城市创新能够驱散雾霾吗?--基于空间溢出视角的检验

中国多城市群大范围持续遭遇雾霾等空气环境问题,不仅严重影响着人民生活健康,同时成为制约中国社会经济发展的主要瓶颈。创新驱动作为引领发展的重要源泉,是治理城市雾霾的重要手段。因此,本文利用2004—2016年中国地级市PM_2.5浓度、创新等数据,基于STIRPAT模型,通过空间计量方法在同时考虑空间横向维度及时间纵向维度下就中国城市创新对雾霾的影响进行了实证分析,并进一步从城市创新对雾霾的动态效应、作用距离阈值等多个角度进行了稳健性检验。实证结果表明:①中国城市雾霾污染呈现明显的空间溢出效应和高排放俱乐部集聚特征。②中国城市创新具有积极的减霾作用。从横向空间维度来看表现为积极的空间溢出效应,但存在一定的有效距离阈值。从纵向时间维度来看,减霾效应整体存在边际递减态势。③交通便利化及能源效率的提高有效抑制了城市雾霾污染的加剧,以煤为主的能源结构仍是城市雾霾污染加剧的一大诱因。基于上述事实,本文提出以下政策建议:中国在城市雾霾治理过程中应实施科学规划,布局联防联控。防止城市"单边"治霾努力成果被周边城市的"泄漏效应"所削减;聚集创新要素,打造创新型城市引擎。在城市群内部形成创新竞争、合作机制,创新重塑城市群发展模式以缓解城市雾霾污染;考虑到城市创新对于雾霾治理红利存在边际递减态势,除上述减霾渠道外,治霾政策仍需坚持从源头着手,优化产业、能源结构,促进能效、路效提高,最终成就美丽城市。     

道路交通拥堵与城市雾霾污染的关系研究

道路拥堵与城市雾霾是机动车行驶带来的两个负溢出效应,大量文献揭示了城市机动车行驶对二者带来的影响,却鲜有文献关注道路拥堵程度与雾霾污染之间的内在联系。这其中的缘由在于,一则道路拥堵程度与雾霾污染之间互为因果,同时有共同的影响因素,由此带来的内生性难题难以有效解决;其次,采用统一标准来测度不同城市道路拥堵程度的数据难以获得。为此利用高德地图(Amap)根据机动车定位导航系统提供的城市拥堵延时的大数据,来捕获各省会城市每日道路交通的拥堵程度,同时运用各城市每日的燃油销售价格、国际市场原油价格以及上一周同一工作日道路的拥堵程度作为工具变量,通过两阶段最小二乘法(2SLS)估计道路拥堵程度对城市雾霾污染的影响。回归结果表明:①以城市燃油价格作为工具变量时,道路拥堵程度每增加1%,会导致省会城市PM2.5、PM10分别增加6.5%和6.7%;②以国际原油价格、上一周同一个工作日拥堵程度作为工具变量,以及改用GMM方法进行估计时,基准回归的结论仍然稳健,城市的治堵举措与治霾举措能够相互协同;③进一步以省会城市新增轨道交通来实现治堵和治霾的例子表明,发展轨道交通来实现治堵与治霾的协同效应,要以有效治堵作为前提,否则减排治霾的协同效果无法实现。     

江苏霾灾害风险与地区差异研究

利用江苏省69个地面气象观测站1980～2012年的气象资料，采用适当的方法定义了霾时概念，讨论了重度、中度、轻度及轻微霾时数的时空分布特征。根据霾灾害特点，以区县为评估单元，综合考虑了致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承载体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个因素，选取中度霾时数、重度霾时数、水域面积、植被面积、人口密度、公路里程、公共财政支出、每万人拥有医生数等8个因子作为评估的主要指标，利用层次分析法建立霾灾害风险评估模型，并借助于GIS分析工具，进行了霾灾害风险区划     

Fanning the Blame: Media Accountability,Climate and Crisis on the Australian “Fire Continent”

This paper raises questions of media coverage of “compounded crises” related to extreme weather disaster, in the context of urgent calls to address the implications of a changing climate. Through media analysis, it examines the ways debate over bushfire protection policy was framed and made culturally meaningful, thereby politically consequential, in the wake of the worst bushfires in modern Australian history, Black Saturday (2009). The fires, in which 173 people died, led to a Royal Commission and fierce debate over the use of prescribed burning to reduce bushfire hazard. Longitudinal analysis of local, state and national mainstream media coverage (2009–2016) reveals blame games that targeted environmentalists and the government, which near-silenced meaningful discussion of the complexity of fire science, impacts of climate change on weather conditions, and calls for adaptation. By exploring the media’s constitutive role in crisis response, the paper highlights the legacy and potency of ideological conflict that shapes the media-policy nexus in Australia.     

基于集体行动逻辑的京津冀雾霾合作治理演化博弈分析

当前京津冀地区在雾霾问题上面临环境外部性困扰和集体行动困境,其根源在于地方政府作为雾霾合作治理集体成员的收益是不对称的,而割裂集体行动中收益与损失之间的联系是一种纠正环境外部性市场失灵的政府失灵。奥尔森集体行动的逻辑在京津冀三地政府执行雾霾合作治理规制行为上表现为私人理性与集体理性的动态重复博弈。针对京津冀地区大气污染联防联控执行状况,基于集体行动的逻辑视角,借助演化经济学研究工具,构建京津冀三地政府在雾霾合作治理执行策略的猎鹿模型、拓展模型的演化、随机和动态的博弈过程,探究地方政府执行雾霾合作治理集体行动的行为特征及其影响因素。根据复制动态方程探讨博弈主体行为演化特征和演化稳定策略,采用数值仿真方法分析不同情形下系统演化轨迹及演化均衡状态,考察随机因素对系统演化均衡状态的影响以及实现区域环境合作联盟的动态演化均衡机制。研究发现,京津冀三地政府在雾霾合作治理执行过程中的动态演化,很大程度上取决于本地区在区域整体中的环境偏好系数和搭便车收益与集体行动收益的比值。因此,中央政府要健全跨区域环境治理的制度建设,为京津冀地区建立一致的区域环境质量标准,有效降低地方政府在合作治理雾霾集体行动中的搭便车收益,以立法的形式对约束地方政府承担环境治理责任的强制和选择性激励措施加以确定。此外,将雾霾造成的经济损失作为重要指标纳入地方官员政绩考核体系,加强对地方政府雾霾治理执行情况的监管力度,实现合作治理雾霾集体行动责任落实的帕累托改进。     

Trans-jurisdictional River Basin Water Pollution Management and Cooperation in China: Case Study of Jiangsu/Zhejiang Province in Comparative Global Context

The deterioration of water pollution drainage in China is caused by poor administrative capabilities as well as natural forces. Low efficiency, even inefficacy in trans-jurisdictional water pollution management by local governments, has resulted in environmental damage accompanying economic development, conflicts between people living up- and down-stream, and potential hidden problems for social stabilization. By examining the process of policy evolution and reform of water pollution management and cooperation between Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, this paper tries to learn from successful global experiences in domestic trans-boundary water management. The study shows that resolution of the conflict between watershed management and regional management based on “Tiao-Kuai-System” (China's system of vertical and horizontal relations between central and local government and within government) is the highest priority. The integrated reform of trans-jurisdictional water pollution management of river basin in China should include insitutional and law reforms.     

中国雾霾空间分布特征及影响因素分析

近年来我国雾霾天气频发,以PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)为核心的大气污染物对人体健康和大气环境质量造成了严重威胁,已经成为当前不容忽视且亟需解决的重大民生问题和环境问题,深入分析雾霾污染的形成原因和影响因素对于科学制定切实有效的治霾政策具有重要的现实意义。本文基于我国288个地级以上城市2015年1月—2017年2月的月均空气质量AQI数据,首先采用空间统计方法对雾霾污染空间分布的季节特征进行可视化描述,其次通过空间自相关指数对雾霾污染的空间集聚特征进行了实证检验,最后在此基础上建立空间计量模型对影响雾霾污染的社会经济因素进行了经验识别。结果表明:(1)我国雾霾污染的季节性特征明显,夏季空气质量状况最好,春季和秋季次之,冬季污染最严重且波及范围广,其中河北南部、河南北部、山西南部和陕西关中地区是污染重灾区,季均空气质量均为中度污染以上。(2)雾霾污染存在显著的空间正相关特征,我国东部沿海地区表现为显著的低低集聚,华北平原及周边地区呈现显著的高高集聚特征。(3)空间回归结果显示,我国雾霾污染与经济增长的关系在一定程度上与EKC曲线假说相符,其中二产畸高的产业结构、民用汽车保有量的增多和省会城市均对雾霾污染有显著的正向促进作用,但人口密度和绿化水平对雾霾污染的影响并不显著。因此,治霾政策应坚持城市内部以促进产业结构转型升级、鼓励使用新能源汽车和共享单车、疏散省会城市的职能为主,城市外部应以区域联防联控为主,从而达到缓解和改善大气环境的目的。     

省级政府环境政策制定过程的特征分析——以陕西和云南水土保持生态补偿政策为例

近年来,省级政府制定的环境政策逐渐增多。在数量繁多的各类问题中,省级政府的决策者如何能够充分认识到某个环境问题的重要性和紧迫性,将其置于优先考虑的位置,进而出台一项环境政策?与经济发展政策相比,省级政府制定环境政策的过程有何特征?本文通过研究两个案例来探讨这些问题的答案,一个案例是陕西省制定的水土保持生态补偿政策,另一个案例是云南省正在制定的类似政策。研究表明,在省级政府制定环境政策的过程中,政策倡导者往往不是省级政府决策者,而是省级政府中行政主管部门的领导。政策倡导者建立政策的途径是说服作为决策者的省级政府相关领导,进而使之批准政策出台。其说服方法是建立由相关部门和其他利益相关者组成的支持联盟,通过科学研究阐明问题的重要性、紧迫性以及和政府职能的相关性,并提出具有科学基础和立法基础的政策方案。这一过程既区别于中央政府制定环境政策的过程,又与省级政府制定经济政策的过程不同。     

外商直接投资对中国城市雾霾(PM_(2.5))污染的时空效应检验

本文利用了1998—2012年中国241个城市的空间面板数据对中国雾霾污染和FDI的区域分布特征及空间溢出效应进行经验考察,结合系统广义矩估计(SGMM)方法构建了动态空间面板模型,采用了Moran’s I和Geary’s C指数对中国FDI与雾霾(PM_(2.5))污染空间自相关性进行了全域和局域分析。结果发现:(1)雾霾(PM_(2.5))污染与FDI存在显著的空间正相关性,证明了雾霾(PM_(2.5))污染空间的溢出效应以及FDI的辐射效应的存在。同时FDI高值集聚区域一般是雾霾(PM_(2.5))高值集聚区,FDI低值集聚区域一般是雾霾(PM_(2.5))低值集聚区,表明一个地区的引资效果和雾霾(PM_(2.5))污染在地理上的集聚密切相关。雾霾(PM_(2.5))污染表现出显著的"叠加效应"和"溢出效应",说明中国雾霾(PM_(2.5))污染在空间维度、时间维度以及时空维度上分别表现出交叉、累积、持续的演变特征。(2)全样本下,FDI对雾霾(PM_(2.5))浓度的影响表现出增促效应。FDI存量每升高1%,雾霾(PM_(2.5))浓度升高0.011%。(3)分地区样本下,东部城市FDI存量每升高1%,雾霾(PM_(2.5))浓度升高0.001 9%;中部城市FDI存量每升高1%,雾霾(PM_(2.5))浓度升高0.018 3%;而西部城市FDI存量对雾霾(PM_(2.5))浓度影响不显著。上述实证结果说明中国雾霾污染存在着显著的空间依赖性和区域异质性,FDI对中国大部分城市的雾霾污染存在显著的增促效应。     

A new approach to spatial source apportionment of haze pollution in large scale and its application in China

Long-lasting expansion of haze pollution in China has already presented a stern challenge to regional joint prevention and control. There is an urgent need to enlarge and reconstruct the coverage of joint prevention and control of air pollution in key area. Air quality models can identify and quantify the regional contribution of haze pollution and its key components with the help of numerical simulation, but it is difficult to be applied to larger spatial scale due to the complexity of model parameters. The time series analysis can recognize the existence of spatial interaction of haze pollution between cities, but it has not yet been used to further identify the spatial sources of haze pollution in large scale. Using econometric framework of time series analysis, this paper developed a new approach to perform spatial source apportionment. We applied this approach to calculate the contribution from spatial sources of haze pollution in China, using the monitoring data of particulate matter (PM_2.5) across 161 Chinese cities. This approach overcame the limitation of numerical simulation that the model complexity increases at excess with the expansion of sample range, and could effectively deal with severe large-scale haze episodes.     

行政中心驻地对县域土地利用景观格局的影响研究

使用GIS（地理信息系统,Geographic Information System）的缓冲区法、空间叠置分析法以及景观格局分析法,分析不同等级的行政中心驻地对土地利用景观格局的影响。研究结果表明：（1）耕地是丰县的景观基质,聚落（城乡建设用地）景观是丰县主要的景观类型。与行政中心的距离越近,人为景观的面积比重就越高,大于各景观类型的现状比重,表现出较强烈的空间吸引特性;相反,自然景观所占比重远远低于现状比重,反映出较明显的空间排斥效应。（2）与镇政府的距离变大,土地利用景观的破碎程度、聚集程度、斑块形状的规则程度均先减弱后增强;与县政府驻地的距离变大,景观的破碎程度呈现“减弱-增强-稳定”模式,景观形状的复杂程度变大,聚集程度先减弱后稳定,景观的多样性与异质性受两等级行政中心驻地距离的影响程度均较小。（3）镇级、县级行政中心分别在1 500 m、3 000 m范围内对土地利用景观格局的影响程度大     

财政分权对环境污染的空间效应

利用2006—2017年我国30个省级行政单位的面板数据,采用空间计量模型对财政分权与环境污染之间的关系进行实证分析,并通过效应分解分别计算出财政收入分权和财政支出分权对环境污染的直接效应、空间溢出效应和总效应。模型估计的结果表明:①财政收入分权与财政支出分权通过直接效应和空间溢出效应两种途径对环境污染产生显著影响,但收入分权与支出分权对环境污染的空间效应具有异质性。②财政收入分权对环境污染具有显著的负向直接效应和负向空间溢出效应,影响系数分别为-5.429和-17.572。提高财政收入分权度不仅有利于减轻本省份环境污染,也对邻近省份的环境污染起到抑制作用。而财政支出分权对环境污染具有显著的负向直接效应和正向的空间溢出效应,影响程度分别为-3.345和1.173。提高财政支出分权虽然有利于减少本省份污染的排放,但在一定程度上引起省际的污染外溢效应,提高邻近省份的污染程度。③从总效应来看,财政收入分权和财政支出分权对环境污染均呈现出显著的负向相关性,影响程度分别为-23.001和-2.172。提高财政分权可降低环境污染水平,有利于环境质量提升。④通过构建不同空间权重矩阵,检验模型的稳健性,结果表明模型估计是稳健可靠的。根据分析结论,可能的启示与建议有:①合理划分中央政府和地方政府之间的财政事权和支出责任,在提高财政支出分权度的同时提高地方政府财政收入分权度,充分发挥地方政府环境治理的积极性和主动性。②继续加大生态环境保护力度,完善绿色经济考核机制,引导地方政府加大对污染治理和环境改善的支出水平及效率。     

The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of Forest Biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of local institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Tanzania.Data were obtained through questionnaires,interviews,focus group discussions,participatory rural appraisal and field observations.The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include:Village Natural Resources Management Committee(92%),tree nursery group(79.4%),beekeeping groups(61.1%),fish farming(43.3%),livestock rearing group(33.9%).Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability of forest reserve include:forest patrols,fire extinguish,preparation of fire breaks,planting of trees along the forest boundaries,creation of awareness,arresting of forest defaulters,participation in income generation activities.For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions,the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.     

The Role and Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Management of Forest Biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve,Iringa Region-Tanzania

Abstract

This paper examines the role and effectiveness of local institutions in the management of forest biodiversity in New Dabaga-Ulongambi Forest Reserve, Tanzania. Data were obtained through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal and field observations. The study revealed that the most remarkable local institutions connected to forest biodiversity management include: Village Natural Resources Management Committee (92%), tree nursery group (79.4%), beekeeping groups (61.1%), fish farming (43.3%), livestock rearing group (33.9%). Main activities carried out by local institutions which directly contribute to the sustainability of forest reserve include: forest patrols, fire extinguish, preparation of fire breaks, planting of trees along the forest boundaries, creation of awareness, arresting of forest defaulters, participation in income generation activities. For the purpose of realization that local communities are capable of managing forest biodiversity through their traditional institutions, the policy should provide tangible opportunity for local communities to meet their needs as they manage the forests.     

“十二五”以来中国应对气候变化的行政手段评估

在中国应对气候变化政策体系中,目标责任制和淘汰落后产能这两项行政手段具有核心地位。充分认识其作用机制,阐述其优势与不足,对于中国碳减排政策的优化设计意义深远。本文遵循气候变化评估报告的原则和方法,以国内外公开发表的相关文献为基础,评估了这两项政策的作用机制、政策有效性以及存在的问题。结果显示:目标责任制和淘汰落后产能这两项行政手段具有高度的有效性。这些行政手段顺应了中国的各项体制机制,确保了中国应对气候变化目标的实现。具体来看,节能降碳目标责任制通过明确地方政府作为节能降碳政策执行主体的责任,改变了原有的官员激励体系,强化了政府对既有政策的执行,还促进了地方政府和企业各项节能降碳制度的形成。淘汰落后产能以目标责任考核为基础,结合各种激励政策,在节能降碳、化解产能过剩等方面发挥了巨大效应。尽管行政手段在温室气体减排中的作用非常有效,但是这种自上而下的压力传递机制难以真正内化为地方政府和企业开展节能降碳工作的自发性力量。此外,由于节能降碳目标的层层分解,县级及以下政府承担了与其行政管理权限并不匹配的责任。在压力体制下,过剩产能的市场退出障碍和地方政府、企业产能扩张的冲动依然存在。未来应结合行政和市场手段的优缺点,综合施策,促进温室气体减排长效机制的形成。     

经济集聚对雾霾污染影响的空间计量研究——以长江三角洲地区为例

雾霾污染是困扰中国经济发展的重大民生与环境问题。基于改进产出密度模型，运用地统计和空间计量模型分析长三角城市2015~2017年雾霾污染空间格局和影响因素。研究发现：（1）雾霾污染存在季节性变化特征并且各城市雾霾污染状况逐渐好转。（2）雾霾污染具有显著的局域集聚特征和空间异质性，杭州、宁波和台州呈现低－低集聚特征，而滁州、扬州、镇江和泰州为高－高集聚型，污染区域集中于省界处，污染程度自西北向东南逐渐降低。雾霾污染存在显著的城际空间正相关和空间溢出效应，周边城市雾霾污染对本地区会产生负影响。（3）长三角城市人口集聚、研发投入、产业结构、工业烟粉尘排放及城市建设均对雾霾污染产生正向影响，对外开放、能源消耗以及降水等因素对雾霾污染产生负向影响；雾霾污染与经济增长之间不存在库兹涅茨曲线关系。经济集聚通过优化生产要素的空间分布与组合、共享治污基础设施等，形成雾霾污染抑制作用。     

Spatial correlation network and population mobility effect of regional haze pollution: empirical evidence from Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration in China

Based on relevant data from 2014 to 2018, we constructed a spatial network of haze pollution in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region by using a modified gravity model, explored the network structure characteristics and influencing factors of urban agglomeration with the SNA and the QAP method, and discussed the population mobility effect brought by haze pollution. The results showed that the PRD region has spatial correlation in terms of haze pollution. Guangzhou was in the central position of the spatial network, yet Shenzhen and Foshan played a connecting role in the network. Economic development, urbanization, and environmental protection had significant positive impacts on the haze pollution spatial network. The results of the double-threshold regression showed that the city’s status in the haze pollution network represented by centrality had a positive impact on population mobility.

     

海南省森林生态补偿机制的社会经济影响分析

建立森林生态补偿机制能够部分或全都地实现森林生态效益的价值，体现出利益相关者之间的平等性，动员全社会参与森林生态系统的保育，更好地加强森林可持续经营的能力。本研究以海南省为案例，从居民问卷分析和机构调查分析入手，分析生态公益林区的生态环境和社会经济影响，讨论建立海南省生态补偿的管理机制。研究表明，大多数农户对生态补偿机制持赞同态度。从总体上看，生态补偿机制的建立对改善生态环境起到了很大的作用，但是农户得到森林生态补偿较低，难以有效地提高农户的生活水平。通过案例研究发现，林业管理机构和居民面临的共同困难是资金不足，由此带来生态公益林保护与周边地区经济发展之间的矛盾，表现为保护与地区经济收入的冲突，耕地面积减少与剩余劳动力的矛盾。在案例研究结果的基础上，探讨海南省森林生态补偿机制的核心问题，提出了海南省森林生态补偿机制的初步设想，包括科学制定地方性生态补偿标准、构建高效的地方管理机构，提高社区能力建设以及扩展生态补偿多元化融资渠道等。     

Synergistic vulnerabilities: climate variability and fire management policy increase farming challenges in southeastern Mexico

Agricultural fire for land preparation is central in the livelihoods of subsistence farmers practicing shifting cultivation. Achieving a good agricultural burn, one in which the biomass is thoroughly consumed within the chosen area, depends on specific weather conditions. Fire use decisions are also shaped by institutions that define the timing and rules for fire use but also constrain the alternatives and shape adaptive capacities. Global and regional climate changes interact with the institutional framing of fire management affecting local fire use and burn outcomes. These effects are documented and analyzed to suggest adaptations to existing governance systems. We examined subsistence farmers’ socio-ecological vulnerability in the Calakmul municipality, located in southeastern Mexico. Using interviews with farmers and government agents, as well as participatory mapping and observation of agricultural burns, we studied fire management knowledge, practices and burn outcomes. Our results describe a continuum of burn outcomes covering good agricultural burns, uncontrolled burns leading to wildfires and “malquemados” literally poorly burned areas. Malquemados represent unsuccessful combustion associated with excess moisture that results in scorched vegetation. We discuss how unexpected early rains trigger effects that cascade through space and the ecological, economic and cultural domains. We argue that fire management has been historically approached from a conservation standpoint yet agricultural fire use and wildfire prevention should also be addressed from a rural development perspective. This shift in fire management would lead to the proper inclusion of the entire array of burn outcomes in studies and policies addressing farmers’ vulnerability amplified by synergistic effects between climate variability and institutional change.     

四湖流域水环境污染现状空间分布和污染源分析

四湖流域水环境恶化已影响到当地生产和群众生活,亟待对四湖流域的水环境污染现状进行调查与评估。于2010年春季在四湖流域的主要湖泊以及四湖总干渠进行了水质现场监测和水样采集,共采集了84个样点,每个样点测定了12项水质指标,并对测定结果中四湖流域总氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数等水质指标的空间分布进行了分析。分析结果表明:四湖流域的两个主要湖泊,长湖和洪湖均受到不同程度的污染,长湖为重度污染,洪湖为轻度污染,从长湖流入总干渠中的水质多为中性或略偏碱性,总磷、总氮含量超标几倍到几十倍,在靠近长湖的总干渠上游段为重度污染,靠近洪湖的总干渠下游段为轻度污染。各水质指标浓度总体趋势上,长湖的要大于总干渠,总干渠的大于西干渠,西干渠的大于洪湖。