烟花爆竹燃放对大气污染物及PM2.5组分影响

为了解烟花爆竹燃放对保定市大气污染物和PM_2.5中水溶性离子及有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）浓度的影响,对保定市春节期间大气污染物和颗粒物组分的浓度特征进行了分析,并评估了烟花爆竹的贡献.结果表明： 2019年春节期间烟花爆竹集中燃放期PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO平均浓度比非集中燃放期分别增加了1.3、1.0、1.1、0.4、0.02倍;保定市春节期间禁燃措施施行后,除夕、初一2d污染物平均浓度、最高浓度和高浓度持续时间均明显下降,集中燃放期烟花爆竹燃放对PM_2.5、PM₁₀和SO₂浓度贡献量从50%左右（2018年、2017年）下降至30%左右（2019年）,其中SO₂贡献量下降幅度超过PM_2.5和PM₁₀;组分分析表明,接待中心站点（主城区）、涿州站点（区县建成区）烟花爆竹燃放期K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-浓度在水溶性离子中的总占比分别为39.3%、51.1%,比非燃放期的占比显著上升;烟花爆竹燃放对PM_2.5中K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-浓度贡献率在50%以上,其中对K⁺贡献占比高达89.0%,涿州站点SO₄^2-、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-的贡献量分别是接待中心站点的2.2、2.1、1.9、1.8倍,燃放期硫氧化率（SOR）、氮氧化率（NOR）相比于非燃放期均有一定程度的升高;集中燃放期OC、EC浓度较非集中燃放期分别升高了2.5、2.1倍,烟花爆竹燃放对OC影响大于EC.     

洪泽湖不同入湖河流沉积物磷形态特征及生物有效性

为揭示洪泽湖入湖河流沉积物磷形态空间差异性及影响因素,分析了洪泽湖自西北向西南7条入湖河流65个表层沉积物中不同磷（P）形态,并探讨了磷形态空间赋存特征的影响因素及环境意义.研究表明：沉积物总磷（TP）含量为488.90mg/kg~960.22mg/kg,无机磷（Pi）为主要形态,相对含量为65.81%~76.16%.西部入湖流域沉积物有机磷（Po）以非活性有机磷（NLOP）为主,汴河最高,相对含量约占Po的50.41%,生物有效态无机磷（BAP）相对含量最高,占Pi的66.84%,污染程度最高;西南和西北入湖流域Po则以中活性有机磷（MLOP）为主,Pi以钙结合态无机磷（HCl-Pi）为主.西北入湖流域由于受当地地质背景的影响,HCl-Pi所占Pi相对含量最高（43.02%）,从而减缓了磷的移动能力,污染程度最低.随着沉积物污染程度的增加,生物有效态Po含量增加,但所占Po相对含量降低;HCl-Pi含量增加,所占Pi相对含量降低,这一现象和我国其它典型地区沉积物磷形态空间分布类似.西部和西南入湖流域主要受水土流失、有机面源污染及藻类生长的影响,有机质环境较高,水交换能力弱,可被有机质降解的Po组分高于可被矿化的Po组分,大部分难降解Po组分易沉积,导致西部和西南入湖流域较高的BAP和NLOP含量,富营养化程度较高.沉积物OM是各形态磷之间相互转化的关键因素,和沉积物内源磷地球生物化学循环密切相关.洪泽湖入湖流域沉积物磷形态空间差异性主要由农业面源污染物的输入而导致内源磷负荷加剧.洪泽湖西部和西南入湖流域应重点控制农田水土流失及养殖业面源污染,建设滨岸修复带,遵循少量多次增施有机肥原则,减少农用地水土流失.健全农村养殖业废水废渣处理;划定科学养殖区;提倡铜围网箱,增加水体交换率.而对于洪泽湖西北入湖流域则应重点防止过度城镇化带来的水土流失及对生态功能保护区过高的污染负荷.     

A ten year summary of concurrent ambient water column and sediment toxicity tests in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: 1990-1999

The goal of this study was to identify the relative toxicity ofambient areas in the Chesapeake Bay watershed by using a suiteof concurrent water column and sediment toxicity tests at seventy-five ambient stations in 20 Chesapeake Bay rivers from1990 through 1999. Spatial and temporal variability was examinedat selected locations throughout the 10 yr study. Inorganicand organic contaminants were evaluated in ambient water andsediment concurrently with water column and sediment tests toassess possible causes of toxicity although absolute causalitycan not be established. Multivariate statistical analysis wasused to develop a multiple endpoint toxicity index (TOX-INDEX) at each station for both water column and sediment toxicity data. Water column tests from the 10 yr testing period showed that49% of the time, some degree of toxicity was reported. The mosttoxic sites based on water column results were located inurbanized areas such as the Anacostia River, Elizabeth River andthe Middle River. Water quality criteria for copper, lead,mercury, nickel and zinc were exceeded at one or more of thesesites. Water column toxicity was also reported in localizedareas of the South and Chester Rivers. Both spatial and temporalvariability was reported from the suite of water column toxicitytests. Some degree of sediment toxicity was reported from 62% of the tests conducted during the ten year period. The ElizabethRiver and Baltimore Harbor stations were reported as the most toxic areas based on sediment results.Sediment toxicity guidelines were exceeded for one or more of thefollowing metals at these two locations: arsenic, cadmium,chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. At the Elizabeth Riverstations nine of sixteen semi-volatile organics and two of sevenpesticides measured exceeded the ER-M values in 1990. Ambientsediment toxicity tests in the Elizabeth River in 1996 showedreduced toxicity. Various semi-volatile organics exceeded the ER-M values at a number of Baltimore Harbor sites; pyrene anddibenzo(a,h)anthracene were particularly high at one of thestations (Northwest Harbor). Localized sediment toxicity was alsoreported in the Chester, James, Magothy, Rappahannock, andPotomac Rivers but the link with contaminants was not determined.Both spatial and temporal variability was less for sedimenttoxicity data when compared with water column toxicity data. Acomparison of water column and sediment toxicity data for thevarious stations over the 10 yr study showed that approximatelyhalf the time agreement occurred (either both suite of testsshowed toxicity or neither suite of tests showed toxicity).     

混凝研究中的界面过程化学:IPF-颗粒物-水溶液的相互作用

仅以IPF 颗粒物 水溶液的相互作用为例 ,对混凝研究中二界面过程化学领域的进展加以介绍 .研究结果表明 ,经过预制的聚合铝在混凝过程中表现出较好的形态稳定性 ,而传统混凝剂则强烈地受溶液化学过程 ,尤其是溶液pH值的影响 .混凝剂水解聚合形态倾向于在颗粒物表面吸附沉积 ,而直接引发混凝作用 .单体形态则通过转化为聚合、沉淀形态起混凝作用     

超临界二氧化碳流体萃取土壤中有机污染物的研究进展

就近年来人们利用超临界二氧化碳流体对有机污染物污染的土壤所做的研究工作以及所取得的成果进行了总结。     

Evaluation of inorganic pyrophosphate in amniotic fluid as a mode of prenatal diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta

Using a modified procedure by Solomons and Styner (1969), an evaluation of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) was performed on the amniotic fluid of two fetuses at risk for osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) at 14½ weeks gestation. The parents of both cases had a previous child with OI, Type II. The normal control group at 14–16 weeks gestation had PPi values ranging from 22.0–59.2 ug/100 ml, with a mean of 38.6±9.51 ug/100 ml. In each at-risk fetus, the amniotic fluid PPi value was within normal range. The first baby was born phenotypically normal at term. Intrauterine radiographic and fetal sonograms were done on the second fetus at approximately 19 weeks gestation. Both showed evidence of OI, Type II. The pregnancy was terminated at 21 weeks. Radiologic studies of the aborted fetus were consistent with OI, Type II. Our results indicate that the evaluation of PPi levels in amniotic fluid is not the method of choice for prenatal diagnosis of IO.     

无机高分子絮凝剂的开发与应用进展

主要介绍了各种离子型和复合型无机高分子絮凝剂的种类、原料来源、合成工艺应用情况及其絮凝机理，对无机高分子絮凝剂的发展提出了几点建议。     

上海滨岸潮滩不同粒径沉积物中无机形态磷的分布特征

以地理环境独特的上海滨岸带为研究对象，根据对冬季潮滩悬浮层、表层沉积物的研究，初步探讨了潮滩不同粒径沉积物中各无机形态磷的地球化学特征：DP、(Fe Al)-P在靠近排污口的采样点含量高，同时随粒径变化复杂；沉积物中（Fe Al)-P含量随粒径变大而升高，悬浮层沉积物中（Fe Al)-P更能指示环境的污染状况；一般细粉砂质沉积物中Ca-P含量高。     

聚合硅酸硫酸铝铁的制备与应用

在n(Fe A1)／n(Si)为0．5～1．0、n(Al)／n(Fe)为2．5～3．0、SiO2质量分数为2．3％、硅酸钠溶液的活化pH为5．5、硅酸钠溶液的活化时间为12min或SiO2的质量分数为2．0％、硅酸钠溶液的活化pH为6．0、硅酸钠溶液的活化时间为3min的条件下，制备出的聚合硅酸硫酸铝铁对废水的除浊效果最佳，除浊率大于98％。     

Quantum chemical investigation on photodegradation mechanisms of sulfamethoxypyridazine with dissolved inorganic matter and hydroxyl radical

Sulfamethoxypyridazine(SMP) is one of the commonly used sulfonamide antibiotics(SAs).SAs are mainly studied to undergo triplet-sensitized photodegradation in water under natural sunlight with other coexisting aquatic environmental organic pollutants.In this work,SMP was selected as a representative of SAs.We studied the mechanisms of triplet-sensitized photodegradation of SMP and the influence of selected dissolved inorganic matter,i.e.,anions(Br~-,Cl~-,and NO~-_3) and cations ions(Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and Zn~(2+)) on SMP photodegradation mechanism by quantum chemical methods.In addition,the degradation mechanisms of SMP by hydroxyl radical(OH·) were also investigated.The creation of SO_2 extrusion product was accessed with two different energy pathways(pathway-1 and pathway-2) by following two steps(step-I and step-II) in the tripletsensitized photodegradation of SMP.Due to low activation energy,the pathway-1 was considered as the main pathway to obtain SO_2 extrusion product.Step-II of pathway-1 was measured to be the rate-limiting step(RLS) of SMP photodegradation mechanism and the effect of the selected anions and cations was estimated for this step.All selected anions and cations promoted photodegradation of SMP by dropping the activation energy of pathway-1.The estimated low activation energies of different degradation pathways of SMP with OH·radical indicate that OH·radical is a very powerful oxidizing agent for SMP degradation via attack through benzene derivative and pyridazine derivative ring.