附加环境因素:传统比较优势理论的扩展

在李嘉圈模型中，若将环境成本用追加的劳动投入来衡量。可以发现，环境成本的引入将修正传统的比较优势格局。在H-O模型中耐加环境因素，亦即假定环境作为一种生产要搴而起作用。则所形成的比较优势将建立在包含环境要素真实价格的基础之上。本文最后指出，环境要素的真实价格与现实价格的脱离，使“显示的比较优势”有可能与真实的比较优势发生偏离。从而损害效率与公平。     

我国在国际贸易中表现出“环境相对比较优势”吗?——兼与王奇老师商榷

我国在国际贸易和国际分工中是否表现出"环境相对比较优势"?本文通过考察进出口产品结构变化和我国吸引的外国直接投资的行业结构变化趋势对这一问题进行了实证分析,结果发现我国进出口产品结构没有向污染密集型产品转变,外商投资的行业结构也没有偏向污染密集型产业.虽然我国目前经济增长的自然资源和环境成本较大,但这主耍是国内资源使用效率低下和国内消费升级、产业结构转变造成的.实际上,参与国际贸易和国际分工使我国的经济结构向更清洁的方向转变,有利于减轻我国经济增长中的环境压力.因此,本文认为虽然目前我国的环境规制水平较一些发达国家低,但这并不等同于我国经济具有或表现出了"环境相对比较优势",所谓的"环境相对比较优势"在实际上是不存在的.     

发展资源再生产业是中国资源战略的一场革命

中国已经成为资源消耗大国，实施再生型资源战略，发展循环经济是我国的必然选择。资源再生产业与“循环经济”取代“线性经济”、经济全球化形成“国际大分工”和“国际大循环”的发展趋势同步，是解决资源和环境问题的根本出路。资源再生产业是一座“富矿”，没有“资源再生”就没有中国的“环境保护”。中国资源再生产业的发展为什么步履艰难？它和进口渠道不畅。国民对资源短缺认识不足、传统的“线性思维方式”的影响，来自国内外“利益集团”的阻力，以及政策不刭位等因素密切相关。因此，提出中国发展资源再生产业的对策和建议：①在经济相对滞后、交通便利的地区建立“资源再生加工区”；②建立畅通的全球物质回收“绿色通道”；③建立“国际再生资源交易市场”；④成立“国际资源再生促进会”；⑤改变“线性经济”背景下的传统观念。     

2007中国可持续发展论坛在穗召开

“2007中国可持续发展论坛暨中国可持续发展学术年会”于11月24日-26日在广州中山大学召开。本次论坛由中国可持续发展研究会、广州市科学技术协会．中山大学主办．由广州城市可持续发展研究会、中山大学地球环境与地球资源研究中心等单位承办。年会以“可持续发展与创新”为主题，围绕“资源环境等可持续发展领域的技术创新“、“创新方法”、“区域可持续发展：资源与环境协调发展探索”，“青年学者可持续发展与创新论坛”等专题开展讨论。     

中国各省区资源优势与经济优势比较研究

分析了中国31个省、直辖市、自治区包括水资源、耕地资源、森林资源、气候资源、能源资源和矿产资源在内的基础资源优势度。对非物质性的气候资源采用气候资源综合指数法予以评价。将绝对丰度和相对丰度进行线性加权以比较基础资源优势度。中国资源优势差异明显。云南、内蒙古、四川、新疆、黑龙江、贵州等省份资源优势明显,由于资源组合状况良好,云南省资源优势最明显。上海、天津、北京、江苏、海南、浙江等省市资源优势不明显,其中上海市最弱。对资源优势与经济优势进行了对比研究。经济优势较明显的省份资源优势往往并不好,而资源优势较明显的省份经济优势却很微弱。经济发展重心与资源赋存重心显著错位。经济优势不仅受资源分布的限制,同时还受到劳动力、资金、技术和市场等条件的影响。资源价值补偿机制不健全等也是造成这种错位的原因之一。最后提出资源丰富地区如何发挥资源优势,而经济较发达地区如何降低或解除资源约束的相关建议。     

企业发展的"环境-资源"平衡战略

本文分析了关于企业发展的两种观点：企业环境决定论和企业资源决定论；提出了实现企业发展的“环境-资源”平衡战略的理念；为了达到企业环境与资源两者的整合和平衡，保持持续竞争优势，企业应以创新为核心，确立核心业务，重视组织的学习，作为一种特殊的企业资源，企业家精神和能力对企业的生存和发展起着重要作用。     

相对资源承载力模型的扩展与实证

基于系统理论和可持续发展理论,将人口、资源、环境、经济与社会系统的相对资源承载力纳入到一个分析框架,对相对资源承载力模型进行2点扩展:1将已有研究的3维、4维模型扩展为一个包含人口资源、自然资源、经济资源、环境资源、社会资源5个子系统的相对资源承载力模型;2在自然资源子系统中土地资源基础上,加入了水资源和能源资源两个重要指标。其次以新疆为研究区,应用扩展后的模型分别选取中国、西北5省、西部12省、东部沿海经济发达10省区四个参照区,分析了新疆1978-2011年相对资源承载力演化过程和2011年的新疆相对资源承载力状况。结果显示:1新疆总体处于人口承载相对富余的状态;2以2001年和2009年为两个拐点,可将新疆相对资源承载力变化大体分为稳步上升期、动荡期和陡峭上升期三个阶段;3自然资源是新疆人口的主要承载资源;42011年,在西北5省中,新疆综合承载力位于第2,自然资源和社会资源优势明显;在西部12省,新疆综合承载力位于第7,社会资源略有优势;新疆综合资源承载力仅相当于东部沿海经济发达10省市综合承载力的5.83%,只有自然资源承载力高于10省市平均水平。表明新疆相对资源承载力的富余是以自然资源尤其是能源资源的消耗为前提的,因此新疆在可持续发展中更需重视环境资源、经济资源和社会资源的提升。通过实证分析,扩展后的模型能够比较真实反映各研究区域承载力的变动情况,为承载力定量化分析及其承载力贡献因素差异提供了有说服力的研究思路。     

基于“可持续性”要素的比较优势理论拓展

比较优势是不同国家生产同种产品的机会成本差异。传统理论认为,形成比较优势的机会成本主要为生产成本,而"可持续性"是一种代际公共品,耗费"可持续性"要素的机会成本是代际成本,即现在使用某(些)要素所放弃的未来使用之可能带来的纯收益。因此,不同国家的可持续性差异体现为代际成本差异,"可持续性"是塑造一国比较优势的新要素。若中国对外贸易过度依靠当代所具有的劳动力价格低廉和环境规制政策宽松所塑造的劳动力比较优势和环境比较优势,从长期看是不可持续的。通过代际成本内在化,可逐步实现对外贸易发展的短期理性与长期理性的统一。进而言之,中国需要妥善处理贸易增长与各种稀缺要素消耗之间的关系,平衡贸易增长与可持续发展的关系,当今的贸易与未来的贸易需寻求某种总量和结构上的均衡。     

作物多样性变化及其对农业产出的影响——基于期望出产和非期望产出的分析

运用中国30个省份1990～2016年的面板数据，从作物多样性视角，采用CDI和d等作物多样性指数，考察了农业种植结构对农业产值和农业面源污染的影响。研究结果表明：作物多样性与农业产值之间存在显著的“倒U型”曲线关系。当前中国非优势作物（比较优势较弱）多样性偏高，对农业产值产生抑制作用，非优势作物多样性每增加1个单位，农业产值将减少1.5%；对农业面源污染产生正向作用，非优势作物多样性每增加1个单位，农业面源污染将增加1.3%。而区域优势作物多样性的增加对农业面源污染有较大的抑制效应，优势作物多样性每增加1个单位，农业面源污染将减少1.5%；作物多样性对种植业产值和农业面源污染综合指数的提高有负面影响；在农业劳动力大量转移背景下，减少作物多样性种植有利于农业产值的提高；当自然灾害较严重时，作物多样性的增加有利于农业产值的增长。因此各区域要立足于本省的资源禀赋条件，减少比较优势较弱的农作物品种和种植面积，增加优势农产品，特色农产品种植，培育农业品牌，以提高农业收入和增强生态环境保护。同时，农业基础设施的完善以及农民防灾减灾意识的提高有利于增强抵御自然灾害的能力，促进绿色的现代化农业的发展。     

山区发展与特色经济研究--以湖北省恩施自治州为例

以湖北省恩施自治州为例，探讨了山区发展特色经济的重要途径。对其资源环境结构与产业结构作了对应分析，得出该区经济发展的优势在“山林”，而不在“耕地”，在地方“特色资源”，而不在“大众资源”。并采取经济区位商法，对本区众多资源进行了优势评价。根据其资源优势特点，指出恩施的优势在“山上”，应走以“绿色农业”为基础、以轻型加工业为主的发展道路，使本地区的经济结构由长期以来的一、二、三产业低位的传统排序逐步变为高层面的二、一、三的新排序。构建符合山区特色的产业结构。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.