北京2015年大气细颗粒物的空间分布特征及变化规律

近年来,随着雾霾事件的频发,人们逐渐提高了对雾霾的关注度,PM_2.5作为其首要污染物对大气能见度及人体健康造成了严重影响.因此,本文利用2015年北京12个环境监测站点的PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO和O₃的浓度数据和气象数据,综合研究了北京2015年大气细颗粒物的空间变化特征及分布规律.同时,利用空间差异率（COD）统计方法评估了不同地区细颗粒物浓度的差异程度,并结合2015年2次特殊事件（春节和阅兵）,对大气污染特征及其与排放源控制的关系进行了深入对比分析.结果发现,重污染天气集中发生在秋冬季,且污染程度高、持续时间长.城区PM_2.5浓度比郊区高约12 μg·m^-3.东城区与对照区差异最大,COD值为0.24;东城区与西城区差异最小,COD值为0.05.春、夏、秋季颗粒物PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度日变化较为平稳,在中午有所升高,冬季颗粒物质量浓度明显呈现出夜间高于日间的污染模式.近3年PM_2.5与PM₁₀保持显著的相关性,但PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值呈降低趋势.阅兵期间采取的空气质量管控措施和气象要素共同作用导致PM_2.5浓度下降约72%,市中心的首要污染物为NO₂,郊区首要污染物为O₃和PM₁₀.春节期间烟花燃放对PM_2.5的瞬时贡献量很大,对比春节假期和非假期2个阶段的大气污染特征发现,人口和机动车减少及餐馆暂停营业并没有使北京局地空气质量得到明显改善.该研究结果提示在进行PM_2.5控制的同时也要对O₃浓度有所关注,同时也进一步支撑了北京空气质量改善需要京津冀协同控制这一重要结论.     

Orientation of juvenile barn swallows (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hirundo rustica</Emphasis>) tested in Emlen funnels during autumn migration

Although hirundines have been used extensively in homing experiments, to date no investigation of their migratory orientation has been carried out, despite the well-known migratory habits of many species of this family. This paper reports on a study of the orientation of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), a typical diurnal trans-Saharan migrant. Modified Emlen funnels were used to verify the suitability of this species for cage experiments and investigate the role of visual and magnetic cues during the birds first migratory journey. Juvenile swallows were mist-netted at a roost site in central Italy and then tested in a site 19 km apart. Orientation experiments were performed under four experimental conditions: natural clear sky and simulated overcast, in both local and shifted magnetic fields (magnetic North=geographical West). Under clear sky, the swallows tended to orient phototactically toward the best-lit part of the funnel and failed to respond to the magnetic field shift. Under overcast conditions, they oriented northward and modified their directional choices as expected in response to the shifted magnetic North. On the whole, our data indicate that swallows can use magnetic information for compass orientation. Possible explanations for the northward orientation of birds tested under overcast conditions are discussed.Communicated by W. Wiltschko     

杭州无车日大气细颗粒物化学组成形成机制及光学特性

在世界无车日期间对PM2.5化学组分、光学参数及气态污染物进行同步监测,评估机动车尾气排放对杭州市细颗粒物污染及能见度的影响.结果表明:管制期间NO2、NOx、CO和PM2.5浓度分别为45.0, 50.8, 1119, 85.8μg/m3,比平日分别下降了17.5%、23.3%、20.6%和32.6%.管制期间PM2.5中OC、EC和二次无机组分浓度为8.58, 4.29, 25.95μg/m3,比管制前下降了13.8%、12.6%和15.7%,管制后则达到20.24, 10.85, 27.39μg/m3,上升了136.0%、152.7%和5.5%.管制期间较高的NO3-/PM2.5和NOR(0.15)表明PM2.5的形成更多受二次无机转化影响,管制后PM2.5中上升的OC、EC比例和较低的NOR(0.07)则说明PM2.5主要来自机动车排放的碳质组分的贡献.硫酸盐、硝酸盐、有机气溶胶和EC是最主要的消光组分,共解释了总消光系数的74.0%~89.7%.管制后,机动车排放的有机物和EC消光比例达到26.6%和24.6%,大气消光系数则达到438.7Mm-1,比管制期间上升了60.5%,表明机动车污染排放已成为影响杭州大气细颗粒物污染和能见度下降的重要因素.     

重污染天气应对“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施首次实践效果后评估

为提高重污染天气应对的科学性和精准度,2019年7月生态环境部制定重污染天气应对“绩效分级、差异化管控”措施.为应对9月底至10月初的重污染过程,京津冀及周边共68个城市启动重污染预警,该措施得以首次实践.通过时间序列断点回归方法对该措施效果进行评估发现,空气质量改善存在滞后的现象,SO₂、 NO₂和CO这3个气态污染物改善速度较快,对涉及二次生成的O₃和PM_2.5两个污染物见效速度相对较慢. 10月1日恰逢在北京举办庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年阅兵式,对10月1日当天进行评估,发现与假如不采取措施的情形相比,重污染应急措施使北京市PM_2.5、 NO₂和CO日均浓度显著下降,下降幅度分别为54.1%、 62.4%和25.8%.如果不采取重污染应急措施,北京10月1日上午可能出现中重度污染,但实际上空气质量保持在良的水平.区域启动预警的68城市PM_2.5、 PM₁₀、 NO₂、 SO     

Orientation experiments with displaced juvenile barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) during autumn migratory season

In a previous paper, we reported that juvenile barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) trapped during the autumn migratory season and tested in modified Emlen funnels under overcast conditions can use magnetic information for compass orientation, although they did not orient toward the expected migratory direction. To further investigate this behaviour, in the present paper, we report the results of two series of displacement experiments performed on juvenile barn swallows belonging to two different roost sites [Massaciuccoli Lake (ML) and Terzo Cavone (TC)] and tested using the same protocol as that previously adopted. On the whole, the outcome of the ML and TC experiments was quite different with respect to (a) the degree of bird activity within the funnel (substantially lower for TC) and (b) the effect of the experimental displacement on the directional preferences of the tested subjects (not detectable in TC, while evident in ML swallows). Taken together, these results suggest that migrating swallows could react differently to the experimental tests depending on the roost site where they were caught. Indeed, TC swallows, trapped in southern Italy, close to the seacoast, and characterized by fairly large amounts of fat stores, mainly broke off their migratory activity or reoriented their directional preferences toward inland sites, possibly in search of more profitable habitats. On the other hand, ML swallows, trapped about 660 km to the north and characterized by lower amounts of fat stores, apparently tried to compensate for the experimental displacement.

Lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soil from day care centres in the city of Bergen, Norway

Surface soil (0-2cm) quality in 87 day care centres in the city of Bergen, Norway has been studied. Approximately 45% of the day care centres contained Pb and PAH values above recommended action levels. There are clear variations between different areas of the city. The old central part of the city hosts most of the contaminated day care centres. In suburban areas most of the day care centres have Pb and PAH concentrations below action levels. City fires, gas work emission, lead-based paint, and traffic are probably important anthropogenic contamination sources, together with uncontrolled transportation of soil from contaminated to clean areas. Geological or other natural sources are probably not an important contributor to the high levels of lead and PAH.     

首都重大活动与空气重污染应急减排措施效果对比分析

以2015年"9·3"阅兵活动及同年冬季两次空气重污染红色预警为例,针对气象要素及污染物浓度变化特征进行对比分析,对不同减排措施下污染物减排比例估算,并利用WRF-CAMx模型,对减排带来的PM_(2.5)污染改善效果进行了定量评估与对比分析.结果表明,阅兵期间(8月20日至9月4日)PM_(2.5)日均浓度(19.0μg·m~(-3))分别比阅兵前(8月15～19日)和阅兵后(9月5～15日)日均浓度降低了60.0%和48.0%,第一次红色预警期间PM_(2.5)日均浓度(232.3μg·m~(-3))高于第二次红警(216.6μg·m~(-3)),第二次启动重污染红色预警之前的空气质量好于第一次红警.阅兵期间北京及周边省市污染物减排比例普遍大于红警期间,为保障"阅兵蓝"的实现提供了人为可控的有利条件."9·3"阅兵、北京首次及第二次红色预警期间采取污染物应急减排措施情况下,北京PM_(2.5)浓度分别平均降低了32.4%、 17.1%和22.0%.阅兵期间与红色预警相比,PM_(2.5)浓度降低比例较高,归因于更大力度的区域污染物协同减排以及阅兵期间易于污染物扩散的气象条件.污染减排力度、应急控制措施实施时机以及气象条件是可能影响应急污染控制措施污染改善效果的重要因素.     

抗战胜利70周年大阅兵期间石家庄大气细颗粒物在线来源解析

抗战胜利70周年阅兵纪念活动空气质量保障前后,利用位于石家庄市大气自动梯度站20 m处单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对大气细颗粒物来源进行了解析.结果表明,阅兵活动当日,大气细颗粒物的首要污染源为机动车尾气(20.9%)和燃煤(20.6%),与空气质量保障前后相比,两类源的贡献均出现不同程度的降低,且颗粒物数浓度处于较低水平,保障措施起到了较好的效果,其中"控车"和"控煤"效果更为显著.来自机动车尾气的颗粒以短链元素碳和Mn为主,来自燃煤源的颗粒物以有机碳为主,来自工艺工业源的颗粒物以有机碳和金属为主,来自扬尘源的颗粒物以硅酸盐和钙为主.保障措施结束后,颗粒物浓度迅速攀升,是低压静稳不利气象条件和东南方向低空传输共同作用结果,其中扬尘和机动车尾气的贡献增长较为突出.     

中国环保非政府组织（ENGO）发展初探

随着环境问题的日益严重，中国的环保非政府组织（ENGO）不断涌现和发展，成为保护生态资源、防治环境污染、唤起公民环保意识和促进公众参与的重要力量。然而，受诸多因素制约，中国ENGO的发展不尽如人意。因此分析中国ENGO的发展困境、探讨促进其发展的建议对于发挥ENGO的积极作用，促进可持续发展具有重要的意义。文章以厦门市绿十字环保志愿者中心为例，剖析了中国ENGO的发展困境及其产生的原因，并在此基础上探讨了改善中国ENGO发展的几点设想。     

2019年国庆节前后北京气态氨和气溶胶铵盐浓度的同步观测

我国自2013年实施《大气污染防治行动计划》以来,大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）特别是硫酸盐浓度迅速下降,但硝酸盐浓度降幅较小,大气中过量的氨气（NH₃）是维持硝酸盐居高不下的主要因素.迄今,我国生态环境部门尚未将NH₃纳入常规观测,以往有关NH₃和气溶胶铵盐（NH₄⁺）的研究多是分别进行的,缺少同步观测.由于NH₃和NH₄⁺在大气中可互相转化,只测量其中一种相态很难全面了解它们的动态变化.本研究基于酸涂覆的蜂窝型扩散管和膜采样串联系统,同步测量了2019年国庆节前后北京城区大气NH₃和NH₄⁺浓度,时间分辨率为2 h（PM_2.5>35 μg·m^-3）~5 h（PM_2.5<35 μg·m^-3）.结果表明,采样期间NH₃和NH₄⁺平均浓度分别为（4.1±2.9）μg·m^-3和（1.7±1.4）μg·m^-3,且二者均与PM_2.5、CO和NO₂呈现相似的时间变化规律.NH₃浓度在早晨（05：30~08：30）和夜间（21：30~05：30）较高,这种双峰日变化特征在污染天（PM_2.5>75 μg·m^-3）最为明显.NH₃浓度在污染天17：30~21：30存在明显的低谷,这主要与有利的扩散条件有关（平均风速6 m·s^-1）.NH₄⁺浓度的日变化特征与NH₃差异较大,NH₄⁺浓度在非污染天（PM_2.5<75 μg·m^-3）17：30~21：30出现明显峰值,期间NH₃浓度较低,而NO₂浓度较高.在非污染天,NH₃浓度是NH₄⁺的2.8倍;而在污染天,由于气粒转化加速,大气NH₃浓度低于NH₄⁺（NH₃/NH₄⁺=0.8）.国庆节前大气NH₃、CO、NO₂、SO₂和PM_2.5浓度超过国庆后的幅度分别为54.2%、40.4%、33.3%、0.0%和49.4%.国庆节前虽然实施了减排行动,但极端不利的静稳天气导致大气环境容量下降,掩盖了污染物减排的效果,导致大部分污染物浓度不降反升.