution of the regulation of the environmental radiation protection and monitoring in the Russian Federation

The evolution of the Russian Federation legislation and regulation concerning the radiation protection of the population, the environment and the monitoring is presented. The main federal laws--"On the Environmental Protection", "On the Atomic Energy Use", "On the Radiation Safety of Population", etc. as well as standards of radiation safety, sanitary and hygienic norms, international agreements and conventions are briefly summarized. Main directions towards further improvement of the environmental radioprotection regulation in Russia are pointed out.     

Concentrations of Cu and Pb in the offshore and intertidal sediments of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Malaysia is now a developing country and on her way towards being an industrialised one by the year 2020. Most of her industries and urban areas are located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, the offshore area of the west coast is now one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world. These two phenomena make the intertidal and offshore areas of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia interesting for scientific studies. Therefore, this study focused on both the offshore and intertidal sediments of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Sampling for sediment samples were done from the northern to the southern ends of the peninsula and these sediment samples were analysed for Cu and Pb. It was found that total Cu concentrations ranged from 0.25 to 13.8 and 0.40 to 315 microg/g dry weight (dw) for offshore and intertidal sediments, respectively. For Pb, it ranged from 3.59 to 25.4 and 0.96 to 69.8 microg/g dw for the offshore and intertidal sediments, respectively. The ranges of Cu and Pb found from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia were low in comparison to regional data. However, some intertidal areas were identified as receiving anthropogenic Cu and Pb. Geochemical studies revealed that the 'nonresistant' fraction for Pb contributed about 70.0% to 75.0% and 54.0% of the total Pb concentration in the offshore and intertidal sediments, respectively. As for Cu, the 'nonresistant' fraction contributed about 46.2% to 60.4% and 46.3% of the total Cu concentration in the offshore and intertidal sediments, respectively. The 'nonresistant' fraction contained mostly of anthropogenic metals besides natural origins. These 'nonresistant' percentages indicated that both the offshore and intertidal areas could have received anthropogenic-derived metals, which could be influenced by physico-chemical properties of the sediments. Although the present data indicated that contamination due to Cu and Pb in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia especially in the offshore areas were not serious, regular biomonitoring studies along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia are recommended.     

近60年来气候变化和人类活动对长江中下游水文情势影响定量评价

为了定量评价长江中下游近60年来水文情势变化,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、均值差异T检验法对长江中下游宜昌、汉口和大通3个水文站1954～2016年径流量进行趋势和突变检验,采用累积量斜率变化率法,定量评估长江中下游气候变化和人类活动对径流量变化的影响,并运用RVA法对径流量突变前后32个水文指标改变度进行定量评价.研究结果表明:(1)长江中下游宜昌站和汉口站年径流量呈减少趋势,大通站年径流量总体呈增加趋势,总体变化趋势不显著,径流突变点分别发生在2002、2005和2006年,总体上与三峡水库蓄水时间相符;(2)三峡水库蓄水主要影响长江中下游径流年内变化,尤其是对年极值影响最大,且随着距离水库的增加,影响减弱;(3)宜昌、汉口和大通水文站水文改变度分别为55％、46％和32％,长江中下游河流水文情势总体上属于中高度改变;(4)气候变化占对中下游径流量改变贡献程度的70％左右,人类用水以及水库蓄水等人类活动贡献程度约占30％,气候变化是导致长江中下游年径流量发生改变的主导因素.     

Effects of the simultaneous application of potassium and calcium on the soil-to-Chinese cabbage transfer of radiocesium and radiostrontium

Pot experiments were carried out in a greenhouse to investigate how effectively the transfer of radiocesium and radiostrontium from soil to Chinese cabbage could be reduced by applying K and Ca simultaneously to the soil. The sources of these elements were KCl and Ca(OH)(2) at agrochemical grades. Varying dosages of K and Ca were tested for an acid loamy soil treated with a mixed solution of (137)Cs and (85)Sr at two different times - 3 d before sowing and 32 d after sowing. For the pre-sowing deposition, the soil-to-plant transfer of (137)Cs decreased sharply with increasing dosages of K and Ca (K/Ca, g m(-2)) from 4.8/46 up to 22.4/215 but the (85)Sr transfer had the greatest reduction at a dosage of 12.8/123. At this dosage, an about 60% reduction occurred for each radionuclide. Plant growth was inhibited from the dosage of 22.4/215, above which all the plants died young. Both dosages of 4.8/46 and 12.8/123 tested following the growing-time deposition produced around 95% reductions for (137)Cs and 50% reductions for (85)Sr. In the second year after the 12.8/123 applications, the effects for (85)Sr were almost the same as in the first year, whereas those for (137)Cs were diminished slightly for the pre-sowing deposition and markedly for the growing-time deposition. Considerably (K) or slightly (Ca) higher doses than 12.8/123 would be allowable for the maximum TF reductions achievable without a growth inhibition.     

首都圈内城市职能的分工与整合研究

城市群是一国经济的重心区和增长极，其发展成熟的重要标志是形成合理的城市职能分工体系。首都圈曾经具有全国最优越的发展条件，处于中国经济的核心地带。但是其发展相对滞缓。主要原因是首都圈没有形成合理的城市职能分工体系。运用因子分析法对首都圈内各城市职能的现状进行量化分析，认为首都圈内各个城市的职能并没有发挥出自身的基础和优势。城市各个部门发展都相对平庸．城市之间竞争大于合作。因此，只有实现首都圈内各城市职能的整合，才能提高首都圈整体的竞争力。首都圈内各城市实现职能整合面临的主要问题有：①京津两市在首都圈中的龙头作用不明显；②首都圈内部行政区划分割导致的矛盾日益尖锐；③首都圈内各城市产业结构趋同严重。城市间分工不明确；④首都圈的空间结构急需调整。据此提出促进首都圈内各城市职能整合的几点对策。     

改革开放以来西部省（区）及城市GDP增长和城市化差异研究

从西部省(区)及城市的GDP和城市人口两个方面入手,对改革开放以来的中国西部省(区)城市发展状况研究过程中,选取GDP增量贡献度、人均CDP增量贡献度和城市化水平、城市首位比、城市首位度等指标,分别表征经济和人口两方面的情况.计算结果表明:①西部省(区)经济增长状况较差.且多数增长稳定性较差.②西部各省(区)城市化相似度较低,在截集水平大于0.678 3的情况下,西部12省区各为一类.③在对城市化与人均GDP进行相关分析的结果中,内蒙古和新疆的b值均高于h值平均值加一个标准差,城市化对人均GDP增长的反应较灵敏;而广西和西藏的b值均低于b值平均值减一个标准差.反应较迟钝.④西部多数省(区)城市人口较为集中,多数省(区)的城市首位比和首位度均较大.在对中国西部城市研究过程中,选取市级建制较早的城市作为样本城市.且主要从GDP和城市非农业人口两方面分析,得出如下结论:①西部城市GDP和人均CDP贡献度波动均较大,如样本城市1990-2003年的GDP贡献度的标准差的平均值为0.001 657,而对其平均值求取各城市的平均值为0.20%,两者接近.②在对城市化和人均CDP进行相关分析时,中等城市和大城市的b值较大,而特大城市和小城市的较小,中等城市和大城市的城市化过程与特大城市和小城市相比,对人均GDP增长的反应较为灵敏.③在对城市化水平增量进行分析时,西南城市中属于一类至六类的城市个数分别为6、4、5、12、1和0,西北城市中属于一类至六类的城市个数分别为0、3、2、7、3和3,西南城市城市化水平增长总体上快干西北城市.且其总体上差距仍在继续扩大.     

Petroleum residues in the waters of the Shatt al-Arab River and the northwest region of the Arabian Gulf

During April 1980, water samples were collected from 12 sites in the Shatt al-Arab River and its estuary in the northwest region of the Arabian Gulf. The samples were extracted and the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons were determined spectrofluorometrically, in order to provide information on the background values of oil generally present in these waters. Total hydrocarbon concentrations of these samples ranged from 2.7 to 86.7 μgL^?1 expressed in terms of Kuwait crude oil equivalents. The highest concentrations were found at sites in the Shatt al-Arab River that are near port areas.