西藏湿地的现状和保护

本研究对西藏全区湿地的概况、类型、现状、重要湿地和现有湿地保护区进行系统描述，提出了湿地保护方面存在的问题与对策；并对西藏湿地标准、功能、特点、类型等，进行了科学的论证。     

青藏高原土壤柴油降解菌的筛选及降解实验研究

青藏高原北麓河地区土壤为典型的低温土壤环境,夏季高温季节表层土壤(5 cm处)温度仅为9℃,中层(20 cm处)为7.5℃,而40 cm处仅为4℃左右。土壤高温季节为7月中旬至9月上旬,而10月至来年6月土壤日平均温度下降为0℃以下。针对青藏高原低温土壤环境,在北麓河试验现场进行人工模拟柴油污染,16个月后采集污染土样,进行土著低温菌的复合筛选,柴油菌的筛选驯化温度为10℃。经过4次转接复合培养驯化后,菌液中微生物数量可达2.7×1012CFU/mL。筛选后的柴油降解菌90%以上为杆状菌,长度为2~3μm,少见球菌,其直径约为0.5μm。通过柴油摇瓶模拟降解实验,17 d后柴油去除率可达到62%。研究为青藏高原低温条件下的土壤柴油污染土著微生物修复提供了研究基础。     

广西壮族自治区污水处理厂运行状况及特征分析

基于广西壮族自治区126座污水处理厂2015年运行状况的调查数据,分析广西污水处理厂的工艺特点、污泥处置、出水水质达标情况、运行负荷率和运行费用,评估污水处理厂运行的效率和效果,分析存在的问题,并就污水处理厂的运行和管理提出建议。     

石漠化山地复合生态系统评价——以广西平果县龙何屯生态重建示范区为例

以广西平果县龙何生态重建示范区的石漠化山地复合生态系统为例,依据试验研究及专家咨询的结果,构建了一个基于自然子系统、社会子系统、经济子系统的评价指标体系,采用层次分析法对指标体系中各指标的权重值进行了分析,应用指数评价模型对石漠化山地复合生态系统进行综合评估。层次分析结果表明,植被覆盖率、人类活动强度、物种多样性、物质生活指数、石漠化程度、水土流失程度等指标的权重值较大,是石漠化山地复合生态系统的重要影响因子;指数评价模型的评价结果表明,石漠化山地复合生态系统的总体质量较差,但通过生态示范区建设,改善复合生态系统中的植被状况,改善农业生产条件和推广先进农业技术,提高系统中人类的生活水平,可以使复合生态系统中社会、经济、环境3个子系统的转运功能逐渐趋于协调,总体质量逐渐好转。     

西藏普莫雍错湖芯沉积物中重金属的垂向分布特征及生态风险评估

2008年7月采集了青藏高原南部普莫雍错的湖芯沉积物样品,利用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)分析了样品中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Mn和Fe的含量,其平均浓度分别为26.4μg·g-1、6.64μg·g-1、16.2μg·g-1、26.2μg·g-1、50.2μg·g-1、0.363μg·g-1、16.8μg·g-1、0.302 mg·g-1和9.84 mg·g-1,略高于南极沉积物,但低于人类影响较大的云南滇池、内蒙古岱海、北美五大湖和太湖相应浓度,处于较低浓度水平.重金属垂向浓度分布波动较小,表层浓度较高.主成分分析和聚类分析结果表明,有机质和Mn受地表径流陆源碎屑输入影响较大,而其他重金属主要受天然成岩风化及大气沉降影响.采用沉积物质量基准法和潜在生态风险指数法进行生态风险评估,结果表明普莫雍错沉积物中重金属的生态风险水平较低.     

新疆阿克苏地区平原区高砷地下水分布特征及富集因素分析

地下水砷污染是全球化环境问题.本文基于阿克苏地区平原区2017年75个地下水砷实测含量进行分析.结果表明,研究区地下水砷含量变化范围为ND-98.70 μg?L-1,平均值为9.42μg?L-1,超标率达26.7％.水平方向上,高砷地下水主要集中在研究区的中部偏南一带;垂直方向上,山麓斜坡冲洪积砾质平原潜水区地下水砷含...     

Perceptions of safety on a shared road: Driving,cycling, or walking near an autonomous vehicle

Introduction: While improved safety is a highly cited potential benefit of autonomous vehicles (AVs), at the same time a frequently cited concern is the new safety challenges that AVs introduce. The literature lacks a rigorous exploration of the safety perceptions of road users who will interact with AVs, including vulnerable road users. Addressing this gap is essential because the successful integration of AVs into transportation systems hinges on an understanding of how all road users will react to their presence. Methods: A stated preference survey of the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan statistical area (Phoenix MSA) was conducted in July 2018. A series of ordered probit models was estimated to analyze the survey responses and identify differences between various population groups with respect to the perceived safety of driving, cycling, and walking near AVs. Results: Greater exposure to and awareness of AVs are not uniformly associated with increases in perceived safety. Various attitudinal factors, level of AV automation, and other intrinsic and extrinsic factors are related to safety perceptions of driving, walking, and cycling near AVs. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, such as gender, age, income, employment, and automobile usage and ownership, have various relationships with perceived safety. Conclusions: Cycling near an AV was perceived as the least safe activity, followed by walking and then driving near an AV. Both similarities and differences were observed among the factors associated with the perceived safety of different travel alternatives. Practical Applications: Public perception will guide the development and adoption of AVs directly and indirectly. To help maintain control of public perception, transportation planners, decision makers, and other stakeholders should consider more deliberate and targeted messaging to address the concerns of different road users. In addition, more careful pilot testing and more direct attention to vulnerable road users may help avoid a backlash that could delay the rollout of this technology.     

Autonomous emergency braking systems adapted to snowy road conditions improve drivers' perceived safety and trust

Objective: This study investigated drivers' evaluation of a conventional autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system on high and reduced tire–road friction and compared these results to those of an AEB system adaptive to the reduced tire–road friction by earlier braking. Current automated systems such as the AEB do not adapt the vehicle control strategy to the road friction; for example, on snowy roads. Because winter precipitation is associated with a 19% increase in traffic crashes and a 13% increase in injuries compared to dry conditions, the potential of conventional AEB to prevent collisions could be significantly improved by including friction in the control algorithm. Whereas adaption is not legally required for a conventional AEB system, higher automated functions will have to adapt to the current tire–road friction because human drivers will not be required to monitor the driving environment at all times. For automated driving functions to be used, high levels of perceived safety and trust of occupants have to be reached with new systems. The application case of an AEB is used to investigate drivers' evaluation depending on the road condition in order to gain knowledge for the design of future driving functions.

Methods: In a driving simulator, the conventional, nonadaptive AEB was evaluated on dry roads with high friction (μ = 1) and on snowy roads with reduced friction (μ = 0.3). In addition, an AEB system adapted to road friction was designed for this study and compared with the conventional AEB on snowy roads with reduced friction. Ninety-six drivers (48 males, 48 females) assigned to 5 age groups (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and 60–75 years) drove with AEB in the simulator. The drivers observed and evaluated the AEB's braking actions in response to an imminent rear-end collision at an intersection.

Results: The results show that drivers' safety and trust in the conventional AEB were significantly lower on snowy roads, and the nonadaptive autonomous braking strategy was considered less appropriate on snowy roads compared to dry roads. As expected, the adaptive AEB braking strategy was considered more appropriate for snowy roads than the nonadaptive strategy. In conditions of reduced friction, drivers' subjective safety and trust were significantly improved when driving with the adaptive AEB compared to the conventional AEB. Women felt less safe than men when AEB was braking. Differences between age groups were not of statistical significance.

Conclusions: Drivers notice the adaptation of the autonomous braking strategy on snowy roads with reduced friction. On snowy roads, they feel safer and trust the adaptive system more than the nonadaptive automation.     

Radium geochemistry in Na-Cl type groundwater in Niigata Prefecture, Japan

Radium isotopes in 23 Na-Cl type groundwater sampled mainly from deep wells in Niigata Prefecture, which is the site of the largest oil- and gas-fields in Japan, were measured along with U isotopes, chemical components and hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios to elucidate the distribution and behavior of Ra in a brackish environment underground. Also analyzed were U and Th isotopes in 38 rock samples collected from outcrops at 17 locations. Ra-226 concentrations (8.86-1637 mBq kg⁻¹) of groundwater samples roughly correlated with total dissolved solid (TDS) concentrations and other alkaline earth contents. Their ²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra activity ratios (0.32-5.2) were similar to or higher than the ²³²Th/²³⁸U activity ratios (0.6-1.7) in the rocks. The most likely transport mechanism of Ra isotopes into groundwater was due to their α-recoil from the solid phase, probably from the water-rock interface where Th isotopes had accumulated, and adsorption/desorption reaction based on the increase in ²²⁶Ra contents with TDS.     

桂西北河池地区耕地变化及其驱动力Logistic回归分析

桂西北河池地区土地退化严重,耕地少,区域农业发展受限。基于TM遥感图像、DEM等空间数据并结合社会经济统计数据,利用空间分析方法及Logistic回归分析模型,定量分析了1952～2006年桂西北河池地区11个县耕地的时空动态变化规律及其驱动机制。研究结果表明：1952～2006年河池地区耕地总量的变化经历了迅速增加-波动变化-迅速减少-缓慢减少的过程,空间上变化率不均衡,且近20多a间西部地区耕地减少迅速,其变化体现了国家政策的主导驱动作用;根据回归结果提取出7类影响耕地分布的主要解释变量,其中海拔和人口分布为耕地空间分布格局分异的关键影响因素,其次是坡度Ⅰ(0°～5°)、GDP、至主要公路距离、至主要河流距离和至主要城镇距离;不同县之间耕地变化驱动力的解释变量存在差异,且各县耕地分布概率对于海拔、坡度Ⅰ(0°～5°)、GDP这3类解释变量较敏感,而其他解释变量敏感程度较低;东部地区耕地分布的概率更大.