DAPI染色直接定量测定细菌胞内多聚磷酸盐

采用DAPI将细菌胞内或活性污泥中多聚磷酸盐(Polyp)染色,用酶标仪测定DAPI-Polyp复合物发射荧光的强度,以此定量细菌胞内的Polyp。用该方法和镜检法同时测定异染粒含量差异显著的菌株胞内Polyp,2种方法测定结果一致。异染粒含量差异不显著的菌株胞内Polyp定量分析表明,该方法灵敏度高于镜检法和废水总磷间接测定法。     

β修正罗丹明B光度法测定工业废水中银

对β修正光度法测定废水中痕量银进行了研究，该方法能消除反应液中过量显色剂干扰，提高分析灵敏度和准确度。测定结果表明，银加标回收率９３．０－１０６．０％，精密度ＲＳＤ２．３％，银量低测定浓度０．０２ｍｇ／Ｌ。该方法适合于印相，电镀等行业废水银分析。     

氨基改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水中Cr(VI)

以聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）为功能单体,玉米秸秆生物炭为载体,制备了氨基改性生物炭负载型纳米零价铁（nZVI@PEI-HBC）,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对材料进行了表征,分析了溶液pH、温度、材料投加量等因素对其去除Cr（VI）的影响及其去除机理.结果表明：在投加量为0.5 g·L^-1,温度为20℃,pH值为5,Cr（VI）初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1条件下,各材料对Cr（VI）的去除率大小为nZVI@PEI-HBC > nZVI > PEI-HBC > HBC.SEM显示nZVI颗粒较均匀地分散在生物炭表面,FTIR分析表明PEI改性后材料表面增加了氨基等重金属配位基团,这可能是nZVI@PEI-HBC去除Cr（VI）效果更好的原因.影响因素研究表明,材料具有较好稳定性,老化28 d后其Cr（VI）去除性能变化不大;酸性环境、升温、增大材料投加量均有利于nZVI@PEI-HBC对Cr（VI）的去除.机理研究发现,水中溶解氧加速了nZVI的腐蚀和Fe（II）的释放,促进Cr（VI）还原为Cr（III）,然后通过共沉淀作用和氨基等基团的吸附作用被去除.     

Adsorption of 17β-estradiol from aqueous solution by raw and direct/pre/post-KOH treated lotus seedpod biochar

Five biochars derived from lotus seedpod(LSP) were applied to examine and compare the adsorption capacity of 17β-estradiol(E2) from aqueous solution.The effect of KOH activation and the order of activation steps on material properties were discussed.The effect of contact time,initial concentration,p H,ionic strength and humic acid on E2 adsorption were investigated in a batch adsorption process.Experimental results demonstrated that the pseudo second-order model fitted the experimental data best and that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 20 hr.The efficiency of E2 removal increased with increasing E2 concentration and decreased with the increase of ionic strength.E2 adsorption on LSP-derived biochar(BCs) was influenced little by humic acid,and slightly affected by the solution p H when its value ranged from 4.0 to 9.0,but considerably affected at p H 10.0.Low environmental temperature is favorable for E2 adsorption.Chemisorption,π–π interactions,monolayer adsorption and electrostatic interaction are the possible adsorption mechanisms.Comparative studies indicated that KOH activation and the order of activation steps had significant impacts on the material.Post-treated biochar exhibited better adsorption capacity for E2 than direct treated,pretreated,and raw LSP biochar.Pyrolyzed biochar at higher temperature improved E2 removal.The excellent performance of BCs in removing E2 suggested that BCs have potential in E2 treatment and that the biochar directly treated by KOH would be a good choice for the treatment of E2 in aqueous solution,with its advantages of good efficiency and simple technology.     

Hygroscopicity measurement of sodium carbonate, β-alanine and internally mixed β-alanine/Na2CO3 particles by ATR-FTIR

Water-uptakes of pure sodium carbonate(Na_2CO_3),pure β-alanine and internally mixedβ-alanine/Na_2CO_3 aerosol particles with different mole ratios are first monitored using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR) technique.For pure Na_2CO_3 aerosol particles,combining the absorptions at 877 and 1422 cm-1 with abrupt water loss shows the efflorescence relative humidity(ERH) of 62.9%–51.9%.Upon humidifying,solid Na_2CO_3 firstly absorbs water to from Na_2CO_3·H2 O crystal at 72.0% RH and then deliquesces at 84.5% RH(DRH).As for pure β-alanine particles,the crystallization takes place in the range of 42.4%–33.2% RH and becomes droplets at ～ 88.2% RH.When β-alanine is mixed with Na_2CO_3 at various mole ratios,it shows no efflorescence of Na_2CO_3 whenβ-alanine to Na_2CO_3 mole ratio(OIR) is 2:1.For 1:1 and 1:2 β-alanine/Na_2CO_3 aerosols,the ERHs of Na_2CO_3 are 51.8%–42.3% and 57.1%–42.3%,respectively.While β-alanine crystal appears from 62.7% RH for 2:1 and 59.4% RH for both 1:1 and 1:2 particles and lasts to driest state.On hydration,the DRH is 44.7%–75.2% for Na_2CO_3 with the OIR of 1:1 and 44.7%–69.0%for 1:2 mixture,and those of β-alanine are 74.8% for 2:1 mixture and 68.9% for two others.After the first dehumidification–humidification,all the water contents decrease despite of constituent fraction.And at ～ 92% RH,the remaining water contents are 92%,89% and 82%at ～ 92% RH,corresponding to OIR of 2:1,1:1 and 1:2 mixed system,respectively.     

亚剂量抗生素诱导抗性基因水平迁移

为探究亚剂量抗生素诱导下编码广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamase,ESBL)基因的接合转移(conjugation),使用从新加坡主要医院的废水中直接分离的可合成ESBL的铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)和大肠杆菌(E.coli)菌株作为ESBL编码质粒的供体,以携带绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)基因的耐氯霉素(chloramphenicol,CHL)大肠杆菌SCC1(E.coli SCC1)作为受体,借助响应面分析,检测并分析了携带有ESBL编码基因的质粒在亚剂量水平的四环素(tetracycline,TC),磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)和头孢他啶(ceftazidime,CAZ)单一暴露和共同暴露时,从供体菌株接合传递至受体菌株的特征.结果发现,ESBL编码质粒可在无诱导抗生素胁迫下,以平均0.001 5和0.004 2的频率分别由铜绿假单胞菌和大肠杆菌供体接合转移至受体大肠杆菌SCC1菌株,具有较低的"适应性代价",并在质量浓度低于最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)的抗生素暴露下更易在大肠杆菌菌株之间传递.大肠杆菌菌株之间的接合转移显著发生在质量浓度低于0.03 mg·L~(-1)的TC与质量浓度低于0.002 mg·L~(-1)的CAZ单一暴露或共同暴露时,并可被亚MIC的TC显著抑制.铜绿假单胞菌与大肠杆菌间的接合转移可在5倍MIC的TC、CAZ共同暴露时被显著诱导,未检测到亚MIC水平抗生素对其的促进作用.     

固相萃取富集高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中的重金属元素

研究了用固相萃取富集高效液相色谱法测定环境水样中痕量重金属镍、铜、银、铅、镉和汞的方法。环境水样中的镍、铜、银、铅、镉和汞用四 -(对二甲氨基苯基 ) -卟啉 (T4 -DMAPP)柱前衍生 ,用C18固相萃取小柱萃取富集镍、铜、银、铅、镉和汞的T4 -DMAPP络合物 ,富集倍数为 1 0 0倍 ,然后用甲醇和四氢呋喃梯度洗脱为流动相 ,WatersXter raTMRP18( 3 9mm× 1 5 0mm)色谱柱为固定相分离 ,用二极管矩阵检测器检测。镍、铜、银、铅、镉和汞的检测限分别为3、2、4、3、1 5ng/L和 3ng/L。方法相对标准偏差为 1 8%— 3 2 % ,标准回收率为 92 %— 1 0 7%。该方法用于测定环境水样中的痕量重金属 ,结果令人满意     

β射线衰减法与和微量振荡天平法测定PM10的比较

对现场监测环境空气中PM10的两种测定方法－β射线衰减法和微量振荡天平法的测量作了对比实验。实验表明，两种测定方法的结果具有一致性、相关性和可比性，能用回归直线方程来描述两者之间的关系。β射线衰减法的测定结果平均高于微量振荡天平法15.8%，它们之间平均偏差为7．5％。微量振荡天平法在现场测定中受干扰物和不确定因素的影响较少，其测量准确性优于β射线衰减法。两种监测仪的运行费用大致相同，维护量和故障率均较低。